**** you need to remember

Inputs and outputs of glycolysis

2 ATP, glucose 2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, 2 NADH

What occurs in an angiosperm ovule?

A megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis.

Cyclic electron flow in the chloroplast produces

ATP (no NADPH or glucose)

Noncyclic photophosphorylation uses light energy to synthesize

ATP and NADPH

Non vascular plants

Bryophytes: -Bryophyta (mosses) - hepatophyta (liverworts) - anthoceraphyta (hornworts)

The three substrates (normal reactants) for the enzyme RuBP carboxylase/oxidase (rubisco) are

CO2, O2, and RuBP.

The most recent common ancestors of all land plants were most likely similar to modern-day members of which group?

Charophycea

Which of the following includes unicellular, colonial, and multicellular members? Select one: a. Chlorophyta (green algae) b. Rhizopoda c. euglenoids d. Phaeophyta (brown algae) e. Chlorophyta (green algae) and euglenoids

Chlorophyta (green algae)

Which one of the following groups includes unicellular, colonial, and multicellular members?

Chlorophyta (green algae)

Which taxonomic group containing eukaryotic organisms is believed to be ancestral to the plant kingdom?

Chlorophyta (green algae)

Animals belonging to the phylum ___________ first showed a key evolutionary advance in body design: the attachment of muscles to an internal element (endoskeleton).

Chordata

Plant spores give rise directly toAnimals belonging to the phylum ___________ first showed a key evolutionary advance in body design: the attachment of muscles to an internal element (endoskeleton).

Chordata

Which chromosomal mutations can increase the mass of DNA present in an organism's genome, creating superfluous DNA that may undergo further changes to produce entirely new genes?

Duplication

A nursing infant is able to obtain disease-fighting antibodies, which are large protein molecules, from its mother's milk. These molecules probably enter the cells lining the baby's digestive tract via _____.

Endocytosis

True/false: angiosperm carpels produce microspores

FALSE

Alternation of generations

Gametophyte: sexual reproduction using haploid eggs and sperm. Male g makes sperm through mitosis in antheridia; female eggs through mitosis in archegonia Sporophyte: asexual (doploid). Has sporangium capsule which produces spores. Remains attached for nutrients. Then disperse and produces gametophyte etc. Found tucked into females.

Which metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration?

Glycolysis

Bryophytes lack

Lignified vascular tissues - which is why they never formed forests

During oxidative phosphorylation, H2O is formular oxygend. Where do the oxygen atoms in the H2O come from?

Molecular oxygen

In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis?

NADH and pyruvate

The jaws of vertebrates were derived by the modification of

One or more gill arches

Sharks which have offspring that develop within the uterus are called ________ species.

Oviparous

In which class did jaws first occur?

Placodermi

Sporophyte dominant vascular plants

Pollen fertilises ovule --> seed --> sporophyte (actual plant) Flowers contain gametophytes Perfect flowers: carpals and stamens (m and f reproductive organs) After pollination and fertilisation, ovule becomes fruit

In sexually reproducing organisms, the events of __________ do not contribute to an increase in genetic variation.

Prophase II

When T2 phage viruses that infect bacteria make more viruses in the presence of radioactive sulfur, which of the following results?

The viral proteins are tagged by radioactivity.

What is a noted similarity between sharks and fishes?

They have a lateral line that is sensitive to changes in water pressure.

The immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis during oxidative phosphorylation is

a difference of hydrogen ion (H+) concentration on opposite sides of the inner mitochondrial membrane.

What is fruit?

a mature ovary.

An arthropod has all the following characteristics except

a pseudocoelom

Which of the following characteristics is not associated with allosteric regulation of an enzyme's activity? Select one: a. A molecule mimics the substrate and competes for the active site. b. A naturally occurring molecule stabilizes a catalytically active conformation. c. Regulatory molecules bind to a site remote from the active site. d. Inhibitor and activator molecules may compete with one another. e. The enzyme usually has a quaternary structure.

a. A molecule mimics the substrate and competes for the active site.

