You got this joy studying for Psych Theory
What would both cognitive behavior therapists and reality therapists be inclined to say to their clients?
"I think you are projecting anger on to me that belongs with your mother. Let's explore that." "Tell me about every part of your dream that you can recall. What do you think your dream is trying to tell you?" "What do you think about trying out the new behaviors we discussed today during the week? Can you think of opportunities you may have this week to practice being assertive?" "Why don't you tell your mother that she has a toxic effect on you every time she compares you to your sister. And feel free to tell her that your therapist thinks so too!"
Miracle question (SFBT)
"If a miracle happened and the problem you have was solved overnight, how would you know it was solved, and what would be different?" Corey, Gerald. Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy, Enhanced (p. 378). Cengage Learning. Kindle Edition.
Sydney, a grief counselor, mentioned to his colleagues in a peer supervision group that he is open to discussing his clients' spiritual and religious beliefs with them. What should he say to his colleagues who are skeptical about this practice? .
"My clients' spiritual and religious beliefs are a major sustaining power that supports them when all else fails. I think it would be unethical for me to overlook this." "I know it is unethical for me to raise these issues during sessions, but my clients don't seem to mind." "Who are you to question my practices? You are being completely negligent and unethical by not discussing religion with your clients." None of these
what is an example of a scaling question?
"On a scale of zero to 10, with zero being how you felt when you first came to therapy and 10 being how you feel the day after your miracle occurs and your problem is gone, how would you rate your anxiety right now?" Corey, Gerald. Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy, Enhanced (p. 378). Cengage Learning. Kindle Edition.
THe six propositions or basic dimensions of the human condition according to EXSTENTIAL approache include
-the capacity for self-awareness -freedom and responsibility -creating one's identity and establishing meaningful ---relationships with others -the search for meaning, purpose, values, and goals -anxiety as a condition of living -awareness of death and nonbeing. (p. 138).
BECK CBT is NOT just positive thinking..
.it is thinking "I can change my thoughts...". I personally believe it can be very helpful for many people to examine their beliefs and process how these beliefs developed.
Principles of Feminist Therapy
1) the person is political, 2) commitment to social change, 3) women's and girls' voices and ways of knowing are valued and their experiences are honored, 3) the counseling relationship is egalitarian, 4) a focus on strengths and a reformulated definition of psychological distress, and 5) all types of oppression are recognized
Six propositions in existential therapy
1. To Represent is to know 2. There are many equivalent forms of representation using words, pictures, and numbers 3. We gain insight when multiple representations are used together 4. All representations are incomplete, but this provides an advantage 5. Representations are used for both communications and thinking (cognition); hence they are both shared and personal 6. Communicated representations work best when they utilize patterns that the audience finds familiar or can recognize
psycho therapy integration began in what year?
1980
What year did psychotherapy integration begin
1980s
Late 1950s- 1970s period of development
3 decades of research Wrote on becoming a person client centered approach looked at necessary and sufficient condition of therapy
How many sessions do they want you to conduct therapy in
6 to 20 sessions
What percentage of practioniers use psychotherapy integration in counseling and practice?
95.8%
What percentage of psychotherapist uses integration as their model?
98.5
Choice theory/Reality therapy Therapeutic Relationship
A fundamental task is for the therapist to create a good relationship with the client. Therapists are then able to engage clients in an evaluation of all of their relationships with respect to what they want and how effective they are in getting this. Therapists find out what clients want, ask what they are choosing to do, invite them to evaluate present behavior, help them make plans for change, and get them to make a commitment. The therapist is a client's advocate, as long as the client is willing to attempt to behave responsibly FOCUS IS ON GOOD RELATIONSHIP
ADLERIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE APPROACHES OF INTEGRATIVE PSYCHOTHERAPY
A key contribution is the influence that Adlerian concepts have had on other systems and the integration of these concepts into various contemporary therapies. This is one of the first approaches to therapy that was humanistic, unified, holistic, and goal-oriented and that put an emphasis on social and psychological factors. INFLUENCES ON OTHER SYSTEMS
Postmodern approaches Founder
A number of key figures are associated with the development of these various approaches to therapy. Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg are the cofounders of solution-focused brief therapy. Michael White and David Epston are the major figures associated with narrative therapy. Social constructionism, solution-focused brief therapy, and narrative therapy all assume that there is no single truth; rather, it is believed that reality is socially constructed through human interaction. These approaches maintain that the client is an expert in his or her own life.
Family systems therapy Founder
A number of significant figures have been pioneers of the family systems approach, two of whom include Murray Bowen and Virginia Satir. This systemic approach is based on the assumption that the key to changing the individual is understanding and working with the family.
Feminist therapy Limitations of the Approaches
A possible limitation is the potential for therapists to impose a new set of values on clients—such as striving for equality, power in relationships, defining oneself, freedom to pursue a career outside the home, and the right to an education. Therapists need to keep in mind that clients are their own best experts, which means it is up to them to decide which values to live by.
POST MODERN LIMITATIONS OF THIS APPROACH INCLUDE:
A possible limitation is the potential for therapists to impose a new set of values on clients—such as striving for equality, power in relationships, defining oneself, freedom to pursue a career outside the home, and the right to an education. Therapists need to keep in mind that clients are their own best experts, which means it is up to them to decide which values to live by. LITTLE EMPIRICAL CHEERLEADING
FEMINIST LIMITATIONS OF THIS APPROACH INCLUDE:
A possible limitation is the potential for therapists to impose a new set of values on clients—such as striving for equality, power in relationships, defining oneself, freedom to pursue a career outside the home, and the right to an education. Therapists need to keep in mind that clients are their own best experts, which means it is up to them to decide which values to live by. MAY IMPOSE NEW SET OF VALUES
Behavior When do you use this application approach?
A pragmatic approach based on empirical validation of results. Enjoys wide applicability to individual, group, couples, and family counseling. Some problems to which the approach is well suited are phobic disorders, depression, trauma, sexual disorders, children's behavioral disorders, stuttering, and prevention of cardiovascular disease. Beyond clinical practice, its principles are applied in fields such as pediatrics, stress management, behavioral medicine, education, and geriatrics. Phobic Depression Trauma Sexual
Scaling Questions
A solution-focused technique that asks clients to observe changes in feelings, moods, thoughts, and behaviors. On a scale of zero to 10, clients are asked to rate some change in their experiences.
Family systems therapy techniques of therapy
A variety of techniques may be used, depending on the particular theoretical orientation of the therapist. Some techniques include genograms, teaching, asking questions, joining the family, tracking sequences, family mapping, reframing, restructuring, enactments, and setting boundaries. Techniques may be experiential, cognitive, or behavioral in nature. Most are designed to bring about change in a short time. GENOGRAMS TEACHING ASKING QUESTIONS
Gestalt therapy techniques of therapy
A wide range of experiments are designed to intensify experiencing and to integrate conflicting feelings. Experiments are co-created by therapist and client through an I/Thoudialogue. Therapists have latitude to creatively invent their own experiments. Formal diagnosis and testing are not a required part of therapy. EXPERIMENTS
Which path calls for using techniques from different schools without necessarily subscribing to the theoretical positions that spawned them?
ANSWER ↓ technical integration symbolic integration assimilative integration common factors approach
CMB cognitive behavior modification by Meichenbaum
According to Meichenbaum (1977), self-statements affect a person's behavior in much the same way as statements made by another person. A basic premise of CBM is that clients, as a prerequisite to behavior change, must notice how they think, feel, and behave and the impact they have on others. Corey, Gerald. Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy, Enhanced (p. 293). Cengage Learning. Kindle Edition.
Gestalt When do you use this application approach?
Addresses a wide range of problems and populations: crisis intervention, treatment of a range of psychosomatic disorders, couples and family therapy, awareness training of mental health professionals, behavior problems in children, and teaching and learning. It is well suited to both individual and group counseling. The methods are powerful catalysts for opening up feelings and getting clients into contact with their present-centered experience. Wide contact with present centered experience
Adlerian therapy techniques of therapy
Adlerians pay more attention to the subjective experiences of clients than to using techniques. Some techniques include gathering life-history data (family constellation, early recollections, personal priorities), sharing interpretations with clients, offering encouragement, and assisting clients in searching for new possibilities. NOT ON TECHNIQUES SUJECTIVE EXPERIENCE LIFE HISTORY DATA
Who is responsible for the social learning approach (self effecacy) within the behavioral foundation?
Albert Bandura
Cognitive behavior therapy Key concept
Although psychological problems may be rooted in childhood, they are reinforced by present ways of thinking. A person's belief system and thinking is the primary cause of disorders. Internal dialogue plays a central role in one's behavior. Clients focus on examining faulty assumptions and misconceptions and on replacing these with effective beliefs CHILDHOOD BELIEF SYSTEM
Feminist therapy techniques of therapy
Although techniques from traditional approaches are used, feminist practitioners tend to employ consciousness-raising techniques aimed at helping clients recognize the impact of gender-role socialization on their lives. Other techniques frequently used include gender-role analysis and intervention, power analysis and intervention, demystifying therapy, bibliotherapy, journal writing, therapist self-disclosure, assertiveness training, reframing and relabeling, cognitive restructuring, identifying and challenging untested beliefs, role playing, psychodramatic methods, group work, and social action. CONCIOUS RAISING TECHNIQUES GENDER ROLE AND POWER
antecedents in behavioral therapy
Antecedent events cue or elicit a certain behavior. For example, with a client who has trouble going to sleep, listening to a relaxation tape may serve as a cue for sleep induction. Turning off the lights and removing the television from the bedroom may elicit sleep behaviors as well. Corey, Gerald. Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy, Enhanced (p. 238). Cengage Learning. Kindle Edition.
Projection
Attributing to others one's own unacceptable desires and impulses. (p. 62). Cengage Learning. Kindle Edition.
