World Oceans Final
When did the Greeks conduct the first scientifc studies of the oceans?
350 BC -150 AD
The average depth of the ocean is about _________.
3800 m
Freshwater has its maximum density at
4 degree C
____________ is the study of past climate
Paleoclimatology
a coastal circulation cell includes
-longshore transport -rip currents -onshore transport
what are the two mitigation strategies?
-reduce the amount of greenhouse gases entering the atmosphere -store the carbon dioxide somewhere else
what are Earth's climate variables?
-temperature -precipitation -length of seasons
most of the volume of the ocean contains water in which temperature range
0-4 degree C
seafloor spreading is continuing at a rate of approx _______
1 to 10 cm/year
What percent of a parent radioactive element would remain after three half lives of decay to its daughter isotope?
12.5
When did the Phoenicians trade and explore the Mediterranean SEa?
1200-146 BC
the Big Bang occurred roughly ______ years ago
14 billion
When did the Chinese explore and trade in the Pacific and Indian Oceans?
1405 - 1433 AD
When did the Polynesians navigate throughout the west Pacific islands?
1500 BC - 800 AD
Water covers _____ percent of Earth's surface.
71%
When did the Europeans explore across the Atlantic Ocean?
800-1500 AD
the average movement of all water affected by Ekman Transport is _______ to the ________ of the wind motion in the Northern Hemisphere
90; right
Approx. what percentage of water on Earth is contained within the oceans?
97%
who proposed continental drift?
Alfred Wegener
who mapped the gulf stream?
Benjamin Franklin
which letter on the above cross section would have the highest heat flow through the crust?
C (seamounts)
the south pole is tilted toward the sun on what day?
December Solstice
Sources of the oceans' salts are believed to include
Earth's crust, Earth's early atmosphere, and volcanic eruptions.
Calcareous sediments are well-preserved in cold, deep water below the CCD
False
Nutrients and dissolved gases in seawater are considered conservative substances.
False
Phytoplankton do not respire
False
When water is evaporated from a surface exposed to air, the surface is warmed; when condensation of evaporated water occurs, the air is cooled.
False
Oil and gas represent 50% of the mineral value presently taken from the seafloor
False (it's 95%)
La Nina indicates warmer than normal surface temperatures in the equatorial Pacific.
False.
who proposed seafloor spreading?
Harry Hess
the low pressure area near the equator is known as the
Intertropical Convergence Zone
which statement is true about continental crust?
It is composed of granitic-type rock and has a lower density than oceanic crust.
The first oceanography textbook was published by...
Matthew F. Maury
the earliest recorded explorations of the sea took place in the _______
Mediterranean Sea
________ cycles influence Earth's long-term climate
Milankovich
The first world atlas was produced by
Ptolemy
the coriolis effect arises primarily from the
Rotation of the earth around its axis
A low pressure system develops over India during the wet phase of the south Asian monsoon.
True
Carbon dioxide concentrations in seawater increase with depth.
True
In general, sedimentation rates decrease the further offshore.
True
Pressure increases by about 1 atm for every 10 m of depth in the ocean
True
The process of reverse osmosis uses pressure to separate fresh water from salt water through a semipermeable membrane
True
The mechanism causing lithospheric plates to move is thought to be ______.
a combination of convection in the mantle and "slab pull" caused by subducting lithosphere
the drift sector in coastal circulation includes all of the following except _____
a sediment source, longshore transport, an accreting beach, deposition of sediment
the ratio of reflected radiation to incident radiation is called ______
albedo
Chemosynthetic communities are found associated with a. salt brine seeps b. oil and gas seeps c. hydrothermal vents d. all of these are correct e. none of these are correct
all correct
Coral bleaching results in a. the weakening of corals and higher levels of disease b. the expulsion of zooxanthellae from corals c. the death of many corals d. all of these are correct e. none of these are correct
all correct
Cartilaginous fish including sharks are able to sense pray by their ability to detect a. smells b. sound c. electric fields d. all of the above
all of the above
Marine mammals use echolocation to detect objects. For echolocation to work, marine mammal must be able to a. generate rapidly produced clicks of short duration b. screen out unrelated loud noises in the sea c. detect faint echoes as their clicks reflect back from objects d. evaluate the time and direction of return sounds e. all of these are correct
all of these are correct
Intertidal zonation on a rocky beach is primarily controlled by the
amount of time an organism spends out of water
the Earth's exterior envelopes include all of the following except _____
asthenosphere
heat energy gained at low latitudes is redistributed to higher latitudes by
atmospheric circulation and ocean currents, low pressure systems, ocean currents, and atmospheric ciruclation.
