WWI and 1920s

Lusitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. This ship was also carrying weapons to send to the Allied powers during the war, but it was carrying people. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

In what ways were the 1920s a clash between the old and the new?

It was a clash because the old people liked the idea of farming and women staying in their place while the new teenagers and adults liked farms and having time to leisure. Old ideas like religion were being canceled out by science ideas, and things like short skirts and driving in cars were going against the old way of life.

Who were the major Allied powers? Central Powers?

Allied Powers: 1.Great Britain 2.Russia 3.France 4.Belgium 5.Serbia 6.United States Central Powers: Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire (joined the Central Powers in 1914) Bulgaria

convoy system

American William S. Sims established the convoy system, in which a heavily armed guard of destroyers escorted merchant ships across the ocean in groups for protection. This helped to stop the German U-Boats destroying supply ships. German U-Boats had been blowing up the ships being sent with goods to the allied powers, and by cutting off the supply it would have caused the loss of the war by the Allied Powers.

"peace without victory"

An address given by President Woodrow Wilson on January 22, 1917. He proposed peace terms for ending the war and defined the traditional use of victory as being anathema to the establishment of peace among nations. After U.S. entry into World War I on April 16, 1917, he proposed peace terms in the Fourteen Points address, which was based on this speech. This also was an attempt to spare the Germans.

Alliances

An agreement between 2 or more countries to help each other out in war. A war between two countries, Austria-Hungary and Serbia then turned into a war between many countries around the world instead of just being a small war against two countries.

Calvin Coolidge

Became president when Harding died of pneumonia. He was known for practicing a rigid economy in money and words.n. He was a true republican and industrialist. Believed in the government supporting big business. His lack in interference in business dealings led to the Stock Market crash, and did not do much as president.

war bonds

Debt securities issued by a government for the purpose of financing military operations during times of war. War bonds generate capital for the government and make civilians feel involved in their national military. These funded the United State's part in the war.

What was life like for farmers in the 1920s?

Farmers didn't make as much money because their sharecroppers moved to the north during the great migration, and therefore were left without people who were in debt to them, and without workers. There wasn't a need for so much food anymore because the war was over, and during the war all of the European Allied Powers needed the food, because they didn't have the land to produce it themselves so the farmers had to send them food.

Model T

First affordable car built by Henry Ford; sturdy, reliable, inexpensive, only came in black. This car was made on an assembly line making it affordable for all Americans. This cheapness of this car made it a common practice to have a car.

fundamentalism

Fundamentalism is a strict adherence to the "old ways." Fundamentalism combined with religion to fuel the conflict between old and new. As many Americans were believing new things like science. Americans, especially older Americans, were fundamentalists. They believed that the new and evolving realms of science and technology could not be trusted, and that Americans should trust in what the Bible, not science, had to say.

installment buying/buying on credit

If you didnt have the money for a certain item, you basically go on this plan that allows you to pay it off gradually without putting down much money at the time of purchase. This posed as a problem to some people because they never made enough money to pay the credit back, and resulting in many people going bankrupt.

The Scopes Monkey Trial

In 1925 a science teacher was arrested for teaching about evolution, which was forbidden in that state, because religion was everything and he was going against it. John Scopes was found guilty and fined $100. This showed that in the 1920s advancements in Science and technology were advancing, and many feared that people would stop practicing religion, because first the short skirts, now teaching against religious practice.

assembly line

In a factory, an arrangement where a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in the making of the product. This was used originally when making Ford cars making them more affordable to the average American, and giving many people well paying jobs, that made $5 a day.

In what ways was the Treaty of Versailles fair/unfair

It was fair because many people died and the allies needed many things to pay for it. It was unfair because they made Germany take all the blame even though they didn't. Also, Germany was poor from also fighting in the war and did not have a government, or the money to pay them back.

organized crime

Many had gangs were created to get their hands on alcohol and new technologies. Things like the Italian Mafia were formed, and there was a fear of these new groups. A lot of violence was caused from that and many years after.

Zimmerman Telegram

March 1917. Sent from German Foreign Secretary, addressed to German minister in Mexico City. Mexico should attack the US if US goes to war with Germany (needed that advantage due to Mexico's promixity to the US). In return, Germany would help get Tex, NM, Arizona etc from the United States. This was then found by the British government, and then sent to the U.S. This was reason for the U.S. joining the war.

consumerism

Many people used credit, and gained more money from jobs. This was the theory that an increasing consumption of goods is economically beneficial. Since people had this new money to spend, and new technologies were available many people increased their purchasing of goods. Many people who were producers now became consumers and then bought a huge amount of goods with money they didn't have creating stock problems.