Which of the following includes unicellular, colonial, and multicellular members? Select one: a. Chlorophyta (green algae) b. Rhizopoda c. euglenoids d. Phaeophyta (brown algae) e. Chlorophyta (green algae) and euglenoids

a. Chlorophyta (green algae)

Why is ATP an important molecule in metabolism?

a. It energizes other molecules by transferring phosphate groups. b. Its phosphate bonds are easily formed and broken.

Which of the following statements about mammalian evolution is correct? Select one: a. Mammals evolved from reptilian stocks even earlier than birds. b. The first mammals were large predators like the saber-toothed tigers. c. Mammals did not coexist with the dominant dinosaurs. d. The early mammals were most similar to small, bipedal, ratite birds. e. Mammals evolved from the marsupials during the Pleistocene epoch.

a. Mammals evolved from reptilian stocks even earlier than birds.

In the phylum Platyhelminthes, which of the following classes is (are) mostly nonparasitic? Select one: a. Turbellaria b. Trematoda c. Cestoidea d. B and C e. A, B, and C

a. Turbellaria

The following characteristics all helped seedless plants evolve to be adapted to land except Select one: a. a dominant gametophyte. b. vascular tissue. c. a waxy cuticle. d. stomata. e. a branched sporophyte.

a. a dominant gametophyte.

The following characteristics all helped seedless plants evolve to be adapted to land except Select one: a. a dominant gametophyte. b. vascular tissue. c. a waxy cuticle. d. stomata. e. a branched sporophyte.

a. a dominant gametophyte.

Which of these is incorrectly paired with its life cycle generation? Select one: a. anther-gametophyte b. pollen-gametophyte c. embryo sac-gametophyte d. pistil-sporophyte e. embryo-sporophyte

a. anther-gametophyte

Which of the following does not participate in glycolysis? Select one: a. fatty acids b. sucrose c. glucose d. glycerol e. starch

a. fatty acids

During the Carboniferous period, the dominant plants, which later formed the great coal beds, were mainly: a. giant lycophytes, horsetails, and ferns. Correct b. conifers. c. angiosperms. d. charophyceans. e. early seed plants.

a. giant lycophytes, horsetails, and ferns.

In modern terminology, diversity is understood to be a result of genetic variation. Sources of variation for evolution include all of the following except Select one: a. mistakes in translation of structural genes. b. mistakes in DNA replication. c. translocations and mistakes in meiosis. d. recombination at fertilization. e. recombination by crossing over in meiosis.

a. mistakes in translation of structural genes.

Which of the following flower parts develops into a seed? Select one: a. ovule b. ovary c. fruit d. style e. stamen

a. ovule; ovary develops into fruit

Which of the following is not common to all phyla of vascular plants? Select one: a. the development of seeds b. alternation of generations c. dominance of the diploid generation d. xylem and phloem e. the addition of lignin to cell walls

a. the development of seeds

The following are all true concerning the sporophyte or gametophyte generations in flowering plants except Select one: a. the flower is composede of gametophyte tissue only. b. the sporophyte generation is dominant. c. the sporophyte generation is what we see when observing a plant. d. unlike ferns, the gametophyte generation is not photosynthetic. e. the gametophyte generation consists of relatively few cells within the flower.

a. the flower is composede of gametophyte tissue only.

The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is directly involved in

accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain. NOT the citric acid cycle, oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, or the phosphorylation of ADP

All of the following substances are produced in a muscle cell under anaerobic conditions except Select one: a. ATP. b. pyruvate. c. lactate. d. acetyl CoA. e. NADH.

acetyl CoA

Which intermediary metabolites enters the Krebs cycle and is formed, in part, by the removal of CO2 from a molecule of pyruvate?

acetyl CoA

The sodium-potassium pump is an example of

active transport (pump requires energy)

Collectively, jawless fish are referred to as

agnathans

Biologists suspect that endosymbiosis gave rise to mitochondria before plastids because

almost all eukaryotes have mitochondria, while only autotrophic eukaryotes have plastids.

A unicellular, noncolonial, free-living protist is, by its very nature, most likely to be

an exceedingly complex generalist.