Surface coral formations growing around completely submerged seamounts are called
atolls
The dissolving ability of water is related to
attraction between the water molecule's positive and negative charges and charges on other atoms.
the _______ wavelengths of light penetrate deepest into the ocean.
blue
Which of the following is not part of the benthic epifauna? a. sea star (starfish) b. glass sponges c. crabs d. burrowing clams
burrowing clams
Compared with rocky substrates, soft substates in the benthic environment are better suited for
burrowing infauna
heat is measured in
calories
the hydrosphere includes all of the following except _____.
carbon dioxide
the pH of seawater is regulated by
carbon dioxide
which gas has the highest concentration throughout the entire ocean?
carbon dioxide
Bacteria that make their own organic compounds by obtaining energy from chemical compounds and not directly from light are known as
chemosynthetic
Ozone destruction appears to be related to increasing levels of _________ in the atmosphere.
chlorine
_______ is the weather conditions of a given region, when averaged over a long time period (at least 30 years)
climate
Earth's ______ _______ is comprised of interactions among the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, biosphere, and anthrosphere
climate system
Salinity may be measured by checking the water's
conductivity
Water heated from below distributes the added heat by _____, whereas the still surface of water heated from above distributes the added heat by ______
convection; diffusion and conduction
real tides in ocean basins feel the effect of the
coriolis effect, continents, water depth, ocean basin's standing wave
which of the following is least likely to be a major component of marine sediments?
cosmogenous materials
Some oceanic basins promote rotary standing tide waves. In the Northern Hemisphere, the tide wave rotates __________ and the tidal current rotates _______.
counterclockwise; clockwise
the polarity of water molecules is responsible for all of the following EXCEPT
covalent bonding
As a general rule, as you move up a trophic pyramid total biomass _________, size of individuals _________ and number of individuals ________.
decreased; increases; decreases
The particle size of terrigenous sediments generally ________ with distance from shore.
decreases
thermohaline circulation in the Great Ocean Conveyer Belt is driven by changes in
density
The base of the food chain in a hydrothermal vent community is
dependent on bacteria that oxidize hydrogen sulfide to generate energy
lithogenous sediment is
derived from rock
The silica rich oozes of the Pacific Ocean are due to _______ at high latitudes and ______ at low latitudes.
diatoms; radiolarians
_________ ________ __________ are due to absorption and emission infrared radiation or solar radiation
direct radiative effects (W/m2)
earthquakes occur at all of the following except _______
earthquakes occur at all of the above settings. (continental rift valleys, covergent boundaries between two oceanic plates, convergent boundaries between two continental plates, mid ocean ridges)
The only zone of the ocean with sufficient light for photosynthesis is the
euphotic zone
________ results in excess phytoplankton growth, leading to excess organic material; bacterial decomposition results in ________
eutrophication; hypoxia
a spring tide occurs approximately
every two weeks
Anarctic Bottom Water is formed from low density water at the sea surface along the coast of Antarctica
false
Animals that burrow into the seafloor are members of the epifauna
false
In an area where surface currents converge, the water upwells.
false
Large benthic algae (seaweeds) have holdfasts that absorb nutrients in the same way roots absorb nutrients for land plants
false
Sunlight usually penetrates to a greater depth in coastal waters than in the open sea
false
The most numerous organisms in the sea are the largest organisms
false
The sun plays a greater role in producing the tides than the moon.
false
a decrease in pH of about 0.1 pH units is very small, and unlikely to have negative consequences on marine organisms
false
an ebb tide occurs when rising water moves into a region
false
breakers occur when the wave crest slows more than the wave trough near shore
false
if humans were not present on earth, climate would remain constant.
