Y10 EOY History
What were Woodrow Wilson's motives?
- A 'fair and lasting peace' that did not punish Germany too harshly - His aims were laid out in 14 points, some are: access to the seas for all countries, disarmament for all countries, secret treaties to be banned, LON to resolve disputes, free trade between countries - Wilson had achieved a more moderate peace than France wanted, but the US's failure to join the League of Nations was a huge blow
What were George Clemenceau's motives?
- A harsh peace that weakened Germany to ensure France's security - He wanted disarmament, high reparations to pay for war damage, Alsace Lorraine and the Saar given to France, - France were pleased with aspects of the treaty but still feared that Germany would recover and threaten French security again
How did some benefit from the New Deal?
- Brought more women and black Americans into the gov't - Many farmers were helped by the AAA and the TVA and incomes rose - Many black Americans gained employment from ND projects - The NRA & Wagner Act gave workers greater rights to join unions - Roosevelt's Emergency Banking Act restored public confidence in banks - The FERA (Federal Emergency Relief Administration) provided relief to the jobless, hungry and homeless
How did some not benefit from the New Deal?
- Most ND projects were designed to help men into work and women had to leave work to give jobs to unemployed men - Landowning farmers benefitted more than sharecroppers - As 'last hired, first fired', black Americans faced competition from unemployed whites in menial, low-paid jobs - In the south, many ND projects refused to hire blacks - Unemployment remained high - 15% of the workforce by 1940 - Confidence remained low- economy never returned to 1920s levels and European countries were recovering faster
How was the New Deal successful?
- The USA got far better infrastructure: roads, airports, dams, schools, stadiums etc - It changed the accepted Laissez faire beliefs of the 1920s (gov't should have no role in economic prosperity) - State projects and alphabet agencies restored faith in gov't and democracy,
What were David Lloyd George's aims?
- To help Germany rebuild so they could resume trading as it was Britain's largest trade partner in Europe - For Germany to pay reparations but not as high as France - Wanted British Empire to stay strong, wanted colonies taken away and didn't want germany to keep its navy - Lloyd George and Wilson feared that a weak Germany could, like Russia - fall to communism - He was most satisfied, got Clemenceau to moderate his high demands and preserved Britain's imperial power
What was the banking crisis?
1931- Roosevelt faced a banking system on the verge of collapse, he declared a 'bank holiday' closing all banks to pass the Emergency Banking Act - provided funds for banks at risk, only 'trusted' banks were allowed to reopen, deposits were returned and public confidence restored
Were the peace treaties of 1919-23 fair?
:( - only defeated nations had to disarm, Germans called the treaty a 'diktat' (imposed by force with no choice) bc allies threatened invasion if they didn't accept the terms, Germans resented the 'war guilt clause', arguing that responsibility was shared and Article 231 was used to justify reparations which would cripple the country :) - Germany paid less than 1/5th of full amount, in France, Germany had destroyed towns, agriculture, mines, railways, bridges, Germany could have lost more: the Rhineland remained part of Germany (only demilitarised), the Saar was allowed a plebiscite in 1935
Describe the Dawes Plan:
A US banker (Charles Dawes) in 1924 devised a plan to make it easier for Germany to pay reparations. 1. Reparations were reduced in the short term to 50 million pounds per year 2. The US loaned 800 million marks to German industries to help with their tax revenue which would help them meet the reparations
How far did weaknesses in the League's organisation make failure inevitable?
Absent powerful members - The USSR was committed to communism, the US feared they'd be brought into many wars and wanted to stay isolationist, Germany couldn't join as a losing nation Unanimous decision - made it hard to take decisive action against a country as one negative vote and a motion would fail Lack of an army - this meant it didn't have standing forces to call upon if it wished to impose military sanctions
How far did the Depression make the work of the League more difficult?
Europe plunged into an economic crisis unemployment rose, international trade slumped, Germany 6 million unemployed by end of 1932 Isolationism - Leading nations prioritised rebuilding their economies, not dealing with international disputes. Economic sanctions became unpopular due to impact on economy. The USA cancelled loans. Militarism - Some countries used aggressive, imperialist actions to distract populations from economic problems and boost their economy.
What was the Monkey Trial?
In 1925 John Scopes was arrested and sent on trial for teaching the theory of evolution, he violated the Butler Act which prohibited the teaching of evolution in public schools. He was fined $100 but the case went to high court and Tennessee's decision was overruled.
What was the "sick chicken" case?