Postmodern approaches Basic Philosophy
Based on the premise that there are multiple realities and multiple truths, reject the idea that reality is external and can be grasped. People create meaning in their lives through conversations with others. The s avoid pathologizing clients, take a dim view of diagnosis, avoid searching for underlying causes of problems, and place a high value on discovering clients' strengths and resources. Rather than talking about problems, the focus of therapy is on creating solutions in the present and the future. MULTIPLE REALITIES AND TRUTH FOCUS ON STREGNTH AND RESOURCES
7 basic characteristics of behavioral therapy
Based on the principles and procedures of the scientific method. Behavior includes actions as well as internal processes such as thoughts, images, beliefs, and emotions and can be operationally defined. Dealing with current problems and the factors that influence present functioning through functional assessment and behavioral analysis. Clients must assume an active role in dealing with their problems. DO something to bring about change. Changes in behavior can occur prior to or simultaneously with understanding of oneself. Assessment informs the treatment process and is an ongoing process of observation and self-monitoring. Behavioral treatments are tailored to specific problems experienced by each individual client.
Adlerian When do you use this application approach?
Because the approach is based on a growth model, it is applicable to such varied spheres of life as child guidance, parent-child counseling, marital and family therapy, individual counseling with all age groups, correctional and rehabilitation counseling, group counseling, substance abuse programs, and brief counseling. It is ideally suited to preventive care and alleviating a broad range of conditions that interfere with growth. preventative care varied spheres of life
Founders of CBT Beck
Beck and Ellis
What is the Behavior basic philosophy?
Behavior is a product of learning
Albert Bandura is know in which therapy Model?
Behavior therapy
CBT Gestalt Person Centered Existential are different in terms of relationship of
Behavioral
beginning of behavioral theory, it was thought that all people had to do was
CHANGE their behaviors - keep repeating actions and life will be different
psychoanalytic application of approach
Candidates for analytic therapy include professionals who want to become therapists, people who have had intensive therapy and want to go further, and those who are in psychological pain. Analytic therapy is not recommended for self-centered and impulsive individuals or for people with psychotic disorders. Techniques can be applied to individual and group therapy. psychological pain
I Thou statements are known in
Carl Rogers Person Centered Theory
Empirical research has been conducted in
Carl Rogers Person Centered Theory was 1st Yaloms existential givens of exisitence Gestalt was light on this type of research Behavior therapy was subjected to the most
In what therapy do clients assume that they create thier own self growth and are active self healers?
Carl Rogers Person Centered Therapy
In what therapy does a therapist use themselves as an instrument of change?
Carl Rogers Person Centered Therapy
In what therapies is being rooted in was of being and attitudes important?
Carl Rogers Person centered Theory
Gestalt therapy Therapeutic Relationship
Central importance is given to the I/Thou relationship and the quality of the therapist's presence. The therapist's attitudes and behavior count more than the techniques used. The therapist does not interpret for clients but assists them in developing the means to make their own interpretations. Clients identify and work on unfinished business from the past that interferes with current functioning. I/ THOUR RELATIONSHIP QUALITY OF THERAPISTS PRESCENCE
Focus of CBT Beck is to
Change cognitions
William Glasser
Choice Therapy Reality Therapy
Person Centered therapy changed over time
Client determined direction and goal of therapy-àtherapist focused on helping client clarify feelingsàfocus on the clients lived experience
PERSON CENTERED CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE APPROACHES OF INTEGRATIVE PSYCHOTHERAPY
Clients take an active stance and assume responsibility for the direction of therapy. This unique approach has been subjected to empirical testing, and as a result both theory and methods have been modified. It is an open system. People without advanced training can benefit by translating the therapeutic conditions to both their personal and professional lives. Basic concepts are straightforward and easy to grasp and apply. It is a foundation for building a trusting relationship, applicable to all therapies CLEINTS TAKE AN ACTIVE STANCE
Gestalt therapy Limitations in Multicultural Counseling
Clients who have been culturally conditioned to be emotionally reserved may not embrace Gestalt experiments. Some may not see how "being aware of present experiencing" will lead to solving their problems. EMOTIONALLY RESERVED NOT LIKE EXPERIMENTS
Common factor approach utilizes
Common elemets across different theoretical systems
confluence
Confluence involves blurring the differentiation between the self and the environment. Corey, Gerald. Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy, Enhanced (p. 203). Cengage Learning. Kindle Edition.
consequences in behavioral therapy
Consequences are events that maintain a behavior in some way, either by increasing or decreasing it. Corey, Gerald. Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy, Enhanced (p. 238). Cengage Learning. Kindle Edition.
Contact and Resistance to Contact
Contact is made by seeing, hearing, smelling, touching, and moving. Effective contact means interacting with nature and with other people without losing one's sense of individuality. Prerequisites for good contact are clear awareness, full energy, and the ability to express oneself. Contact between therapist and client are key to Gestalt therapy practice.
Feminist therapy Key concept
Core principles are that the personal is political, therapists have a commitment to social change, women's voices and ways of knowing are valued and women's experiences are honored, the counseling relationship is egalitarian, therapy focuses on strengths and a reformulated definition of psychological distress, and all types of oppression are recognized POLITICAL COMMITMENT TO SOCIAL CHANGE OPRESSION EGALITARIAN COUNSELING RELATIONSHIP
What is the role of the client in person centered theory
Define and clarify goals
Which of the following therapies synthesize the best aspects of two or more theoretical approaches?
Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) Acceptance and commitment therapy Emotion-focused therapy All of these
REBT Ellis and CT Becktherapists approach therapy i
Differently
Choice theory/Reality therapy Limitations of the Approaches
Discounts the therapeutic value of exploration of the client's past, dreams, the unconscious, early childhood experiences, and transference. The approach is limited to less complex problems. It is a problem-solving therapy that tends to discourage exploration of deeper emotional issues.
REALITY LIMITATIONS OF THIS APPROACH INCLUDE:
Discounts the therapeutic value of exploration of the client's past, dreams, the unconscious, early childhood experiences, and transference. The approach is limited to less complex problems. It is a problem-solving therapy that tends to discourage exploration of deeper emotional issues. DISCOUNTS PAST LIMITED TO LESS COMPLEX PROBLEMS PROBLEM BASED
Reality therapist __________value relationships
Do
Reality key concepts
Doing Need for significant relationship
Donald Meichenbaum's CBM
Donald Meichenbaum's cognitive behavior modification (CBM) focuses on changing the client's self-talk.
BEHAVIOR CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE APPROACHES OF INTEGRATIVE PSYCHOTHERAPY
Emphasis is on assessment and evaluation techniques, thus providing a basis for accountable practice. Specific problems are identified, and clients are kept informed about progress toward their goals. The approach has demonstrated effectiveness in many areas of human functioning. The roles of the therapist as reinforcer, model, teacher, and consultant are explicit. The approach has undergone extensive expansion, and research literature abounds. No longer is it a mechanistic approach, for it now makes room for cognitive factors and encourages self-directed programs for behavioral change. EFFECTIVENESS IN HUMAN FUNCTIONING
Gestalt therapy Key concept
Emphasis is on the "what" and "how" of experiencing in the here and now to help clients accept all aspects of themselves. Key concepts include holism, figure-formation process, awareness, unfinished business and avoidance, contact, and energy. WHAT AND HOW HERE AND NOW I and Thou HOLISM AWARENESS ENERGY
1950s - Client-Centered Therapy
Emphasis on client Focus changed to phenomenological world of client Renamed his approach to reflect its emphasis on the client rather than on nondirective methods. Focus on Phenomenological world of the client.
Feminism techniques and strategies
Empowerment Self Disclosure Gender Role Social Analysis Gender Role intervention Power Analysis Bibliotherapy Assertiveness Training Reframing and Relabeling social action group work 349-352
Existential therapy Key concept
Essentially an experiential approach to counseling rather than a firm theoretical model, it stresses core human conditions. Interest is on the present and on what one is becoming. The approach has a future orientation and stresses self-awareness before action. CORE HUMAN CONDITIONS UNIQUENESS PRESENT SELF AWARE
exception in solution focused brief therapy is
Exceptions are those past experiences in a client's life when it would be reasonable to have expected the problem to occur, but somehow it did not Corey, Gerald. Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy, Enhanced (p. 377). Cengage Learning. Kindle Edition.
Irvin Yalom existential therapy
Existentialist, well known for studies in group work
One of the best known forms of technical integration is multidimensional therapy created by Arnold Lazarus
False Multimodal
Significant empirical research on effectiveness has been produced for all of the major models covered in this book.
False empirical research
Evaluating how well psychotherapy works is relatively simple.
False evaluation of psychotherapy
Although clients' spiritual and religious beliefs may be important to them, it is ethically inappropriate for clinicians to address these beliefs in the context of therapy
False spiritual and religious beliefs
Therapeutic goals should always be specific, concrete, and short term.
False therapeutic goals
Behavior therapy Limitations in Multicultural Counseling
Family members may not value clients' newly acquired assertive style, so clients must be taught how to cope with resistance by others. Counselors need to help clients assess the possible consequences of making behavioral changes. NOT LIKE ASSERTIVENESS RESISTANCE
Family systems therapy Limitations in Multicultural Counseling
Family therapy rests on value assumptions that are not congruent with the values of clients from some cultures. Western concepts such as individuation, self-actualization, self-determination, independence, and self-expression may be foreign to some clients. In some cultures, admitting problems within the family is shameful. The value of "keeping problems within the family" may make it difficult to explore conflicts openly. DIFFERENCES OF FAMILY VALUES
Viktor Frankl
Father of Logotherapy (existential form of treatment which stresses 'healing through meaning')
Behavior therapy key concept believes that abnormal behavior is a result of
Faulty Learning
What increases the effect of treament drobouts and decreases rik of deterioration?
Feedback informed treatment
What are three dimensions of client experience in psychosocial integration?