false
primary coasts are coasts that have features created by marine processes
false
the Gulf Stream current in the North Atlantic Ocean _______
forms the northern boundary of the North Atlantic Gyre and carries the warm water from near Florida to Northern Europe
Electrodialysis produces ________ from low-salinity seawater.
fresh water
who developed a bottle for deep water sampling?
fridtjof nansen
a beach in a steady state (dynamic equilibrium)
gains and loses sand in equal quantities
the restoring force of a fully developed wind wave is
gravity
using equilibrium tidal theory, the tide may be considered a wave with a wavelength approximately
half the circumference of Earth
Large scale sea studies require that governments, universities, and national and international programs _______.
have common priorities, set common goals, and share program results
As organic material sinks through the ocean, much of it is respired by
heterotrophic bacteria
In most open ocean pelagic locations, the euphotic zone is characterized by _______ conditions.
high light, low nutrient
Earth's surface winds are caused by air moving from a region of ______ to a region of ________.
high pressure; low pressure
in a deep fjord with a shallow entrance sill, the deep basin water probably has
high salinity and is stagnant
Records indicating rapidly rising temperature of about 1° C since the the 1950s provides evidence for
human-induced climate change
The density of Earth materials _____ as the core is approached.
increases
If a fish has body fluids that have a lower salt content than the surrounding seawater, water will pass through the animal's body tissues from the ________ to the ________ because of _________.
inside; outside; osmosis
Which ion has the shortest residence time in the oceans?
iron
at temperate mid-latitude locations, the seasonal thermocline found in surface waters disappears when surface water temperature
is equal to deeper water temperature
Earth's surface is protected from extreme temperature change and water loss by ______.
its orbital distance from the sun, its period rotation, and its atmosphere
who accurately measured longitude at sea?
james cook
Which of these is an example of a jawless fish? a. Lamprey b. Ray c. Whale shark d. Skate e. Shark
lamprey
A Secchi disk is used to measure the attenuation of
light
when talking about plate tectonics, which of the Earth's layers comprises the plates?
lithosphere
The crust and the mantle are divided into the following layers in order of increasing depth:
lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere
When waves arrive at monitoring stations set up long distances from a storm center, which waves arrive first?
long-period waves
Hurricanes derive their energy from _______ pressure zones in the ______ latitudes.
low; tropical
Keeping accurate time at sea is necessary to make
measurements of longitude and accurate maps
gas hydrates are rich in
methane
high-energy waves of winter storms
move sand from the beach out to bars
The symbiotic relationship between coral polyps and zooxanthellae is an example of
mutualism
Higher seafloor heat flow values are found _______.
near ocean ridge systems
the solar system began forming about 4.6 billion years ago as a(n) _______ began rotating.
nebula
_______ feedback is heating that results in cooling
negative
________ forcing is cooling of the troposphere
negative
To which group do the tuna, salmon, and swordfish belong? a. plankton b. intertidal c. benthos d. photon e. nekton
nekton
Which zone is more likely to undergo seasonal changes?
neritic
the most abundant gas in the atmosphere is
nitrogen
Which of the following are found along subduction zones?
oceanic trenches, island arc systems, active earthquake zones
arrange the following reservoirs in order from greatest to least volume of water.
oceans, ice and glaciers, groundwater, freshwater lakes, atmosphere, rivers
diurnal tide cycle occur
once a day
the orbital motion of a deep-water wave extends to a depth equal
one-half the wavelength
The two most important inorganic nutrients for photosynthesis are
phosphate and nitrate
Dinoflagellates and coccolithophores belong to the
phytoplankton
Measurements of chlorophyll a fluorescence are made at sea to determine the biomass of
phytoplankton
______ are increasingly common sources of marine pollution
plastics
A keystone species is an organism that
plays a crucial role in the ecosystem
_______ forcing is heating of the troposphere
positive
________ feedback is heating that results in more heating
positive
Periods of Earth's history with extensive sea ice result in enhanced albedo, leading to more cooling. This is referred to as
positive feedback
The three domains of life include all of the following except a. protista b. archaea c. bacteria d. eukarya
protista
countershading of fish
reduces their visibility from above and below
the residence time for water in any of Earth's principal reservoirs can be calculated by dividing ______
reservoir volume by rate of water supply
In the dark-light bottle experiment, which one of the following is measured in the dark bottle?
