World Pol. 230 Ch. 10

What is the Kyoto Protocol? a. A U.N. document geared toward reducing the emission of greenhouse gases. b. A U.S. proposal for slowing the trend toward global warming. c. An EU agreement to create a common market for carbon sinks. d. Japan's declaration that it does not view the emission of greenhouse gasses as a major international problem. e. The U.S. Congress's statement of opposition to the U.N.'s plan for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

a. A U.N. document geared toward reducing the emission of greenhouse gases.

_____ human rights are human rights that are possessed by individuals and cannot be usurped by the state. a. First-generation b. Second-generation c. Third-generation d. all of the above e. none of the above

a. First-generation

Systematic killing of a group based on race, gender, or ethnicity is called _____. a. Genocide b. a regime c. an epistemic community d. a negative externality e. Deterrence

a. Genocide

The long-standing and widespread belief in the infinite supply of key economic resources was challenged by: a. Marxists. b. realists. c. liberals. d. constructivists. e. all of the above.

a. Marxists.

The notion of _____ is used as an aid in conceptualizing how to achieve shared benefits that depend on overcoming conflicting interests. a. collective goods b. Functionalism c. collective security d. Regimes e. cultural revolution

a. collective goods

Early United Nations efforts in the area of women's human rights centered on getting states to grant women _____ human rights. a. first-generation b. second-generation c. third-generation d. all of the above e. none of the above

a. first-generation

The belief that environmental issues are ripe for international action in the twenty-first century is characteristic of: a. liberals. b. realists. c. radicals. d. both a and b. e. both b and c.

a. liberals.

What factors have hampered international efforts to combat the earth's growing population? a. The collective-goods problem. b. Lack of access to family planning in the developing world. c. Opposition on the part of the Catholic Church and fundamentalist Islamic sects. d. All of the above. e. None of the above.

a. the collective-goods problem

How do constructivists view environmental issues? a. They are concerned that environmental problems will undermine their concept of sovereignty. b. They are comfortable with environmental issues, arguing that they illustrate the salience of discourse. c. They blame environmental problems on the capitalist system. d. They argue that environmental problems show the importance of their concept of interdependence. e. Constructivism has little to say about environmental issues.

b. They are comfortable with environmental issues, arguing that they illustrate the salience of discourse.

The notion of the demographic transition suggests that over time: a. populations will grow at a fixed rate in states with transitioning economies. b. birth rates will drop as people's lives improve and women become more educated. c. women will play a less important role than men in population debates. d. the transition from high birth rates to low birth rates is uncontrollable. e. none of the above.

b. birth rates will drop as people's lives improve and women become more educated.

Use of the Internet and the World Wide Web has made the work of human rights NGOs: a. overly complicated. b. more effective. c. less ideological. d. all of the above. e. none of the above.

b. more effective.

_____, the costly unintended consequences of economic development in agriculture and industry, increasingly have international implications. a. Resource degradation b. Negative externalities c. Sustainable development d. Unproductive growth e. Inescapable forces

b. negative externatilies

The idea that the state is responsible for insuring individuals' social welfare is fundamental to _____ human rights. a. first -generation b. second-generation c. third-generation d. all of the above e. none of the above

b. second-generation

During the 1960s and 1970s, more attention was paid to the issue of women and: a. first-generation human rights. b. second-generation human rights. c. gender-based violence against women. d. female genital mutilation. e. all of the above.

b. second-generation human rights.

"Principles, norms, rules, and decisionmaking procedures around which actors' expectations converge in a given issue area" defines a _____. a. Regime b. universal human right c. globalizing issue d. Malthusian dilemma e. none of the above

b. universal human right

What do third-generation human rights involve? a. The rights of the individual that the state cannot usurp. b. The right to minimum material rights and social welfare. c. Group rights for ethnic minorities, women, and children. d. all of the above e. none of the above

c. Group rights for ethnic minorities, women, and children.

Over time, principles and norms have evolved in customary international law concerning the environment. Which of the following is not one of these core principles or acceptable norms of behavior? a. The no-significant-harm principle. b. The good-neighbor principle. c. The collective-security principle. d. The precautionary principle. e. The preventative-action principle.

c. The collective-security principle.

The developed countries often blame developing countries for environmental problems. How do the developing countries respond to these accusations? a. They agree and have pledged to work to improve the environment. b. They agree, but refuse to take responsibility for their contribution to environmental problems. c. They disagree, arguing that the developed countries have been responsible for most environmental excess. d. They disagree and blame the capitalist international system. e. None of the above.

c. They disagree, arguing that the developed countries have been responsible for most environmental excess.