Feelings Thoughts Behaviors
Existential therapy techniques of therapy
Few techniques flow from this approach because it stresses understanding first and technique second. The therapist can borrow techniques from other approaches and incorporate them in an existential framework. Diagnosis, testing, and external measurements are not deemed important. Issues addressed are freedom and responsibility, isolation and relationships, meaning and meaninglessness, living and dying. FEW TECHNIQUES MEANING OF LIFE
Gestalt Unfinished Business
Figures from background and appear but are not completed or resolved impasse stuck therapist can walk with the client to help them move toward actualization and growth
Cognitive behavior therapy Contributions to Multicultural Counseling
Focus is on a collaborative approach that offers clients opportunities to express their areas of concern. The psychoeducational dimensions are often useful in exploring cultural conflicts and teaching new behavior. The emphasis on thinking (as opposed to identifying and expressing feelings) is likely to be acceptable to many clients. The focus on teaching and learning tends to avoid the stigma of mental illness. Clients are likely to value the active and directive stance of the therapist. COLLABORATIVE APPROACH EXPLORE CULTURAL CONFLICTS
Feminist therapy Contributions to Multicultural Counseling
Focus is on both individual change and social transformation. A key contribution is that both the women's movement and the multicultural movement have called attention to the negative impact of discrimination and oppression for both women and men. Emphasizes the influence of expected cultural roles and explores client's satisfaction with and knowledge of these roles. INDIVIDUAL CHANGE SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION
Person-centered therapy Contributions to Multicultural Counseling
Focus is on breaking cultural barriers and facilitating open dialogue among diverse cultural populations. Main strengths are respect for clients' values, active listening, welcoming of differences, nonjudgmental attitude, understanding, willingness to allow clients to determine what will be explored in sessions, and prizing cultural pluralism. BREAKS CULTURAL BARRIERS OPEN DIALOG
Choice theory/Reality therapy Contributions to Multicultural Counseling
Focus is on clients making their own evaluation of behavior (including how they respond to their culture). Through personal assessment clients can determine the degree to which their needs and wants are being satisfied. They can find a balance between retaining their own ethnic identity and integrating some of the values and practices of the dominant society. OWN EVALUATIONS BALANCE
Family systems therapy Key concept
Focus is on communication patterns both verbal and nonverbal. Problems in relationships are likely to be passed on from generation to generation. Key concepts vary depending on specific orientation but include differentiation, triangles, power coalitions, functional versus dysfunctional interaction patterns, and dealing with here-and-now interactions. The present is more important than exploring past experiences. COMMUNICATIONS PATTERNS IN FAMILY
Behavior therapy Key concept
Focus is on overt behavior, precision in specifying goals of treatment, development of specific treatment plans, and objective evaluation of therapy outcomes. Present behavior is given attention. Therapy is based on the principles of learning theory. Normal behavior is learned through reinforcement and imitation. Abnormal behavior is the result of faulty learning OVERT BEHAVIOR LEARNNG THEORY FAULTY LEARNING
Family systems therapy Contributions to Multicultural Counseling
Focus is on the family or community system. Many ethnic and cultural groups place value on the role of the extended family. Many family therapies deal with extended family members and with support systems. Networking is a part of the process, which is congruent with the values of many clients. There is a greater chance for individual change if other family members are supportive. This approach offers ways of working toward the health of the family unit and the welfare of each member. VALUE ON FAMILY
Postmodern approaches Contributions to Multicultural Counseling
Focus is on the social and cultural context of behavior. Stories that are being authored in the therapy office need to be anchored in the social world in which the client lives. Therapists do not make assumptions about people and honor each client's unique story and cultural background. Therapists take an active role in challenging social and cultural injustices that lead to oppression of certain groups. Therapy becomes a process of liberation from oppressive cultural values and enables clients to become active agents of their destinies. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXT OF BEHAVIOR
Existential therapy Contributions to Multicultural Counseling
Focus is on understanding client's phenomenological world, including cultural background. This approach leads to empowerment in an oppressive society. Existential therapy can help clients examine their options for change within the context of their cultural realities. The existential approach is particularly suited to counseling diverse clients because of the philosophical foundation that emphasizes the human condition. EMPOWERMENT IN AN OPRESSIVE SOCIETY
Behavior therapy Contributions to Multicultural Counseling
Focus on behavior, rather than on feelings, is compatible with many cultures. Strengths include a collaborative relationship between counselor and client in working toward mutually agreed-upon goals, continual assessment to determine if the techniques are suited to clients' unique situations, assisting clients in learning practical skills, an educational focus, and stress on self-management strategies. MUTUAL GOALS FOCUS ON BEHAVIOR NOT FEELINGS
Adlerian therapy Founder
Founder: Alfred Adler. Key Figure: Following Adler, Rudolf Dreikurs is credited with popularizing this approach in the United States. This is a growth model that stresses assuming responsibility, creating one's own destiny, and finding meaning and goals to create a purposeful life. Key concepts are used in most other current therapies.
Person-centered therapy Founder
Founder: Carl Rogers; Key figure: Natalie Rogers. This approach was developed during the 1940s as a nondirective reaction against psychoanalysis. Based on a subjective view of human experiencing, it places faith in and gives responsibility to the client in dealing with problems and concerns.
Psychoanalytic therapy Founder
Founder: Sigmund Freud. A theory of personality development, a philosophy of human nature, and a method of psychotherapy that focuses on unconscious factors that motivate behavior. Attention is given to the events of the first six years of life as determinants of the later development of personality.
Choice theory/Reality therapy Founder
Founder: William Glasser. Key figure: Robert Wubbolding. This short-term approach is based on choice theory and focuses on the client assuming responsibility in the present. Through the therapeutic process, the client is able to learn more effective ways of meeting her or his needs.
Cognitive behavior therapy Founder
Founders: Albert Ellis and A. T. Beck. Albert Ellis founded rational emotive behavior therapy, a highly didactic, cognitive, action-oriented model of therapy, and A. T. Beck founded cognitive therapy, which gives a primary role to thinking as it influences behavior. Judith Beck continues to develop CBT; Christine Padesky has developed strengths-based CBT; and Donald Meichenbaum, who helped develop cognitive behavior therapy, has made significant contributions to resilience as a factor in coping with trauma.
Gestalt therapy Founder
Founders: Fritz and Laura Perls; Key figures: Miriam and Erving Polster. An experiential therapy stressing awareness and integration; it grew as a reaction against analytic therapy. It integrates the functioning of body and mind and places emphasis on the therapeutic relationship.
Adlerian Creator is
Freud Adler Carl Rogers Ellis Glasser
CBT Creator is
Freud Adler Carl Rogers Ellis Glasser
Person Centered Creator is
Freud Adler Carl Rogers Ellis Glasser
Psychoanalytic creator is
Freud Adler Carl Rogers Ellis Glasser
Reality THerapy Creator is
Freud Adler Carl Rogers Ellis Glasser
FAMILY CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE APPROACHES OF INTEGRATIVE PSYCHOTHERAPY
From a systemic perspective, neither the individual nor the family is blamed for a particular dysfunction. The family is empowered through the process of identifying and exploring interactional patterns. Working with an entire unit provides a new perspective on understanding and working through both individual problems and relationship concerns. By exploring one's family of origin, there are increased opportunities to resolve other conflicts in systems outside of the family IS EMPOWERED
Reality When do you use this application approach?
Geared to teaching people ways of using choice theory in everyday living to increase effective behaviors. It has been applied to individual counseling with a wide range of clients, group counseling, working with youthful law offenders, and couples and family therapy. In some instances it is well suited to brief therapy and crisis intervention. Youthful Law Offenders Chocies
Figure and Ground pictures
Gestalt
What therapist focuses on I and Thou Here and Now
Gestalt therapists do not force change on clients through confrontation. Instead, they work within a context of I/Thou dialogue in a here-and-now framework.
Feminist When do you use this application approach?
Goal to bring empowerment
Assimilative Integration
Grounds 1 theorteical system and adds a variety of interventions
Challenges of psychotherapy integration
Hart to be brief therapy Requires knowledge time and FINESSE
CBT When do you use this application approach?
Has been widely applied to treatment of depression, anxiety, relationship problems, stress management, skill training, substance abuse, assertion training, eating disorders, panic attacks, performance anxiety, and social phobias. CBT is especially useful for assisting people in modifying their cognitions. Many self-help approaches utilize its principles. CBT can be applied to a wide range of client populations with a variety of specific problems. Depression Anxiety Relationshp Stress
Person-centered When do you use this application approach?
Has wide applicability to individual and group counseling. It is especially well suited for the initial phases of crisis intervention work. Its principles have been applied to couples and family therapy, community programs, administration and management, and human relations training. It is a useful approach for teaching, parent-child relations, and for working with groups of people from diverse cultural backgrounds. Crisis intervention individual group
Key Concepts in relationships
Honesty Sincerity Acceptance Understanding Spontaneity
What are the keys to relationships?
Honesty Sincerity Acceptance Understanding Spontaneity
Psychoanalytic Basic Philosophy
Human beings are basically determined by psychic energy and by early experiences. Unconscious motives and conflicts are central in present behavior. Early development is of critical importance because later personality problems have their roots in repressed childhood conflicts. PSYCHIC ENERGY PAST
Adlerian therapy Basic Philosophy
Humans are motivated by social interest, by striving toward goals, by inferiority and superiority, and by dealing with the tasks of life. Emphasis is on the individual's positive capacities to live in society cooperatively. People have the capacity to interpret, influence, and create events. Each person at an early age creates a unique style of life, which tends to remain relatively constant throughout life. SOCIAL INTEREST STRIVES TOWARDS GOALS
Freud focused on intancts and understanging
Id EGO SUPEREgo
Cognitive behavior therapy Therapeutic Relationship
In REBT the therapist functions as a teacher and the client as a student. The therapist is highly directive and teaches clients an A-B-C model of changing their cognitions. In CT the focus is on a collaborative relationship. Using a Socratic dialogue, the therapist assists clients in identifying dysfunctional beliefs and discovering alternative rules for living. The therapist promotes corrective experiences that lead to learning new skills. Clients gain insight into their problems and then must actively practice changing self-defeating thinking and acting. In strengths-based CBT, active incorporation of client strengths encourages full engagement in therapy and often provides avenues for change that otherwise would be missed. TEACHER/CLIENT STUDENT/CB COLLABORATIVE
negative punishment
In negative punishment a reinforcing stimulus is removed following the behavior to decrease the frequency of a target behavior (such as deducting money from a worker's salary for missing time at work, or taking television time away from a child for misbehavior). Corey, Gerald. Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy, Enhanced (p. 242). Cengage Learning. Kindle Edition.