Enantiomers are molecules that _____.

are mirror images

Which of the following is a true statement about plant reproduction? Select one: a. "Embryophytes" are small because they are in an early developmental stage. b. Both male and female primitive plants produce gametangia. c. Gametangia protect gametes from excess water. d. Eggs and sperm of primitive plants swim toward one another. e. It is limited to asexual reproduction in primitive plants.

b. Both male and female primitive plants produce gametangia.

Which one of the following is NOT a characteristic of arthropods? Select one: a. The arthropod nervous system consists of a dorsal anterior brain, a ventral nerve cord and segmental ganglia. b. In arthrods, wastes are excreted from the body by diffusion. c. Arthropods have an open circulatory system. d. Arthropods have well developed sensory organs for sight, smell and touch.

b. In arthropods, wastes are excreted from the body by diffusion. they have an anus lol

Which of the following is true in plants? Select one: a. Meiosis occurs in gametophytes to produce gametes. b. Meiosis occurs in sporophytes to produce spores. c. The gametophyte is the dominant generation in flowering plants. d. Plants exist continually as either sporophytes or gametophytes. e. Male gametophytes and female gametophytes are the same structure.

b. Meiosis occurs in sporophytes to produce spores.

Which of the following is true in plants? Select one: a. Meiosis occurs in gametophytes to produce gametes. b. Meiosis occurs in sporophytes to produce spores. c. The gametophyte is the dominant generation in flowering plants. d. Plants exist continually as either sporophytes or gametophytes. e. Male gametophytes and female gametophytes are the same structure.

b. Meiosis occurs in sporophytes to produce spores.

All of the following statements about NAD+ are true except: Select one: a. NAD+ is reduced to NADH during both glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. b. NAD+ has more chemical energy than NADH. c. NAD+ is reduced by the action of dehydrogenases. d. NAD+ can receive electrons for use in oxidative phosphorylation. e. In the absence of NAD+, glycolysis cannot function.

b. NAD+ has more chemical energy than NADH. NADH has more chemical energy, has extra proton.

Which of the following is an incorrect statement about the possible endosymbiotic origins of plastids and mitochondria? Select one: a. They are the appropriate size to be descendants of bacteria. b. They contain their own genome and produce all their own proteins. c. They contain circular DNA molecules. d. Their membranes have enzymes and transport systems that resemble those found in the plasma membranes of prokaryotes. e. Their ribosomes are more similar to those of bacteria than to those of eukaryotes.

b. They contain their own genome and produce all their own proteins.

All of the following are reptilian characteristics except Select one: a. ectothermy. b. brachiation. c. amniote egg. d. keratinized skin. e. conical teeth that are relatively uniform in size.

b. brachiation - or arm swinging, is a form of arboreal locomotion in which primates swing from tree limb to tree limb using only their arms

In which of the following pairs are the two terms truly equivalent? Select one: a. ovule-egg b. embryo sac-female gametophyte c. endosperm-male gametophyte d. seed-zygote e. microspore-pollen grain

b. embryo sac-female gametophyte

In which of the following does the sporophyte depend on the gametophyte for nutrition? Select one: a. fern b. moss c. horsetail (Equisetum) d. fern and horsetail (Equisetum) e. fern, moss, and horsetail (Equisetum)

b. moss

Which metabolic process is most closely associated with intracellular membranes? Select one: a. substrate-level phosphorylation b. oxidative phosphorylation c. glycolysis d. the Krebs cycle e. ethanolic fermentation

b. oxidative phosphorylation

Which of the following pieces of evidence most strongly supports the common origin of all life on Earth? All organisms Select one: a. require energy. b. use essentially the same genetic code. c. reproduce. d. show heritable variation. e. have undergone evolution.

b. use essentially the same genetic code.

The following are all defining characteristics of land plants except Select one: a. a cellulose cell wall. b. vascular tissue. c. chlorophylls a and b. d. being photosynthetic autotrophs. e. being eukaryotic.

b. vascular tissue.

The organisms we call "seaweeds"

belong to a variety of kingdoms, provide refuge and breeding grounds for many marine fishes, and are mostly found near coastlines.

In addition to skeletal differences, cartilaginous fishes can be distinguished from bony fishes

by the absence in cartilaginous fishes of a swim bladder.