Nativism

Most people were prejudice against different races after the war, especially those that were from the Central Power countries. The KKK was back hating more groups than just African Americans, targeting anyone that wasn't like them like Catholics, Jews, and many immigrants.

leisure time

New inventions to clean, cook, and keep food clean gave woman more time to spend with family. Men didn't work such long hours, and families had more money to spend. In leisure time kids didn't work so they played games and listened to radios, many people enjoyed sports, movies, and plays, and people went for rides in their cars.

laissez faire

Policy that government should interfere as little as possible in the nation's economy. This made the president stay out of all of the business and crediting deals, which then resulted in the stock market crash in 1929, because of no interference in the business dealings.

Why did Americans dislike the League of Nations?

Some Americans disliked the idea of the League because it could force the US to be involved in future wars. By being in this league with a bunch of different countries if a country not in it got in a war with one of the countries in it then they would get into another war.

In what ways were the 1920s different from previous generations?

The 1920's was different in the idea that people had extra money and extra free time. People were no longer worked all the time and now they had time to relax and drive in their new car somewhere. New technologies, and the crediting system gave people new ways of making home life easier. This is important because this forever changed the way that the world works.

How were Americans at home affected by the war?

The Americans on the home-front had to give up thinks like meat and wheat on some nights, woman had to give up steel in corsets, children gave up many toys and began selling war bonds, many had to cope with the loss of a loved one in the war, they had to make it without a man in the household a lot, and everyone tried their best to support the war.

propaganda

The Committee on Public Information used propaganda, or opinions expressed with the purpose of influencing the actions of others, to create American support for the war and encourage continued help to the war effort through posters, pamphlets, movies, etc. Propaganda made Americans feel proud of their country and support for U.S. involvement in WWI. This also made Americans hate the Kaiser and the Germans.

Describe the Harlem Renaissance and the hope and pride it encourage in African Americans

The Harlem Renaissance was the rebirth of African American culture. The Africans were now accepted more and that gave them pride in their identity. New music and literature was created about them to positively support them, and many were doing things like going to college. This gave African Americans the hope for rights, and the idea to stop segregation.

KKK

The KKK was a group that originally tried to stop African Americans from getting rights but in the future they actually ending up expanded who they went against and now hated jews, immigrants, catholics, etc. There was more fear of them so many people joined and payed them money so that they would be spared from the clan.

How did we transition from a peace-time to war-time economy?

The U.S. stock piled weapons, found new people to replace those going into war in jobs such as replacing white soldiers with southern African Americans, we produced more weapons and saved on things like steel to make them into weapons, and we also produced more food to send overseas to the troops.

What were the 4 major causes of WWI?

The four major causes were nationalism, alliances, militarism, and imperialism. Many countries had pride in their country and believed that their country was the best, many countries had formed a pact that they would support each other in war, many militaries were growing and there were stockpiles of weapons that countries were wanting to use, and many countries were fighting over colonies in Africa.

the Home Front

The home front was where American troops fighting overseas received support. Americans banded together during the war and produced and sent food, clothing, weapons, money, and other needs. Without the support of the home front, America would not have been able to help the Allied Powers win WWI. Everyone had a role in the war, women gave up fashions, Boy Scouts sold war bonds, and everyone was a part, or was effected by the war.

the Great Migration

The migration of thousands of African-Americans from the South to the North. African Americans were looking to escape the problems of racism in the South and felt they could seek out better jobs and an overall better life in the North. Many companies paid for the Africans to come to the North to work for their company while the white men were at war and therefore could not work. This created many people getting out of debt, and the Harlem Renaissance eventually happening.

What was the US's position at the outbreak of war? Why did it change?

The position at the outbreak of war was neutral and they didn't take either side. This changed because they were more towards the Allied Power side, and were supplying them with goods. Without the buyers the U.S. wouldn't make a profit, propaganda, and the sinking of the Lusitania upset many citizens, and the Zimmerman telegraph made them hate the Central Powers and want to go into war. It would also be good for business.

evolution

The sequence of events involved in the evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic group of organisms. This was one of the theories of how humans were created, saying we evolved from a monkey. This went against the Cristian beliefs and therefore was banned in many of the southern states. This caused the Scopes Monkey Trial.

neutrality

The state of not taking sides, especially in a war or dispute. The U.S. in the start of WWI was completely neutral, and refused to take either side in the war.