In 1935 an NRA (National Recovery Act) meat business was charged with selling diseased chicken and the Supreme Court ruled that the government had no right to interfere in trade matters within a state. This was significant bc they declared a huge part of the New Deal (the NRA) as unconstitutional. Roosevelt attempted to replace the judges w more supportive ones, this response shocked the SC & most of the measures of his second ND were passed.
Describe the Saar Plebiscite:
In Jan 1935 the population of the Saar coalfield, separated from Germany by the post-war treaties, were allowed a plebiscite. Over 90% of the population wanted to reunite with Germany after 15yrs of LoN rule.
What was the Abyssinian crisis and LoN response?
Italy invaded Abyssinia (Ethiopia) to build a new overseas empire. Br/Fr needed Italy as an ally against Nazi so they were reluctant to condem them. They imposed limited sanctions and had a secret agreement to give Italy 2/3 of Abyssinia but this caused international outrage when leaked and Italy left LoN in 1937 in protest of the sanctions. This showed the LoN's self-interest. Hitler gained Mussolini as an ally and exploited the League's weakness to remilitarise the Rhineland.
Describe the remilitarisation of the Rhineland:
On the 7th of March 1936, Hitler ordered 20,000 German troops to march into the Rhineland to remilitarise it and defy the ToV. Neither France nor Britain was prepared for a military response, so they did not act.
What were the Alphabet Agencies + examples?
Organisations that expanded the role of government in economic recovery E.g: AAA - Agricultural Adjustment Agency, Gov't paid farmers to produce less, resulting in price increases & farmers could also get loans to help with mortgage payments, 1933-39 incomes doubled TVA - Tennessee Valley Authority, 33 dams were built to control the Tennessee River, power stations at the dams provided cheap electricity for farmers and the jobs created helped recovery from the GD
How successful was the League in the 1930s?
Overall there is no disguising the fact that the 1930s was a disastrous decade for the League as it was weakened by the GD. Three of the permanent members of the Council -- Japan, Germany and Italy -- left the League. In the 1930s, fascist dictatorships took power in Germany, Italy and Japan. By 1936 the League was dead as a peacekeeping organisation
What was the impact of the ToV on Germany?
Political Violence - Weimar government was resented for signing the Treaty, Nazis tried to take power in the 1923 Munich Putsch Reactions - Humiliating- huge blow for German pride, Hypocritical- didn't follow the 14 points, Harsh- feared it would cripple the country Ruhr Crisis & Hyperinflation (1923) - France confiscated raw materials and goods, German workers went on strike; Fr responded by killing 100, German government tried to address economic losses by printing more money which resulted in hyperinflation; value of currency plummeted and savings became worthless Germany believed the treaty was to blame for everything
What were the aims of the New Deal?
Recovery - Address economic crises in employment, spending and production Relief - Support those suffering from poverty, hunger and homelessness Restore - Confidence in US banks and businesses Reform - Improve working and living conditions and provide social security Rural USA - Address poverty and hardship in agricultural regions of the USA
Who opposed the New Deal and why?
Republicans - believed in laissez-faire economics so criticised the ND for interfering too much, they feared it would erode 'rugged individualism' and accused Roosevelt of behaving like a dictator Radical critics - Huey Long was frustrated at the slow pace of economic recovery, he proposed a 'share our wealth' scheme to redistribute wealth and help the poor as this plan guaranteed jobs and a grant.
What was the Manchurian crisis and its impact?
The Japanese army controlled the South Manchurian Railway. In September 1931, they claimed that Chinese soldiers had sabotaged their railway so they invaded Manchuria and threw out all Chinese forces. Japan left the League in 1933 after moral condemnation and this portrayed the LoN as powerless/weak as they don't have leading powers now and dictators like Musollini and Hitler gained confidence.
Describe the Young Plan:
The Young Plan was another plan agreed between Germany and Allies in 1929 by Owen Young It cut Germany's total reparations from £6.6billion to £2 billion. Also it gave 59 years to pay reparations meaning Germany would be paying reparations until 1988.
What measures were passed in the Second New Deal?
While 1st ND focused on economic recovery, the 2nd focused on economic security - WPA Works Progress Administration- hired 3 million Americans every year until 1943, created projects for artists, writers, photographers, musicians - The Wagner Act- supported workers who wanted to join unions and hoped it would boost wages, boosting American spending - Social Security Act- tax funded unemployment insurance, old age pensions, aid to the disabled and poor families