Rank the following in terms of body size differences that are attributed to sexual dimorphism, from most dimorphic to least dimorphic. 1. Homo sapiens 2. Chimpanzees and bonobos 3. Australopithecus afarensis 4. Homo habilis

c. 3, 2, 4, 1

Which of the following statements is true regarding enzyme cooperativity? Select one: a. A multi-enzyme complex contains all the enzymes of a metabolic pathway. b. A product of a pathway serves as a competitive inhibitor of an early enzyme in the pathway. c. A substrate molecule bound to an active site affects the active site of several subunits. d. Several substrate molecules can be catalyzed by the same enzyme. e. A substrate binds to an active site and inhibits cooperation between enzymes in a pathway.

c. A substrate molecule bound to an active site affects the active site of several subunits.

Which class of the phylum Cnidaria occurs only as a polyp? a. Hydrozoa b. Scyphozoa c. Anthozoa d. Hydrozoa and Anthozoa e. Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, and Anthozoa

c. Anthozoa

Which of the following correctly pairs a protist with one of its characteristics? a. Kinetoplastids; slender pseudopodia b. Rhizopoda; flagellated stages c. Apicomplexa; all parasitic d. Actinopoda; calcium carbonate shell Incorrect e. Foraminifera; abundant in soils

c. Apicomplexa; all parasitic

Which of the following might be expected in the logistic model of population growth? Select one: a. As N approaches K, b increases. b. As N approaches K, r increases. c. As N approaches K, d increases. d. As N approaches K, b increases. As N approaches K, r increases. e. As N approaches K, r increases. As N approaches K, d increases.

c. As N approaches K, d increases.

The genetic code is essentially the same for all organisms. From this, one can logically assume all of the following except: Select one: a. A gene from an organism could theoretically be expressed by any other organism. b. All organisms have a common ancestor. c. DNA was the first genetic material. d. Codons usually translate into the same amino acids. e. Related organisms have many similar genes.

c. DNA was the first genetic material.

All of the following statements are true except: Select one: a. Thylakoid membranes contain the photosynthetic pigments. b. The O2 released during photosynthesis comes from water. c. Glyceraldehyde phosphate is produced only in the light reactions of photosynthesis. d. The light reactions of photosynthesis provide the energy for the Calvin cycle. e. When chlorophyll is reduced, it gains electrons.

c. Glyceraldehyde phosphate is produced only in the light reactions of photosynthesis.

The sharing of similar body colouration and/or pattern by two or more unpalatable species is known as:

c. Muellarian mimicry.

Which one of the following statements about angiosperm carpels is INCORRECT? Select one: a. They are features of the sporophyte generation. b. They consist of stigma, style, and ovary. c. They produce microspores. d. They surround and nourish the female gametophyte. e. They consist of highly modified sporophylls.

c. They produce microspores.

Which one of the following statements about angiosperm carpels is INCORRECT? Select one: a. They are features of the sporophyte generation. b. They consist of stigma, style, and ovary. c. They produce microspores. d. They surround and nourish the female gametophyte. e. They consist of highly modified sporophylls.

c. They produce microspores.

Which of the following characteristics, if observed in an unidentified green plant, would make it unlikely to be a charophycean?

c. apical meristem

The following plant structures are all adaptations specifically for a terrestrial environment except Select one: a. roots. b. xylem. c. cell walls. d. waxy cuticle. e. seeds.

c. cell walls.

Which of the following are not found in sponges? Select one: a. oscula b. spongocoels c. cnidocytes d. spicules e. amoebocytes

c. cnidocytes (contain nematocysts - stingers)

The following are all characteristic of angiosperms except Select one: a. coevolution with animal pollinators. b. double internal fertilization. c. free-living gametophytes. d. pistils. e. fruit.

c. free-living gametophytes.

The structural and functional diversity among protists is illustrated by all of the following EXCEPT: Select one: a. unicellular, colonial and multicellular protists. b. photoautotrophs, heterotrphs and mixotrophs. c. having both aquatic and dry terrestrial members. d. sexual and asexual reproduction.

c. having both aquatic and dry terrestrial members.