Fads

There were many clothing fads after the war that mostly included bobbed hair, short shirts, baggy pants for men, large hats, bathing suits, and skinny people instead of curvy people. This changed the amount of clothing that people wore, and it didnt take hours for women to get dressed. This also reduced the amount of fabric that people wore.

How did life change for (some) women in the 1920s?

They gained the right to vote, some worked outside of the home, some went to college, and they didn't work as hard, and had more leisure time because of new technologies to clean the home such as vacuum cleaners, washing machines, and refrigerators. They were treated better because they had the same right to vote as men.

How did Wilson's Fourteen Points attempt to make a lasting peace?

They wanted to show that there shouldn't be any bad things later going to Germany because then they would want revenge, and would just leave the tarnished country in worse shape. The Fourteen points would bring peace to all of the countries, but instead it just caused another war because they did not follow these.

Were the 1920s the best of times, or worst of times?

They were both, radios, cars, women gained more rights, there was more free time, jazz was created, and

flappers

They were woman dancers who danced in clubs, and had short dresses, and were considered very carefree young women with short, bobbed hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts. The flapper symbolized the new women of the 1920s. Many people saw the bold, boyish look and shocking behavior of flappers as a sign of changing morals. Though hardly typical of American women, the flapper image reinforced the idea that women now had more freedom. Many people didn't like them because they wore short outfits.

Trench warfare

Trench warfare was a new technology during WWI. instead of two sides lining up and shooting each other until only one side was left, soldiers built trenches and tried to advance by shooting the other from their own trench. It was used as an effort to outmaneuver machine guns, which made simply "charging" at the enemy suicidal. It was nearly impossible for either side to win a clear-cut victory, and conditions in the trenches were terrible, large rats, disease, mental disorders, injury, and death. Trench warfare was a disaster and wasted millions of lives during WWI.

u-boats

U Boats were German submarines that were used for reconnaissance and inflicted heavy losses on commercial shipping, including neutral shipping. These helped stop U.S. merchants from sending supplies to the germans. They were significant because they started a deal of trouble with the US that led to their intervention in WWI.

How did the US recruit soldiers?

U.S. people entered all men between the ages of 21-31 into a lottery. These people were all assigned a number and if on the draft day their number was picked out of the lottery then the men were then drafted into the war. Later the draft was changed to men between 18-45 because they needed more people to join the war.

advertising

With many new products came a need to have people buy them. Since many people didn't have the money to buy them the companies used advertising ploys like making the product look like the buyer needed it or else they would die without it, liking showing that it is family friendly, and specifically targeting them towards women, because thats who bought them.

Militarism

a political orientation of a people or a government to maintain a strong military force and to be prepared to use it aggresively to defend or promote national interests One of the causes of WWI because many people had weapons stock piled and wanted to use them. Many were scared of each other's armies.

Cotton Club

a speak easy where blacks played but could not be apart of the audience. One of the most famous Harlem nightspots. This is where the famous Duke Ellington got his start in music and originated jazz. This helped start the new type of music

Nationalism

a strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country. Many people felt that their country was the best, the the Serbians who just wanted to govern themselves causing the assassination of the Arch Duke Ferdinand.

How were immigrants/women/minorities/African Americans affected by WWI?

immigrants were affected because there were many anti-immigration laws passed- and after americans went to war, Immigrants, african americans, and women were allowed to take the jobs of men b/c they were needed for the war effort-as WWI progressed many americans didn't like the idea of immigrants and AA and women taking away jobs, so often times they were persecuted. Also the war industries board took AA and immigrants and women into the war effort to help turn america into a war-based economy. This also gave women and AA jobs after the war.

The Emergency Quota Act

limited the total immigration to 357,000 people a year and restricted the number of immigrants from European nations. This limited the amount of new people coming in, stopping the wave of immigration, and thus stopping some of the racial discrimination.

prohibition

the United States government declared alcohol illegal which presented bars called speak easies so that people could still get alcohol, making of alcohol in bathtubs, and crime and violence to get it. Even though they wanted to get rid of it, there was more alcohol consumed than in any other time period.

What was the immediate cause of WWI?

the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. This started a war between the Serbians and Austria-Hungary, and because of the other 4 points, and the countries having alliances a war between 2 countries automatically became a war between most of the globe.

Was the US justified in declaring war?

yes, the citizens though that it was a good idea, and all Americans supported it. The U.S. ended up winning the war for the Allied Powers therefore making it the right decision. Without the U.S. the Allied Powers would have fell to Germany, but with our military power we were able to show that joining the war was the right decision.