Postmodern approaches techniques of therapy
In solution-focused therapy the main technique involves change-talk, with emphasis on times in a client's life when the problem was not a problem. Other techniques include creative use of questioning, the miracle question, and scaling questions, which assist clients in developing alternative stories. In narrative therapy, specific techniques include listening to a client's problem-saturated story without getting stuck, externalizing and naming the problem, externalizing conversations, and discovering clues to competence. Narrative therapists often write letters to clients and assist them in finding an audience that will support their changes and new stories. SBT CHANGE-TALK AND QUESTIONS NARRATIVE-LETTERS
Cognitive behavior therapy Basic Philosophy
Individuals tend to incorporate faulty thinking, which leads to emotional and behavioral disturbances. major determinants of how we feel and act. it stresses the role of thinking, deciding, questioning, doing, and redeciding. This is a psychoeducational model, which emphasizes therapy as a learning process, including acquiring and practicing new skills, learning new ways of thinking, and acquiring more effective ways of coping with problems. COGNITIONS ARE MAJOR DETERMINANTS
Phases of Existential Counseling
Initial phase: therapists assist clients in identifying and clarifying their assumptions about the world. Clients define and question the ways in which they perceive and make sense of their existence. Middle phase: clients are assisted in more fully examining the source and authority of their present value system. Typically leads to self-exploration typically leads to new insights and some restructuring of values and attitudes. Final Phase: focuses on helping people take what they are learning about themselves and put it into action.
Gestalt therapy Contributions to Multicultural Counseling
Its focus on expressing oneself nonverbally is congruent with those cultures that look beyond words for messages. Provides many experiments in working with clients who have cultural injunctions against freely expressing feelings. Can help to overcome language barrier with bilingual clients. Focus on bodily expressions is a subtle way to help clients recognize their conflicts. NON VERBAL EMPHASIS
Psychoanalytic therapy Contributions to Multicultural Counseling
Its focus on family dynamics is appropriate for working with many cultural groups. The therapist's formality appeals to clients who expect professional distance. Notion of ego defense is helpful in understanding inner dynamics and dealing with environmental stresses. FORMALITY PROFESSIONAL DISTANCE EGO HELPS WITH INNER DYNAMICS
Psychoanalytic therapy Limitations in Multicultural Counseling
Its focus on insight, intrapsychic dynamics, and long-term treatment is often not valued by clients who prefer to learn coping skills for dealing with pressing daily concerns. Internal focus is often in conflict with cultural values that stress an interpersonal and environmental focus. MAY NOT BE VALUED BY CLIENT INTERNAL FOCUS MAY CONFLICT WITH CULTURAL VALUE
Adlerian therapy Contributions to Multicultural Counseling
Its focus on social interest, helping others, collectivism, pursuing meaning in life, importance of family, goal orientation, and belonging is congruent with the values of many cultures. Focus on person-in-the-environment allows for cultural factors to be explored. SOCIAL INTERST HELPING BELONGING
EXISTENTIAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE APPROACHES OF INTEGRATIVE PSYCHOTHERAPY
Its major contribution is recognition of the need for a subjective approach based on a complete view of the human condition. It calls attention to the need for a philosophical statement on what it means to be a person. Stress on the I/Thourelationship lessens the chances of dehumanizing therapy. It provides a perspective for understanding anxiety, guilt, freedom, death, isolation, and commitment. NEED FOR SUBJECTIVE APPROACH MEANING
Adlerian therapy Key concept
Key concepts include the unity of personality, the need to view people from their subjective perspective, and the importance of life goals that give direction to behavior. People are motivated by social interest and by finding goals to give life meaning. Other key concepts are striving for significance and superiority, developing a unique lifestyle, and understanding the family constellation. Therapy is a matter of providing encouragement and assisting clients in changing their cognitive perspective and behavior. UNITY OF PERSONALITY SUBJECTIVE PERCEPTION LIFE GOALS SOCIAL INTEREST
Behavior therapy Founder
Key figures: B. F. Skinner, and Albert Bandura. This approach applies the principles of learning to the resolution of specific behavioral problems. Results are subject to continual experimentation. The methods of this approach are always in the process of refinement. The mindfulness and acceptance-based approaches are rapidly gaining popularity.
Existential therapy Founder
Key figures: Viktor Frankl, Rollo May, and Irvin Yalom. Reacting against the tendency to view therapy as a system of well-defined techniques, this model stresses building therapy on the basic conditions of human existence, such as choice, the freedom and responsibility to shape one's life, and self-determination. It focuses on the quality of the person-to-person therapeutic relationship.
IN the social constructionist theory how is knowledge developed?
Knowledge is developed through interactions with people in every day life
Family systems therapy Limitations of the Approaches
Limitations include problems in being able to involve all the members of a family in the therapy. Some family members may be resistant to changing the structure of the system. Therapists' self-knowledge and willingness to work on their own family-of-origin issues is crucial, for the potential for countertransference is high. It is essential that the therapist be well trained, receive quality supervision, and be competent in assessing and treating individuals in a family context.
FAMILY LIMITATIONS OF THIS APPROACH INCLUDE:
Limitations include problems in being able to involve all the members of a family in the therapy. Some family members may be resistant to changing the structure of the system. Therapists' self-knowledge and willingness to work on their own family-of-origin issues is crucial, for the potential for countertransference is high. It is essential that the therapist be well trained, receive quality supervision, and be competent in assessing and treating individuals in a family context. NOT ALL FAMILY MAY COME
CBT CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE APPROACHES OF INTEGRATIVE PSYCHOTHERAPY
Major contributions include emphasis on a comprehensive therapeutic practice; numerous cognitive, emotive, and behavioral techniques; an openness to incorporating techniques from other approaches; and a methodology for challenging and changing faulty or negative thinking. Most forms can be integrated into other mainstream therapies. REBT makes full use of action-oriented homework, various psychoeducational methods, and keeping records of progress. CT is a structured therapy that has a good track record for treating depression and anxiety in a short time. Strengths-based CBT is a form of positive psychology that addresses the resources within the client for change TECHNIQUES SHORT TIME DEPRESSION/ANXIETY
Behavior therapy Limitations of the Approaches
Major criticisms are that it may change behavior but not feelings; that it ignores the relational factors in therapy; that it does not provide insight; that it ignores historical causes of present behavior; that it involves control by the therapist; and that it is limited in its capacity to address certain aspects of the human condition.
BEHAVIOR LIMITATIONS OF THIS APPROACH INCLUDE:
Major criticisms are that it may change behavior but not feelings; that it ignores the relational factors in therapy; that it does not provide insight; that it ignores historical causes of present behavior; that it involves control by the therapist; and that it is limited in its capacity to address certain aspects of the human condition. MAY NOT CHANGE FEELIGNS NO INSIGHT
Existential therapy Limitations of the Approaches
Many basic concepts are fuzzy and ill-defined, making its general framework abstract at times. Lacks a systematic statement of principles and practices of therapy. Has limited applicability to lower functioning and nonverbal clients and to clients in extreme crisis who need direction.
EXISTENTIAL LIMITATIONS OF THIS APPROACH INCLUDE:
Many basic concepts are fuzzy and ill-defined, making its general framework abstract at times. Lacks a systematic statement of principles and practices of therapy. Has limited applicability to lower functioning and nonverbal clients and to clients in extreme crisis who need direction. LACKS SYSTEMIC STATMETN OF PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
psychonanalytic approaches CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE APPROACHES OF INTEGRATIVE PSYCHOTHERAPY
More than any other system, this approach has generated controversy as well as exploration and has stimulated further thinking and development of therapy. It has provided a detailed and comprehensive description of personality structure and functioning. It has brought into prominence factors such as the unconscious as a determinant of behavior and the role of trauma during the first six years of life. It has developed several techniques for tapping the unconscious and shed light on the dynamics of transference and countertransference, resistance, anxiety, and the mechanisms of ego defense CONTROVERSY PERSONALITY STRUCTURE
Lazarus is know for what method?
Multimodal
Lazarus is know for what type of therapy?
Multimodal
negative reinforcement
Negative reinforcement involves the escape from or the avoidance of aversive (unpleasant) stimuli. Corey, Gerald. Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy, Enhanced (p. 241). Cengage Learning. Kindle Edition.
Four Periods of Development
Nondirective Counseling, Client-Centered Therapy, Necessary and Sufficient Conditions of Therapy, Person-Centered Therapy
Psychoanalytic therapy Key concept
Normal personality development is based on successful resolution and integration of psychosexual stages of development. Faulty personality development is the result of inadequate resolution of some specific stage. Anxiety is a result of repression of basic conflicts. Unconscious processes are centrally related to current behavior. PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES ANXIETY UNCONCIOUS
what is the basic assumption of william glassers reality theory
People can control their present lives; Problem is that the person is in an unsatisfying relationship or no relationship.
Person-centered therapy Basic Philosophy
Positive view of people; we have an inclination toward becoming fully functioning. In the context of the therapeutic relationship, the client experiences feelings that were previously denied to awareness. The client moves toward increased awareness, spontaneity, trust in self, and inner-directedness. VIEW OF HUMANS IS POSITIVE
Person-centered therapy Limitations of the Approaches
Possible danger from the therapist who remains passive and inactive, limiting responses to reflection. Many clients feel a need for greater direction, more structure, and more techniques. Clients in crisis may need more directive measures. Applied to individual counseling, some cultural groups will expect more counselor activity.
PERSON CENTERED LIMITATIONS OF THIS APPROACH INCLUDE:
Possible danger from the therapist who remains passive and inactive, limiting responses to reflection. Many clients feel a need for greater direction, more structure, and more techniques. Clients in crisis may need more directive measures. Applied to individual counseling, some cultural groups will expect more counselor activity. LIMITED TO RESPONSES CLIENTS MAY NEED MORE DIRECTION
What based practice will increasingly become the organizing force for integration.