The following are all characteristic of ciliates except that Select one: a. they use cilia as locomotory or feeding structures. b. they are very complex cells. c. they segregate macronuclear chromosomes by mitosis. d. most live as solitary cells in fresh water. e. they have two or more nuclei.

c. they segregate macronuclear chromosomes by mitosis.

Muscles and nerves in their simplest forms occur in the

cnidarians

One of the major benefits of double fertilization in angiosperms is to

coordinate developmental timing between the embryo and its food stores.

Among living vertebrates, the group most closely related to birds are the:

crocodiles

The chloroplast structure and biochemistry of the red algae are most like which of the following organisms?

cyanobacteria

Which of the following is (are) true of the enzyme ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase? Select one: a. It participates in the Calvin cycle. b. It catalyzes a phosphorylation reaction. c. It has an affinity for both O2 and CO2. d. A and C are true. e. A, B, and C are true.

d. A and C are true.

The largest seaweeds belong to which group?

d. Phaeophyta (brown algae)

Which of the following statements concerning the breakdown of glucose to CO2 and water is (are) true? Select one: a. The breakdown of glucose is exergonic. b. Adding electrons to another substance is known as reduction. c. An electron acceptor is called the reducing agent. d. The breakdown of glucose is exergonic. Adding electrons to another substance is known as reduction e. The breakdown of glucose is exergonic. Adding electrons to another substance is known as reduction. An electron acceptor is called the reducing agent.

d. The breakdown of glucose is exergonic. Adding electrons to another substance is known as reduction

All of the following statements about glycolysis are true except: Select one: a. Glycolysis has steps involving oxidation-reduction reactions. b. The enzymes of glycolysis are located in the cytosol of the cell. c. Glycolysis can operate in the complete absence of O2. d. The end products of glycolysis are CO2 and H2O. e. Glycolysis makes ATP exclusively through substrate-level phosphorylation.

d. The end products of glycolysis are CO2 and H2O. The end products of glycolysis are NADH, pyruvate, and ATP

In the phylum Platyhelminthes, which of the following classes is (are) mostly parasitic? Select one: a. Turbellaria b. Trematoda c. Cestoidea d. Trematoda and Cestoidea e. Turbellaria, Trematoda, and Cestoidea

d. Trematoda and Cestoidea

All of the following are features that can account for the evolutionary success of angiosperms except Select one: a. a triploid endosperm. b. an ovary that becomes a fruit. c. animal pollination. d. a reduced sporophyte phase. e. double fertilization.

d. a reduced sporophyte phase.

All of the following are features that can account for the evolutionary success of angiosperms except Select one: a. a triploid endosperm. b. an ovary that becomes a fruit. c. animal pollination. d. a reduced sporophyte phase. e. double fertilization.

d. a reduced sporophyte phase.

In models of sigmoidal (logistic) population growth, Select one: a. population growth rate slows dramatically as N approaches K. b. new individuals are added to the population most rapidly at intermediate population sizes. c. density-dependent factors affect the rate of population growth. d. all of these are true. e. population growth rate slows dramatically as N approaches K and density-dependent factors affect the rate of population growth.

d. all of these are true.

Which of the following are true of the food reserves of a conifer seed? They are Select one: a. the result of double fertilization. b. triploid. c. called endosperm. d. derived from gametophyte tissue. e. called gymnoendosperm and derived from gametophyte tissue.

d. derived from gametophyte tissue.

Which of the following characteristics of chloroplasts and mitochondria are more similar to prokaryote cells than to eukaryote cells? Select one: a. enzymes and transport systems of inner membranes b. DNA associated with histone proteins c. single, circular chromosome d. enzymes and transport systems of inner membranes and single, circular chromosome e. enzymes and transport systems of inner membranes, DNA associated with histone proteins, and single, circular chromosome

d. enzymes and transport systems of inner membranes and single, circular chromosome

Which of the following are not found in angiosperms? Select one: a. vessel elements b. triploid endosperm c. fruit d. flagellated sperm e. carpels

d. flagellated sperm

Key traits that appear in nearly all land plants, but which are absent in charophyceans, include all of the following EXCEPT: Select one: a. apical meristems. b. multicellular gametophytes. c. multicellular, dependent embryos. d. flagellated sperm. e. alternation of generations

d. flagellated sperm.

