Writer's Inc: Parts of Speech

simple pronouns include

I, you, he, she, it, we, they, who, what

a sentence usually has _____ and _____

a subject, a predicate...

the articles, _____, _____, and _____ are adjectives

a, an, the

phrase that consists of a noun and a participle (plus the participle's object, if there is one, an any modifiers); functions as an adjective that adds information to the entire sentence; always set off with commas

absolute phrase (ITS WHEELS CLATTERING RHYTHMICALLY OVER THE RAILS, the train rolled into town)

names an idea, a condition, or a feeling-in other words, something that cannot be touched smelled, tasted, seen, or heard

abstract noun (greed, poverty, hope, etc.)

voice that indicates that the subject of the verb is, has been, or will be doing somthing

active voice

describes or modifies a noun or a pronoun

adjectives

describes or modifies a verb, an adjective, or another of itself

adverb

clause that is used like an adverb to modify a verb, an adjective, or an adverb; begin with a subordinating conjunction

adverb clause (IF I STUDY HARD, I will pass the test)

types of dependent clauses (3)

adverb, noun, adjective

a preposition is always followed by _____, if there is no _____, the word is _____

an object, object, an adverb

the noun that the pronoun refers to or replaces

antecedent

all pronouns have

antecedents

phrase, which folllows a noun or a pronoun and renames it, that is consisted of a noun and its modifiers, adds new information about the noun or pronoun it follows

appositive phrase (the Trans-Siberian Railroad, THE WORLD'S LONGEST RAILWAY, stretches from Moscow to Vladivostok)

helping verbs; used to form some of the tenses, the mood, and the voice or the main verb

auxiliary verbs (is, am, are, was, could, will, etc.)

tells how nouns are related to other words used with them

case

a group of related words that has both a subject and a predicate

clause

names a group or a unit

collective noun (United States, team, crowd, etc.)

does not name a particular person, place, thing, or idea; not capitalized

common noun (person, president, park, etc.)

form of adjectives that compares two persons, places, things, or ideas

comparative form (-er, more, less, etc.)

predicate with all its modifiers

complete predicate

the subject with all of its modifiers

complete subject

predicate that is composed of 2 or more simple predicates

compound predicate

composed of 2 or more simple subjects

compound subject

names a thing that is tangible (can be seen, touched, heard, smelled, or tasted); either proper or common

concrete noun (child, Grand Canyon, music, aroma, etc.)

connects individual words or groups of words

conjunction

conjunctions that usually connect a word to a word, a phrase to a phrase, or a clause to a clause; things equal in importance or are of the same type

coordinating conjunctions (an, but, or, for, yet, so, etc.)

kinds of conjunctions (3)

coordinating, correlative, subordinating

conjunctions that are used in pairs

correlative conjunctions (either, or; neither, nor; not only, but also; both, and; whether, or

adverbs that tell how much or how little

degree (greatly, partly, too, etc.)

the subject when it comes after the verb

delayed subject

pronoun that points out people, places, or things without naming them

demonstrative pronoun (this, that, these, those, etc.)

clause that does not present a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence

dependent clause

part of the predicate and receives the action of the verb

direct object

receives the action of a transitive verb directly from the subject; without it, the transitive verb's meaning is incomplete

direct object

indicates whether a noun is masculine, feminine, neuter, or indefinite (masculine or feminine)

gender

a verb form that ends in ing and is used as a noun

gerund

phrase that consists of a gerund and its modifiers; whole phrase functions as a noun

gerund phrase (SPOTTING THE TINY MOUSE was easy for the hawk)

types of verbals (3)

gerunds, infinitives, participles

mood that is used to give a command

imperative mood

pronoun that often refers to unnamed or unknown people or things

indefinite pronoun (all, any, both, each one, everything, nobody, somebody, etc.)

clause that presents a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence

independent clause

mood that is used to state a fact or to ask a question

indicative moon

receives the action of a transitive verb but indirectly; names the person to whom or for who something is done

indirect object

a verb form that is usually introduced by to; may be used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb

infinitive

phrase that consists of an infinitive and its modifiers; whole phrase functions either as a noun, and adjective, or an adverb

infinitive phrase (your efforts TO CLEAN THE CHALKBOARD are appreciated)

communicates strong emotion or surprise; punctuation is used to set it from the rest of the sentence

interjection (oh no!, yipes!, etc.)