Practice-based evidence Evidence-based practice Theory-based practice Theory-based evidence
In what therapies is there less emphasis placed on relationship and more on effective use of the techniques?
REBT CBT Behavior Therapy
What therapies have less of an emphasis on relaitonship and focus more on technique
REBT CBT Behavior Therapy
Ellis Limitation of REBT
REBT encourages independence instead of interdependence, takes a lot of training, does not focus on the past influences, REBT - a strong therapist could misuse power, lacks spiritual emphasis,
These therapies place less emphasis on the relationship and more emphasis on the technique:
Rational emotive behavior therapy, reality therapy, cognitive behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, behavior therapy
Psychoanalytic therapy Limitations of the Approaches
Requires lengthy training for therapists and much time and expense for clients. The model stresses biological and instinctual factors to the neglect of social, cultural, and interpersonal ones. Its methods are less applicable for solving specific daily life problems of clients and may not be appropriate for some ethnic and cultural groups. Many clients lack the degree of ego strength needed for regressive and reconstructive therapy. It may be inappropriate for certain counseling settings.
LIMITATIONS OF PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH
Requires lengthy training for therapists and much time and expense for clients. The model stresses biological and instinctual factors to the neglect of social, cultural, and interpersonal ones. Its methods are less applicable for solving specific daily life problems of clients and may not be appropriate for some ethnic and cultural groups. Many clients lack the degree of ego strength needed for regressive and reconstructive therapy. It may be inappropriate for certain counseling settings. LEGNTY TRAINIGN LONG TERM EXPENSIVE
What are the advantages of psychotherapy integration
Role of evidenced based practice will be a force
Rollo May
Shared with humanists the belief in free will and freedom of choice but also emphasized loneliness, anxiety, and alienation
Gestlat resistance to contact and Freud defense mechanism are
Similiar
cognitive behavioral therapy approach is
Socratic approach encouraging client is to self reflect
Post Modern When do you use this application approach?
Solution-focused therapy is well suited for people with adjustment disorders and for problems of anxiety and depression. Narrative therapy is now being used for a broad range of human difficulties including eating disorders, family distress, depression, and relationship concerns. These approaches can be applied to working with children, adolescents, adults, couples, families, and the community in a wide variety of settings. Both solution-focused and narrative approaches lend themselves to group counseling and to school counseling. SBT adjustment Anxiety Depression Narrative Eating
Postmodern approaches Limitations in Multicultural Counseling
Some clients come to therapy wanting to talk about their problems and may be put off by the insistence on talking about exceptions to their problems. Clients may view the therapist as an expert and be reluctant to view themselves as experts. Certain clients may doubt the helpfulness of a therapist who assumes a "not-knowing" position. CLIENT MAY WANT TO TALK ABOUT PROBLEMS WANT THERAPIST TO BE EXPERT
Person-centered therapy Limitations in Multicultural Counseling
Some of the core values of this approach may not be congruent with the client's culture. Lack of counselor direction and structure are unacceptable for clients who are seeking help and immediate answers from a knowledgeable professional. MAY NOT BE CONGRUENT WITH CULTURE NEEDS ANSWERS FROM PROFESSIONAL
THE MOST IMPORTANT INGREDIENT FOR CHANGE IS
THE CLIENT
Introjection
Taking in and "swallowing" the values and standards of others
What are teh four most common pathways of psychotherapy integration?
Technical Integration Theoretical Integration Assimilative Integration Common Factors Approach
What are the four most common pathways in the integrative approach?
Technical integration Theoretical integration Assimilative Integration Common Factor Appriach
Gestalt therapy Limitations of the Approaches
Techniques lead to intense emotional expression; if these feelings are not explored and if cognitive work is not done, clients are likely to be left unfinished and will not have a sense of integration of their learning. Clients who have difficulty using imagination may not profit from certain experiments.
GESTALT LIMITATIONS OF THIS APPROACH INCLUDE:
Techniques lead to intense emotional expression; if these feelings are not explored and if cognitive work is not done, clients are likely to be left unfinished and will not have a sense of integration of their learning. Clients who have difficulty using imagination may not profit from certain experiments. INTENSE EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION
CBT LIMITATIONS OF THIS APPROACH INCLUDE:
Tends to play down emotions, does not focus on exploring the unconscious or underlying conflicts, de-emphasizes the value of insight, and sometimes does not give enough weight to the client's past. CBT might be too structured for some clients PLAYS DOWN EMOTIONS TOO STRUCTURED
accurate empathic understanding (rogers)
The act of perceiving accurately the internal frame of reference of another; the ability to grasp the person's subjective world without losing one's own identity.
Reality therapy Key concept
The basic focus is on what clients are doing and how to get them to evaluate whether their present actions are working for them. People are mainly motivated to satisfy their needs, especially the need for significant relationships. The approach rejects the medical model, the notion of transference, the unconscious, and dwelling on one's past DOING NEED FOR SIGNIFICANT REATIONSHIPS
POST MODERN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE APPROACHES OF INTEGRATIVE PSYCHOTHERAPY
The brevity of these approaches fit well with the limitations imposed by a managed care structure. The emphasis on client strengths and competence appeals to clients who want to create solutions and revise their life stories in a positive direction. Clients are not blamed for their problems but are helped to understand how they might relate in more satisfying ways to such problems. A strength of these approaches is the question format that invites clients to view themselves in new and more effective ways BREVITY STREGNTHS QUESTION FORMAT
Existential therapy Basic Philosophy
The central focus is on the nature of the human condition, which includes a capacity for self-awareness, freedom of choice to decide one's fate, responsibility, anxiety, the search for meaning, being alone and being in relation with others, striving for authenticity, and facing living and dying. NATURE OF HUMAN CONDITION
Psychoanalytic therapy Therapeutic Relationship
The classical analyst remains anonymous, and clients develop projections toward him or her. The focus is on reducing the resistances that develop in working with transference and on establishing more rational control. Clients undergo long-term analysis, engage in free association to uncover conflicts, and gain insight by talking. The analyst makes interpretations to teach clients the meaning of current behavior as it relates to the past. In contemporary relational psychoanalytic therapy, the relationship is central and emphasis is given to here-and-now dimensions of this relationship. ANALYST IS ANONYMOUS
Key Concepts of Person-Centered Therapy
The client has the potential to become aware of problems and the means to resolve them. Faith is placed in the client's capacity for self-direction. Mental health is a congruence of ideal self and real self. Maladjustment is the result of a discrepancy between what one wants to be and what one is. In therapy attention is given to the present moment and on experiencing and expressing feelings.
Adlerian therapy Therapeutic Relationship
The emphasis is on joint responsibility, on mutually determining goals, on mutual trust and respect, and on equality. The focus is on identifying, exploring, and disclosing mistaken goals and faulty assumptions within the person's lifestyle. JOINT RESPONSIBILITY MUTUAL GOALS TRUST AND RESPECT
GESTALT CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE APPROACHES OF INTEGRATIVE PSYCHOTHERAPY
The emphasis on direct experiencing and doing rather than on merely talking about feelings provides a perspective on growth and enhancement, not merely a treatment of disorders. It uses clients' behavior as the basis for making them aware of their inner creative potential. The approach to dreams is a unique, creative tool to help clients discover basic conflicts. Therapy is viewed as an existential encounter; it is process-oriented, not technique-oriented. It recognizes nonverbal behavior as a key to understanding. DIRECT EXPERIENCING AND DOING PROCESS ORIENTS
These therapies place personal relationship as a crucial determinant of treatment outcome
The existential, person-centered, Gestalt, Adlerian postmodern
Family systems therapy Therapeutic Relationship
The family therapist functions as a teacher, coach, model, and consultant. The family learns ways to detect and solve problems that are keeping members stuck, and it learns about patterns that have been transmitted from generation to generation. Some approaches focus on the role of therapist as expert; others concentrate on intensifying what is going on in the here and now of the family session. All family therapists are concerned with the process of family interaction and teaching patterns of communication. AWARNESS OF FAMILY INTERACTIONS TEACHER COACH
FEMINIST CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE APPROACHES OF INTEGRATIVE PSYCHOTHERAPY
The feminist perspective is responsible for encouraging increasing numbers of women to question gender stereotypes and to reject limited views of what a woman is expected to be. It is paving the way for gender-sensitive practice and bringing attention to the gendered uses of power in relationships. The unified feminist voice brought attention to the extent and implications of child abuse, incest, rape, sexual harassment, and domestic violence. Feminist principles and interventions can be incorporated in other therapy approaches. GENDER SENSITIVE BROUGHT OUT CONCERNS
Freedom and Responsibility
The freedom to become within the context of natural and self-imposed limitations which shape our destiny. The capacity to reflect the meaning of our choices and to act on the choices we make. Avoided by making excuses.
The Capacity for Self-Awareness
The greater our awareness, the greater our possibilities for freedom
Psychoanalytic therapy techniques of therapy
The key techniques are interpretation, dream analysis, free association, analysis of resistance, analysis of transference, and countertransference. Techniques are designed to help clients gain access to their unconscious conflicts, which leads to insight and eventual assimilation of new material by the ego. INTERPRETATION DREAMS FREE ASSOCIATION
Behavior therapy techniques of therapy
The main techniques are reinforcement, shaping, modeling, systematic desensitization, relaxation methods, flooding, eye movement and desensitization reprocessing, cognitive restructuring, social skills training, self-management programs, mindfulness and acceptance methods, behavioral rehearsal, and coaching. Diagnosis or assessment is done at the outset to determine a treatment plan. Questions concentrate on "what," "how," and "when" (but not "why"). Contracts and homework assignments are also typically used. REINFORMCEMENT SHAPING MODELING
ground
The part of a pattern that does not command attention; the background.
What is Gestalt Basic Philosophy?