What are epistemic communities? a. Doctors who are trying to locate the source of infectious diseases and find cures. b. A network of NGOs trying to use technology to solve environmental problems. c. Transnational communities of experts sharing expertise and a set of beliefs. d. The leading organizations in the fight against human rights abuses. e. None of the above.

c. Transnational communities of experts sharing expertise and a set of beliefs.

Those who argue that rights are _____ contest the claim that there is a set of human rights which should be considered universal. a. economically unimportant b. fundamentally flawed c. globally defined d. politically untenable e. culturally relative

c. globally defined

Addressing the issue of global climate change has proven to be a complicated task because: a. while many in the North agree to limit economic growth, the South refuses. b. Not everyone one agrees on the effects of global warming. c. politicians and economists disagree on appropriate solutions. d. All of the above. e. None of the above.

c. politicians and economists disagree on appropriate solutions.

With regard to environmental issues, _____ and _____ are concerned primarily with the costs of environmental problems and the political implications of these costs. a. constructivists; radicals b. radicals; liberals c. realists; radicals d. realists; liberals e. liberals; constructivists

c. realists; radicals

Certain predictions about population growth trends, put forth by Thomas Malthus and the Club of Rome, proved incorrect in part because they failed to account properly for: a. state power. b. the precautionary principle. c. technological change. d. environmental security. e. all of the above.

c. technological change.

Each of the theories of international relations has its own view of how public health problems can best be solved. Which of the following statements correctly represents a "theory" stance? a. Liberals focus on international responsibility for solving health problems, turning to NGOs and intergovernmental organizations when appropriate. b. Realists stress the importance of the individual state in responding to health issues, especially when state security is threatened. c. Radicals praise multinational corporations for their role in developing pharmaceuticals to combat infectious diseases. d. Both a and b. e. Both b and c.

d. Both a and b.

If genocide occurs, what do the various theories of international relations recommend? a. Realists believe states should intervene if they find it in their national interest. b. Liberals believe states should intervene in cases of genocide and even in cases of less dramatic human rights abuses. c. Radicals believe there is no point in intervening because capitalism will cause such efforts to be unsuccessful. d. Both a and b. e. Both b and c.

d. Both a and b.

Environmental issues highlight the interdependency of the international system. Two schools of thought fear this interdependence because they believe it may diminish state power and limit state action. Which two schools of thought are these? a. Liberalism and realism. b. Liberalism and radicalism. c. Liberalism and constructivism. d. Realism and radicalism. e. Realism and constructivism.

d. Realism and radicalism.

Which actors have responded to the AIDS crisis? a. Only individual states. b. States and NGOs. c. States, NGOs, and intergovernmental organizations. d. States, NGOs, intergovernmental organizations, and individuals. e. None of the above actors has responded, hence the prevalence of AIDS today.

d. States, NGOs, intergovernmental organizations, and individuals.

_____ involves simultaneously achieving economic growth and environmental protection. a. Viability b. Functionalism c. Regimes d. Sustainability e. Collectivity

d. Sustainability

United Nations involvement in human rights issues has taken the form of: a. monitoring state behavior. b. promoting human rights. c. setting international standards. d. all of the above e. none of the above

d. all of the above

Which of the following observations makes current population growth rates more disturbing? a. The developing world has much higher growth rates than the developed world. b. Rapid rates of population growth lead to increased demand for natural resources. c. High population growth rates raise numerous ethical dilemmas for policymakers. d. all of the above. e. none of the above.

d. all of the above

NGOs have played a key role in human rights issues by: a. lobbying international organizations. b. publicizing issues and abuses. c. pressuring states to take action. d. all of the above. e. none of the above.

d. all of the above.

Violence against women in all arenas was identified as a breach of both human rights and humanitarian norms in the 1993 Vienna Conference on Human Rights. Which of the following is an example of violence against women that has occurred internationally? a. The Taliban's rule in Afghanistan. b. The rape of Kuwaiti women by Iraqi soldiers. c. The rape of Bosnian women by Serb forces. d. Gang rape and genocide in Rwanda. e. All of the above.

e. All of the above.

What role have NGOs played in environmental affairs? a. They use the media to place environmental problems on the national and international agenda. b. They work through intergovernmental organizations. c. They monitor and enforce environmental regulations. d. They are part of epistemic communities relating to the environment. e. All of the above.

e. All of the above.

Water is an increasingly scarce natural resource. Conflicts over water have arisen between: a. China and Japan over water in the Yangtze River. b. the United States and Mexico over water in the Colorado River. c. Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan over water in Central Asia. d. Both a and b. e. Both b and c.

e. Both b and c.

One hundred fifty-six states have ratified the Kyoto Protocol. Which state hasn't? a. England. b. France. c. Germany. d. Japan. e. The United States.

e. The United States.