respiration
carbon dioxide is added to seawater by
respiration, decomposition, and transfer from the atmosphere
water transported shoreward in the surf zone is returned seaward by
rip currents
emergent coasts with features like marine terraces are formed by all of the following mechanisms except _____
river sediment accumulation
The large ocean surface-current gyres centered on about 30°N
rotate clockwise
a halocline is defined as a depth range in the ocean where _______ increases or decreases with increasing depth
salinity
Which processes cause surface seawater to increase in density?
sea ice formation and surface water evaporation
which of the following evidence most directly supported the theory of seafloor spreading?
seafloor magnetic anomalies
The continental rise is a product of
sedimentation
which scientific field investigates the structure of the mantle?
seismology
A fixed volcanic hot spot on Earth tends to produce a _______ on a moving plate.
series of volcanic peaks
If a chemical is not very abundant in the ocean but has a high rate of delivery to the ocean from land sources, it will have a ______ residence time in the ocean and will ________ become part of the seafloor sediments.
short; quickly
The tidal range toward the center of an ocean basin with a rotary standing tide is _______ the range at the edges of the basin.
smaller than
Changes in water density in the oceans create
sound shadows, the sofar channel, light refraction
magnetic stripes on the seafloor are created at _______
spreading centers
Baleen whales lack
teeth
Historians believe that seagoing ships of all kinds were probably derived from vessels built by _______.
the Egyptians
Air becomes less dense and rises when
the air warms. the water vapor content increases. atmospheric pressure decreases.
sources of oxygen in the open sea include
the atmosphere and photosynthesis
although barrier islands are not ideal locations for home construction, the best place to build on them is _____
the back-island flat
Evolution in the marine environment is driven by all of the following except a. natural selection b. the biological pump c. population adaptation d. mutations in genetic material
the biological pump
Fridtjof Nansen froze the vessel, Fram, into the ice to explore
the current system of the Arctic
the speed of a shallow water wave varies with
the depth of the water
the possibility of obtaining large amounts of energy from the tides exist where
there are large tidal ranges and there are narrow channels with swift tidal currents
Why are meteorites used to establish an age for the Earth?
they are believed to be the same material from which Earth formed and Rocks on Earth have been recycled since the Earth was formed and are not believed to be as old as the Earth itself.
which of the following is NOT true about passive continental margins?
they are commonly at subduction zones
The drilling ships Glomar Challenger and Joides Resolution have been used...
to study Earth's crust beneath the sea
a sand spit formed between an offshore island or rock and the mainland is called a(n)
tombolo
______ are substances that degrade the environment and are harmful to organisms ex: heavy metals, chemical compounds, excess nutrients
toxicants
Plates move horizontally past each other along
transform faults
Because whales are homeotherms, individuals of a single species can migrate between and survive in waters of very different temperatures
true
Invertebrates and most fish are poikilotherms
true
Net primary production equals gross primary production minus the respiration requirements of plants or phytoplankton
true
Nutrients tend to be liberated by decomposition of organic matter at depth and returned to the surface by the physical processes of vertical circulation
true
Primary productivity per square meter of ocean surface is, on the average, higher in the neritic zone than in the oceanic zone
true
Usually temperature, salinity, and pressure distributions cause ocean water density to increase with depth.
true
Waves that approach the shore at an angle produce a longshore current that flows parallel to the beach.
true
constructive interference between waves increases the height of the resulting wave
true
the most common generating force for water waves is wind
true
A zone of surface divergence is an area of _______ and ________ biological productivity.
upwelling; high
which phase change reaction requires the most energy?
vaporization
beaches with dark black or green colored sand are likely formed from eroded _______
volcanic rocks
______ air rises at the equator
warm
the water in the oceans likely came from what source(s)?
water from comets and meteorites that accumulated through earth history and water from rocks in the mantle, released by volcanic eruptions
wave height is controlled by all of the following except
wave period
The speed of a surface gravity wave is described by the
wavelength divided by wave period
throughout time, continents break apart and collide and ocean basins open and close. This cyclical process is known as the ______
wilson cycle