The person strives for wholeness integration of thinking/feeling/behaving Contact boundaries and awarness How early influences relate to present difficulty Is grounded in the here and now
Gestalt therapy Basic Philosophy
The person strives for wholeness and integration of thinking, feeling, and behaving. Some key concepts include contact with self and others, contact boundaries, and awareness. The view is nondeterministic in that the person is viewed as having the capacity to recognize how earlier influences are related to present difficulties. As an experiential approach, it is grounded in the here and now and emphasizes awareness, personal choice, and responsibility. WHOLENESS INTEGRATION OF THINKING FEELING AND BEHAVING
In carl rogers person centered therapy it is most important for the client to change?
The quality of the relationship...is what it takes for clients to change
Person-centered therapy Therapeutic Relationship
The relationship is of primary importance. The qualities of the therapist, including genuineness, warmth, accurate empathy, respect, and being nonjudgmental—and communication of these attitudes to clients—are stressed. Clients use this genuine relationship with the therapist to help them transfer what they learn to other relationships. RELATIONSHIP IS PRIMARY
Feminist therapy Therapeutic Relationship
The therapeutic relationship is based on empowerment and egalitarianism. Therapists actively break down the hierarchy of power and reduce artificial barriers by engaging in appropriate self-disclosure and teaching clients about the therapy process. Therapists strive to create a collaborative relationship in which clients can become their own expert. EMPOWERMENT EGALITARIANISM
Behavior therapy Therapeutic Relationship
The therapist is active and directive and functions as a teacher or mentor in helping clients learn more effective behavior. Clients must be active in the process and experiment with new behaviors. Although a quality client-therapist relationship is not viewed as sufficient to bring about change, it is considered essential for implementing behavioral procedures. THERAPIST IS ACTIVE DIRECTIVE TEACHER CLIENT IS ACTIVE
Existential therapy Therapeutic Relationship
The therapist's main tasks are to accurately grasp clients' being in the world and to establish a personal and authentic encounter with them. The immediacy of the client-therapist relationship and the authenticity of the here-and-now encounter are stressed. Both client and therapist can be changed by the encounter. PERSONAL AUTHENTIC ENCOUNTER IMMEDIACY
Cognitive behavior therapy techniques of therapy
Therapists use a variety of cognitive, emotive, and behavioral techniques; diverse methods are tailored to suit individual clients. This is an active, directive, time-limited, present-centered, psychoeducational, structured therapy. Some techniques include engaging in Socratic dialogue, collaborative empiricism, debating irrational beliefs, carrying out homework assignments, gathering data on assumptions one has made, keeping a record of activities, forming alternative interpretations, learning new coping skills, changing one's language and thinking patterns, role playing, imagery, confronting faulty beliefs, self-instructional training, and stress inoculation training. LEARN NEW WAYS OF THINKING AND COPING
Postmodern approaches Therapeutic Relationship
Therapy is a collaborative partnership. Clients are viewed as the experts on their own life. Therapists use questioning dialogue to help clients free themselves from their problem-saturated stories and create new life-affirming stories. Solution-focused therapists assume an active role in guiding the client away from problem-talk and toward solution-talk. Clients are encouraged to explore their strengths and to create solutions that will lead to a richer future. Narrative therapists assist clients in externalizing problems and guide them in examining self-limiting stories and creating new and more liberating stories. COLLABORATIVE CLIENTS ARE EXPERTS
Postmodern approaches Key concept
Therapy tends to be brief and addresses the present and the future. The person is not the problem; the problem is the problem. The emphasis is on externalizing the problem and looking for exceptions to the problem. Therapy consists of a collaborative dialogue in which the therapist and the client co-create solutions. By identifying instances when the problem did not exist, clients can create new meanings for themselves and fashion a new life story. BRIEF PROBLEM IS THE PROBLEM
Postmodern approaches Limitations of the Approaches
There is little empirical validation of the effectiveness of therapy outcomes. Some critics contend that these approaches endorse cheerleading and an overly positive perspective. Some are critical of the stance taken by most postmodern therapists regarding assessment and diagnosis, and also react negatively to the "not-knowing" stance of the therapist. Because some of the solution-focused and narrative therapy techniques are relatively easy to learn, practitioners may use these interventions in a mechanical way or implement these techniques without a sound rationale.
liza considers herself an Adlerian therapist, Julie regards herself as a feminist therapist, and Kyle specializes in cognitive behavioral therapy. What must all three therapists do regardless of their theoretical orientation?
They must decide what relationship style to adopt with each client. They must decide what techniques, procedures, or intervention methods to use in each case. They must decide when to use certain techniques, procedures, or intervention methods, and with which clients. All of these.
Feminist therapy Founder
This approach grew out of the efforts of many women, a few of whom are Jean Baker Miller, Carolyn Zerbe Enns, Oliva Espin, and Laura Brown. A central concept is the concern for the psychological oppression of women. Focusing on the constraints imposed by the sociopolitical status to which women have been relegated, this approach explores women's identity development, self-concept, goals and aspirations, and emotional well-being.
Existential When do you use this application approach?
This approach is especially suited to people facing a developmental crisis or a transition in life and for those with existential concerns (making choices, dealing with freedom and responsibility, coping with guilt and anxiety, making sense of life, and finding values) or those seeking personal enhancement. The approach can be applied to both individual and group counseling, and to couples and family therapy, crisis intervention, and community mental health work Developmental crisis Transistion in life
Choice theory/Reality therapy Limitations in Multicultural Counseling
This approach stresses taking charge of one's own life, yet some clients are more interested in changing their external environment. Counselors need to appreciate the role of discrimination and racism and help clients deal with social and political realities. FOCUS ON OWN LIFE CHANGE EXTERNAL ENVIORNMENT SOCIAL POLITICAL REALITIES
Person-centered therapy techniques of therapy
This approach uses few techniques but stresses the attitudes of the therapist and a "way of being." Therapists strive for active listening, reflection of feelings, clarification, "being there" for the client, and focusing on the moment-to-moment experiencing of the client. This model does not include diagnostic testing, interpretation, taking a case history, or questioning or probing for information. FEW TECHNIQUES ATTITUDES OF THERAPIST
Adlerian therapy Limitations in Multicultural Counseling
This approach's detailed interview about one's family background can conflict with cultures that have injunctions against disclosing family matters. Some clients may view the counselor as an authority who will provide answers to problems, which conflicts with the egalitarian, person-to-person spirit as a way to reduce social distance. FAMILY DICLOSURE
REALITY CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE APPROACHES OF INTEGRATIVE PSYCHOTHERAPY
This is a positive approach with an action orientation that relies on simple and clear concepts that are easily grasped in many helping professions. It can be used by teachers, nurses, ministers, educators, social workers, and counselors. Due to the direct methods, it appeals to many clients who are often seen as resistant to therapy. It is a short-term approach that can be applied to a diverse population, and it has been a significant force in challenging the medical model of therapy. POSITIVE ACTION DIVERSE HELPERS/CLEINTS
Choice theory/Reality therapy techniques of therapy
This is an active, directive, and didactic therapy. Skillful questioning is a central technique used for the duration of the therapy process. Various techniques may be used to get clients to evaluate what they are presently doing to see if they are willing to change. If clients decide that their present behavior is not effective, they develop a specific plan for change and make a commitment to follow through. ACTIVE DIRECTIVE DIDACTIC
Feminist therapy Limitations in Multicultural Counseling
This model has been criticized for its bias toward the values of White, middle-class, heterosexual women, which are not applicable to many other groups of women nor to men. Therapists need to assess with their clients the price of making significant personal change, which may result in isolation from extended family as clients assume new roles and make life changes. BIAS TOWARD VALUES OF WHITE MIDDLE CLASS ADDRESS PRICE OF PERSONAL CHANGE
Gestalt therapy Goals of Therapy
To assist clients in gaining awareness of moment-to-moment experiencing and to expand the capacity to make choices. To foster integration of the self. AWARENESS OF MOMENT TO MOMENT EXPERIENCE CAPACITY TO CHOICES
Feminist therapy Goals of Therapy
To bring about transformation both in the individual client and in society. To assist clients in recognizing, claiming, and using their personal power to free themselves from the limitations of gender-role socialization. To confront all forms of institutional policies that discriminate or oppress on any basis. FREE FROM LIMITATIONS OF GENDER ROLE SOCIALIZATION
Adlerian therapy Goals of Therapy
To challenge clients' basic premises and life goals. To offer encouragement so individuals can develop socially useful goals and increase social interest. To develop the client's sense of belonging. DEVELOP SOCIALLY USEFUL GOALS INCREASE SOCIAL INTEREST
Postmodern approaches Goals of Therapy
To change the way clients view problems and what they can do about these concerns. To collaboratively establish specific, clear, concrete, realistic, and observable goals leading to increased positive change. To help clients create a self-identity grounded on competence and resourcefulness so they can resolve present and future concerns. To assist clients in viewing their lives in positive ways, rather than being problem saturated. CHANGE WAY TO VIEW PROBLEM ESTABILISH GOALS
Reality therapy Goals of Therapy
To help people become more effective in meeting all of their psychological needs. To enable clients to get reconnected with the people they have chosen to put into their quality worlds and teach clients choice theory. CHOICES MEET THIER OWN PSYCHOLGICAL NEEDS RELATIONSHIPS
Existential therapy Goals of Therapy
To help people see that they are free and to become aware of their possibilities. To challenge them to recognize that they are responsible for events that they formerly thought were happening to them. To identify factors that block freedom. RECOGNIZE FREEDOM BECOME AWARE OF POSSIBILITIES
Psychoanalytic therapy Goals of Therapy
To make the unconscious conscious. To reconstruct the basic personality. To assist clients in reliving earlier experiences and working through repressed conflicts. To achieve intellectual and emotional awareness. MAKE UNCONCIOUS CONSCIOUS RECONSTRUCT
Person-centered therapy Goals of Therapy
To provide a safe climate conducive to clients' self-exploration. To help clients recognize blocks to growth and experience aspects of self that were formerly denied or distorted. To enable them to move toward openness, greater trust in self, willingness to be a process, and increased spontaneity and aliveness. To find meaning in life and to experience life fully. To become more self-directed. FIND MEANING IN LIFE MORE SELF DIRECTED
Cognitive behavior therapy Goals of Therapy
To teach clients to confront faulty beliefs with contradictory evidence that they gather and evaluate. To help clients seek out their faulty beliefs and minimize them. To become aware of automatic thoughts and to change them. To assist clients in identifying their inner strengths, and to explore the kind of life they would like to have. CONFRONT FAULTY BELIEFS
True or false: Does the therapist ability to be real with the client matter in carl rogers person centred therapy?