pronoun that asks a question

interrogative pronoun (who, whose, whom, which, what, etc.)

verb that communicates an action that is complete in itself; does not need an object to receive action

intransitive verb

verb that links the subject to a noun or an adjective in the predicate

linking verb (is, seem, feel, was, etc.)

adverbs that often end in ly and tell how something is done

manner (precisely, well, smoothly, etc.)

indicates the tone or attitude with which a statement is made

mood

compound nouns include

myself, someone, anybody, everything, itself, whoever

noun that can be the subject of a clause; can also be a predicate noun which follows a "be" verb (am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been) and renames the subject

nominative case noun

cases (3)

nominative, possessive, objective

cases of pronouns (3)

nominative, possessive, objective

a word that names something, a person, a place, a thing, or an idea

noun (governor, Oregon, hospital, etc.)

indicates whether the noun is singular or plural

number

nouns are grouped according to their (3)

number, gender, case

noun that can be a direct object, an indirect object, or an object of the preposition

objective case nouns

phrasal nouns include

one another, each other

a verbal phrase is based on

one of the three types of verbals (gerund, infinitive, participle)

a sentence is made up of

one or more words that express a complete thought

phrase that consists of a pst or present participle and its modifiers; whole phrase functions as an adjective

participial phrase (FOLLOWING HIS NOSE, the beagle took off)

a verb form ending in ing or ed that acts as an adjective

participle

voice that indicates that the subject of the verb is being, has been, or will be acted upon

passive voice

pronoun that can take the place of any noun

personal pronoun (I, me, we, they, his, etc.)

classes of pronouns (6)

personal, reflexive and intensive, relative, indefinite, interrogative, demonstative

a gorup of related words that function as a single part os peech

phrase

adverbs that tell where, to where, and from where)

place (here, nearby, forward, etc.)

form of adjectives that describes a noun or pronoun without comparing it to anyone of anything else

positive form

forms of adjectives (3)

positive, comparative, superlative

forms of adverbs (3)

positive, comparative, superlative

noun that shows possession or ownership

possessive case

the part of the sentence that shows action or says something about the subject

predicate

adjective that follows a form of the "be" verb (or other linking verb) and describes the subject

predicate adjective

the first word (or group of words) in a prepositional phrase; shows the relationship between its object and another word in the sentence

preposition (to, at, from, of, since, without, etc.)

includes the preposition, the object of the preposition, and the modifiers of the object; functions as an adverb o as an adjective

prepositional phrase

phrase that is a group of words beginning with a preposition and ending with a noun or pronoun; function mainly as adjectives and adverbs

prepositional phrase (Zach won the race IN RECORD TIME)

a word used in place of a noun

pronoun (I, you, she, it, etc.)

adjective that is created from a proper noun and is captialized

proper adjective (Canadian, etc.)

names a particular person, place, thing or idea; always capitalized

proper noun (Jackie Robinson, Christianity, etc.)

classes of nouns (5)

proper, common, concrete, abstract, collective

pronoun that relates an adjective clause to the noun or pronoun it modifies

relative pronoun (what, who, whose, whom, which, that, etc.)

predicate without its modifiers

simple predicate

the subject without its modifiers

simple subject

types of pronouns (3)

simple, compound, phrasal

mood that is no longer commonly used

subjunctive

use the _____ mood to express a condition that is contrary to fact, to express an unreal condition, in clauses to express necessity, legal decisions, or parliamentary motions

subjunctive

conjunctions that connect 2 clauses that are not equally important, thereby showing the relationship between them; connects a dependent clause to an independent clause in order to complete the meaning of the dependent clause

subordinating conjunctions (after, although, as, as if, as long as, unless, because, in order that, since, while, etc.)

form of adjectives that compares three or more persons, places, things, or ideas

superlative form (-est, most, least, etc.)

the part of the sentence that says something about the subject and contains the verb

the predicate

the part of the sentence about which something is said

the subject

adverbs that tell when, how often, and how long

time (today, daily, briefly, etc.)

types of adverbs (4)

time, place, manner, degree

an action verb that needs an object to complete its meaning

transitive verb

a word that expresses action or state of being

verb

phrase that consists of a main verb preceded by one or more helping verbs

verb phrase (the snow HAS BEEN FALLING for days)

a word that is derived from a verb but acts as another part of speech

verbals

indicates whether the subject is acting or being acted upon

voice