True
Feedback-informed treatment (FIT), which is designed to evaluate and to improve the quality and effectiveness of counseling services, meets the criteria of evidence-based practice.
True for FIT
Syncretism occurs when a practitioner, lacking in knowledge and skill in selecting interventions, looks for anything that seems to work.
True for syncretism
The best available research reveals that ongoing client feedback provides practitioners with a simple, practical, and meaningful method for documenting the usefulness of treatment.
True ongoing feedback
Psychotherapy integration stresses tailoring interventions to the individual client, rather than to an overarching theory.
True psychotherapy integration stresses
cbt LIMITATION IN MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING
UNDERSTAND AND RESPECT CLEITNS WORLD HOW TO QUESTION CULTURAL VALUES AND BELIEFS
Family When do you use this application approach?
Useful for dealing with marital distress, problems of communicating among family members, power struggles, crisis situations in the family, helping individuals attain their potential, and enhancing the overall functioning of the family. Marital Distress Communication Issues
Existential therapy Limitations in Multicultural Counseling
Values of individuality, freedom, autonomy, and self-realization often conflict with cultural values of collectivism, respect for tradition, deference to authority, and interdependence. Some may be deterred by the absence of specific techniques. Others will expect more focus on surviving in their world. VALUES OF INDIVIDULA CONFLICT WITH COLLECTIVISIM
What is the person centered basic philosophy?
View of human is positive Client moves toward increased awreness Trust in self
Who were the contributors to existential therapy?
Viktor Frankl-- concentration camp Rollo May- cheerleader Irvin Yalom- group therapy givens
Gestalt therapy key concepts focuses on the
WHAT and HOW holism awareness unfinished business avoidance contact energy
Adlerian therapy Limitations of the Approaches
Weak in terms of precision, testability, and empirical validity. Few attempts have been made to validate the basic concepts by scientific methods. Tends to oversimplify some complex human problems and is based heavily on common sense.
ADLERIAN LIMITATIONS OF THIS APPROACH INCLUDE:
Weak in terms of precision, testability, and empirical validity. Few attempts have been made to validate the basic concepts by scientific methods. Tends to oversimplify some complex human problems and is based heavily on common sense. WEAK IN PRECISON TESTABILITY EMPIRICAL
Who is known for motivational interviewing
William Miller and Stephen Rollnic
Theoretical integration produces
a conceptual framework combining 2 or more theoretical approaches
exception
a person or thing that is excluded from a general statement or does not follow a rule.
Holism
a whole or completion, or a form that cannot be seperated into parts without losing its essecne.
Common goal of spiritual and religious concepts in integrative therapy approach
acceptance forgiveness loving letting go
What are the commong goals of pscychotherapy integration of spiritual and religious beliefs?
acceptance forgiveness loving letting go
Retroflection
act of doing to yourself what you really wish to do to someone else (gestalt concept)
Third Force defined as
alternative to psychoanalytic and behavioral approaches to existential person centered and Gestalt therapies
Unconditional Positive Regard (Rogers)
an attitude of total acceptance toward another person
Gestalt
an organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.
Therapist goal in integrative therapy role to understand clients role
and respect it
Behaviorist follow the ABC model:
antecedents behaviors consequences
reversal exercise helps clients face
anxiety
existentialism focuses on
anxiety reality of human experinace
Feminist Techniques and strategies
are consciousness-raising techniques that help women differentiate between what they have been taught is socially acceptable or desirable and what is actually healthy for them. Corey, Gerald. Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy, Enhanced (p. 349). Cengage Learning. Kindle Edition.
Energy and blocks to energy
attention Corey, Gerald. Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy, Enhanced (p. 205). Cengage Learning. Kindle Edition.
Carl Rogers and person centered therapy determinants include
attitude and personal characteristic of therapist quality of client-therapist relationship secondary to therapist knowledge of theory and technique
resistance to contact occurs out of
awarness to compe with life situations simillar to defence mechanism that freud talks about
What is the therapist function in carl rogers person centered therapy?
be present be accessible to clients focus on the immediate experience
Technical integration is considered the
best treatment technique
in relation to family Adler was very focused on what type of order
birth order
how does energy block manifest in a body
breathing Corey, Gerald. Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy, Enhanced (p. 205). Cengage Learning. Kindle Edition.
post modern key concepts
brief therapy problem is problem
Dreamwork
bring back to life/acts out
if a client does have altered mental status, what can you do as a therapist?
build rappport relationship maintain safety concerns
questioning stance is well known by what therapist
carl rogers
what are multicultural issues in the integrative therapy approach
challenging to find practical strategie that help client have the ability to change
empty chair
change from top dog to underdog help client get in touch with feeling can be used when a person is dead or unavailable and client needs to process issues
CBT key concepts
childhood belief system
Adler focused on social relatednes with ___________and ___________at its core
choice and responsibility
what are adlers two concepts of social relatedness?
choice and responsiblity
What is a reality basic philosophy?
choice theory/relationship key
Reality therapy by william glasser is considered at
choice therapy
Four Major areas of development in behavior therapys
classical conditioning operant conditioning social learning approach cognitive behavior therapy
Which of the following is NOT a defining characteristic of brief therapy?
clear specification of achievable treatment goals emphasis on client's deficits and unconscious dynamics here-and-now orientation with a primary focus on current functioning in thinking, feeling, and behaving clear division of responsibilities between client and therapist
Most improtant ingredient for change is the
client
existentialisam vs. humanism have the common factor ithat they believe in
client abilities
What is the aim of person centered theory
client achieving more independence and integration
stayng with the feeling
client wants to escape fearful or unpleasant theapist encourages client to keep feeling/go deeper
Middle phase of existential therapy
clients are assisted in more fully examining the source and authority of their present value system. Typically leads to self-exploration typically leads to new insights and some restructuring of values and attitudes.
How we feel and act are major determinants of
cognition
Cognitive behavioral therapy is primary oriented toward
cognition behavior thinking deciding questioning doing rediciding
What is the CBT basic philosophy?
cognition are major determinant. cannot by in psychosis faulty thinking leads to emotional and behavioral disturbances
Most outcome studies in counseling have been conducted by researchers affiliated with ANSWER ↓
cognitive behavior therapy. narrative therapy. reality therapy. Gestalt therapy.
Albert Ellis
cognitive behavioral
Support, warmth, feedback, reassurance, and credibility are considered common factors techniques that have empirically been shown to be curative.
common factors techniques theoretical factors symbolic factors
Family key concepts
communication patters in family
existential therapy is?
complicated and philosophical
what are the core conditions for the therapeutic process- relationship in carl rogers person centered therapy?
congruence (genuiness) unconditional positive regard and acceptance accurate empathic understanding
Rogers focuses on three main therapis attributes
congruence genuineness unconditional positive regard accurate empathetic understanding
what are key focuses of rogers therapist attributes
congruence genuineness unconditional positive regard accurate empathetic understanding
Gestalt Contact Seeing hearing and smelling
contact and withdrawl are necessary for healthy functioning
Post modern approach believes that people create meaning in thier lives through
conversation with others
Existential Key Concepts
core human condition uniqueness present and self aware
The post modern focus is on
creating solutions in the present and future
Feminist therapy Basic Philosophy
criticize many traditional theories to the degree that they are based on gender-biased concepts, such as being androcentric, gendercentric, ethnocentric, heterosexist, and intrapsychic. therapy include being gender fair, flexible, interactionist, and life-span-oriented. Gender and power are at the heart , This is a systems approach that recognizes the cultural, social, and political factors that contribute to an individual's problems. GENDER POWER
Feedback informed treatments decrease risk of
deterioration
Adler was a colleagure of Freud bud differed with fred with the idea of
determinisim as the foundation of personality development
Ellis REBT approch is
directive persuasive confrontational
Feedback nformed treatment cuts _________________________ in half
dropouts
Feedback informed treatment increases the effect of treatment and decreases
dropouts are cut in half decreases risk of participation deterioration
Feedback informed treatments help increase
effect of treatment
in person centered therapy what determined the success of therapy
empathy nonjudgemental genuineness of therapy
Cognitive behavior therapy Limitations of the Approaches
ends to play down emotions, does not focus on exploring the unconscious or underlying conflicts, de-emphasizes the value of insight, and sometimes does not give enough weight to the client's past. CBT might be too structured for some clients.
What is the goal of psychotherapy integration
enhance the efficiency and applicability of psychotherapy
Feedback informed treatment helps the therapist to
evaluate and improve
Beck cognitive therapy wanted to restructure his client's schema by
examining their automatic thoughts.
THe theraputic process in solution focuesd brief therapy involves
exception scaling miracle question
Person centered therapy is SIMILIAR concepts and values with
existential
Personal relationship is important in which therapies and determine treatment outcome?
existential Person centered gestalt post modern view
In what therapies is the personal relationship crucial to the outcome of treatment?
existential person centered gestalt post modern
Which of the following approaches does NOT emphasize the personal relationship as the crucial determinant of treatment outcomes?
existential approach person-centered approach Gestalt approach behavioral approach
Persons in active psychosi and impaired cognitive ability would struggle with what type of therapy?
existential therapy
1980s-1990s period of development
expansion to education WORLD PEACE Named as person centered approach applied to politics
In REBT the therapist is considered an ___________________which is considered a limitation.
expert
Post modern therapies reject the idea that reality is
external and can be grabbed
4 different phases of Adlers technique
family constellation, early recollections, personal priorities inferiority
what helps the therapist to evaluate themselves and improve
feedback informed treatment
Three Levels of Human experience
feelings cognitive patterns behavior
What are the 3 levels of human experience?
feelings cognitive patterns behaviors
Behavioral therapy does not focus on your
feelings and relationships
Post modernist
focus on belief that realities are socialy constructed Truth is a product of interactions Each Person is true
Modernist
focus on scientific approache that reality is objective
Final phase of existential therapy
focuses on helping people take what they are learning about themselves and put it into action.
what are the four integrative approaches?
four of the most common pathways toward the integration of psychotherapies: technical integration, theoretical integration, assimilative integration, and common factors Corey, Gerald. Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy, Enhanced (p. 429). Cengage Learning. Kindle Edition.
the four givens of ultimate human concern by yalom are
freedom responsiblity existential isolation meaninglessness death
gestalts interventions are very different from
freud
Therapist in existentialiam and humanism have to be
fully present emphasize client capacity for self awareness self healing
Family systems therapy Goals of Therapy
gain awareness of patterns of relationships that are not working well and to create new ways of interacting. To identify how a client's problematic behavior may serve a function or purpose for the family. To understand how dysfunctional patterns can be handed down across generations. . To understand how past family of origin experiences continue to have an impact on individuals. AWARENESS OF PATTERSNS OF RELATIONSHIP IN FAMILY CREATE NEW
What is Feminist basic philosophy?
gender power
What are the two key elements of feminism
gender and power
what are the constructs of feminist theory
gender fair, flexible-multicultural, interactionist, and life-span-oriented
Making the rounds
group setting cleint goes to each member to express or do an action team building for affirming each other
Syncretism
haphazardly choosing techniques without having a theorietical foundation
Limitation of CBT Beck
hard for some people to question their values of their own culture, CT may have too much power on positive thinking, emotions are downplayed.
REBTs Ellis focus is to
help people change their dysfunctional emotions and behaviors to be healthy.
Quality World in reality therapy
help the client prioritize these wants and discover what is most important in the clients quality world
The Rehersal Exercise
helps rehearse out loud for cient to become more aware of expectations
exaggeration exercise
helps with awareness exaggerate movement
What is basic philosophy of Adlerian?
humans are motivated by social interest strive towards goals
Goals are key in the therapeutic process for behavior therapy
increase personal choice and create new conditions for learning
What is the Goal of psychotherapy integration
integrate some aspects of some theories
What is the goal of psycho therapy integration
integrate some aspects of some theroies
Family basic philosiphy
interactive and systematic clients are connected to a living system a change in one part of the system will change other parts of the system
narrative therapy
interprative story that can bring meaning to a persons life
polsters/polsters calls are
introjections projection retroflection deflection confluence
Social constructionist theory
knowledge is developed through social processes
What is the 4 item instrument when measureing feedback of informed treatment
measure cleint progress rate quality Outcome rating scale Session rating scale
post modern basic philosphy
multiple reality Multiple truths focuses on stregnth and resources
core theme of carl rogers person centered theory
nonjudgemental listenging and acceptance if chlients are to change
Research evidence from meta-analyses has demonstrated that psychotherapy is
not effective at all. somewhat effective. moderately effective. remarkably effective.
Behavior therapy Goals of Therapy
o eliminate maladaptive behaviors and learn more effective behaviors. To identify factors that influence behavior and find out what can be done about problematic behavior. To encourage clients to take an active and collaborative role in clearly setting treatment goals and evaluating how well these goals are being met. ELIMINATE MALATAPTIVE BEHAVIROS LEARN EFFECTIVE
What techniques are practical and help a lot of people especially with anxiety which seems to be more and more people in our stressful society.
operant conditioning techniques, relaxation, systematic desensitizaiton, EMDR, social skills training.
humanistics are more
optimistic less on anxiety natural potential to the meaning in life
Person centered therapy encourages (Gloria)
other acceptance
behavior key concept
overt behavior learning theory faulty learing
Solution Focused Brief Therapy assessess
patient stregnths patietn goals how to change situation
Basic Assumptions of carl rogers person centered therapy is
people are trustworthy potential for understanding themselves solving their own problem capable of self directed growth in a specific type of therapeutic relationship
both existentialism and humanism focus on clients
perception
William Glasser Reality Therapy believed in
personal responsibility and choice
Feminist key concepts
political commitment to social change opression egalitarian counseling relationship
positive punishment
positive punishment an aversive stimulus is added after the behavior to decrease the frequency of a behavior (such as a timeout procedure with a child who is displaying misbehavior). In negative punishment a reinforcing stimulus is removed Corey, Gerald. Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy, Enhanced (p. 242). Cengage Learning. Kindle Edition.
Gesalt The Now
present moment phenomenological inquiry pay attentinoto what is happening now how and what are questions focus on awareness of the present experience
Solution Focused Brief Therapy does NOT focus on the
problem, but focuses on the solution.
Behavior therapy Basic Philosophy
product of learning. We are both the product and the producer of the environment. based on classical and operant principles. has branched out in many directions, including mindfulness and acceptance approaches. PRODUCT OF LEARNING
egalitarian
promoting equal rights for all people
What is the basic philosophy of psychoanalytic by freud?
psychic energy past experiences
key concepts of psycho analytic Freud
psycho sexual stages anxiety unconcious
1940 non directive counseling focused on
reflecting clarifying what client stated help client become more aware of their feelings gain insight
positive reinforcement
reinforcement involves the addition of something of value to the individual (such as praise, attention, money, or food) as a consequence of certain behavior. Corey, Gerald. Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy, Enhanced (p. 241). Cengage Learning. Kindle Edition.
the choice theory reality therapy assumes we need_________________ to be happy
relationships
operant conditioning techniques,
relaxation, systematic desensitizaiton, EMDR, social skills training.
First step in the existential process is to accept
responsiblity
reversal exercise
role play opposit action help face anxiety
REBT encourages unconditional
self acceptance
Rogers believed if climate is conducive to therapy people can strive towards
self actualization
key word for existential is
self awareness
person centered key concept
self direction ideal real self Increased awareness
Extinction
settings, extinction can be used for behaviors that have been maintained by positive Corey, Gerald. Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy, Enhanced (p. 241). Cengage Learning. Kindle Edition.
Steve de Shazer
solution-focused therapy
In operant conditioning the reward has to be
something of value to the recipient
Post modern approaches place a high value on discovering clients
strengths and resources
inferiority
strong feelings of inadequacy
One aspect of integration that is particularly well suited to taking cultural factors into account is
syncretism. symbolism. therapeutic flexibility. transference.
The approach is grounded in a particular school of psychotherapy, along with an openness to selectively incorporate practices from other therapeutic approaches.
technical integration symbolic integration assimilative integration common factors approach
Which of the following is NOT one of the four most common pathways toward the integration of psychotherapies?
technical integration symbolic integration assimilative integration common factors approach
One key difference is that existential therapy is NOT
technique oriented
what is a main assumption of the family theory?
the assumption is that the persons problematic behavior serves as a function for the family and family dynamics may be maintaining this behavior.
Awareness of death and nonbeing
the awareness of death as a basic human condition gives significance to living. Distinguishing human characteristics is the ability to grasp the reality of future and the inevitability of death. Death is positive force that gives meaning to life. Death is motivation to take advantage of the present. Those who fear death also fear life.
What is the existential basic philosophy
the central focus is on the nature of human condition Includes a capacity for self awareness Freedom of choice to decide ones fate Responsiblity Anxiety Searching for meaning Being alone and being in relation Striving for authenticity
Person-centered therapy Key concept
the client has the potential to become aware of problems and the means to resolve them. Faith is placed in the client's capacity for self-direction. Mental health is a congruence of ideal self and real self. Maladjustment is the result of a discrepancy between what one wants to be and what one is. In therapy attention is given to the present moment and on experiencing and expressing feelings. SELF DIRECTION IDEAL REAL SELF
family constellation
the configuration of family members, including the number and birth order of siblings
Extinction in Behavior Therapy
the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced. i.e. potty training
figure-ground
the organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground).
self-actualization
the process by which people achieve their full potential
deflection
the process of distraction or veering off, so that it is difficult to maintain a sustained sense of contact. Corey, Gerald. Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy, Enhanced (p. 203). Cengage Learning. Kindle Edition.
Feedback informed treatment helps
therapist evaluate and improve
Congruence (genuineness) (rogers)
therapists are real; genuine, intergrated, and authentic during the therapy hour.
Initial phase of existential therapy
therapists assist clients in identifying and clarifying their assumptions about the world. Clients define and question the ways in which they perceive and make sense of their existence.
Reality therapy Basic Philosophy
this approach assumes that we need quality relationships to be happy. Psychological problems are the result of our resisting control by others or of our attempt to control others. explanation of human nature and how to best achieve satisfying interpersonal relationships. CHOICE THEORY RELATIONSHIPS ARE KEY
What is the ultimate goal of psychotherapy integration?
to enhance the efficiency and applicability of psychotherapy
THe aim of therapy in person centered therapy is
to have a climate conducive t helping the perosn strive for self actualization openess to experience trust in themselves internal source of evaluation willingness to cointiue growing
internal dialogue
top dog and underdog struggle for control need to be aware of introjection and how others have influenced internatl dialogue
Key concepts of adler Adlerian Therapy
unity of personality subjective perception life goals social interest
Ellis' REBT is a
very structured approach to help people see how they contribute to their own distress because of their interpretation of life's events.
Family systems therapy Basic Philosophy
viewed from an interactive and systemic perspective. Clients are connected to a living system; a change in one part of the system will result in a change in other parts. the context for understanding how individuals function in relationship to others and how they behave. Treatment deals with the unit. An individual's dysfunctional behavior grows out of the interactional unit INTERACTIVE SYSTEMATIC
In the family theory people are best understood by
watching interactions between family memebers
Rogers How Techniques was restating
what client just said.
Behaviorists believe that clients can change
without insight so they focus on how to increase clients' skills to have more options for responding.
Adler held interest in talking more than
writing
figure
written symbols; number; amount represented in numbers; outline or silhouette of a thing or human body; person (well-known); impression; diagram; pattern; group in a dance; Ex. figure of speech; V. calculate with numbers; adorn with figures; appear; consider; Ex. My name did not figure in the list.