Gymnosperms and angiosperms have the following in common except Select one: a. seeds. b. pollen. c. vascular tissue. d. ovaries. e. ovules.

d. ovaries

All of the following are directly associated with photosystem I except: a. harvesting of light energy by chlorophyll. b. receiving electrons from plastocyanin. c. P700. d. photolysis. e. passing electrons to ferredoxin.

d. photolysis.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of most members of the phylum Annelida? Select one: a. hydrostatic skeleton b. segmentation c. metanephridia d. pseudocoelom e. closed circulatory system

d. pseudocoelom

In terms of ploidy level, which one of the following structures is NOT consistent with the others? Select one: a. sperm b. egg c. gametophyte d. sporophyte e. spore

d. sporophyte - the asexual and usually diploid phase, producing spores from which the gametophyte arises. It is the dominant form in vascular plants, e.g. the frond of a fern.

Two plants are crossed, resulting in offspring with a 3:1 ratio for a particular trait. This indicates

d. that the parents were both heterozygous

A certain unicellular eukaryote has a siliceous (glasslike) shell and autotrophic nutrition. It is most likely a(n)

diatom

Organisms classified as __________ are responsible for red tides and toxins that are deadly to fishes and humans.

dinoflagellates

Which group within the Alveolata includes a group of organisms that are important in ocean food webs, cause red tides that kill many fish, can be carnivorous, and help build coral reefs?

dinoglagellates

Plants with a dominant sporophyte are successful on land partly because

diploid plants are more protected from the effects of mutation than are haploid plants.

Organisms classified as Euglenozoa have previously been classified as Protozoa, Protista, plants, and animals. Why the confusion? Select one: a. Like Protozoa, they are unicellular. b. Like animals, many are heterotrophic. c. Like plants, many are photosynthetic. d. Like most protists, they don't fit neatly into other categories. e. All of these have caused confusion about the evolutionary relationships of Euglenozoa.

e. All of these have caused confusion about the evolutionary relationships of Euglenozoa.

Annelids are abundant and successful organisms characterized accurately by all of the following except Select one: a. a hydrostatic skeleton. b. segmentation. c. a complete digestive system. d. some parasitic forms. e. a cuticle made of chitin.

e. a cuticle made of chitin.

All of the following statements about dinoflagellates are true EXCEPT Select one: a. they possess two flagella. b. some species cause red tides. c. most are unicellular. d. some species are bioluminescent. e. all species are colonial.

e. all species are colonial.

Which structure(s) must pass through the micropyle for successful fertilization to occur in angiosperms? Select one: a. only one sperm nucleus b. both sperm nuclei c. the pollen tube d. only one sperm nucleus and the pollen tube e. both sperm nuclei and the pollen tube

e. both sperm nuclei and the pollen tube

The following are all characteristic of the water molds (Oomycota) except Select one: a. hyphae. b. flagellated zoospores. c. a nutritional mode that can result in the decomposition of dead organic matter. d. large egg cells. e. feeding plasmodium.

e. feeding plasmodium

A major function of the mitochondrial inner membrane is the conversion of energy from electrons to the stored energy of the phosphate bond in ATP. To accomplish this function, this membrane must have all of the following features except Select one: a. proteins to accept electrons from NADH. b. integral, transverse ATP synthase. c. proton pumps embedded in the membrane. d. the electron transport chain of proteins. e. high permeability to protons.

e. high permeability to protons.

The following statements all correctly describe portions of the pine life cycle except Select one: a. female gametophytes have archegonia. b. seeds are produced in ovulate cones. c. meiosis occurs in sporangia. d. pollen grains are male gametophytes. e. pollination and fertilization are the same process.

e. pollination and fertilization are the same process. Pollination is a way of reproduction for flowering plants. The word comes from the word pollen, which is basically the sperm of the plant. The pollen makes contact with the plant's stigma and then the fertilization process starts. It is basically what sex is to plants. Pollination and fertilization are different through the fact that pollination leads to fertilization. Pollination is just the process of transferring the pollen to the stigma. This can be done through either self pollination, or cross pollination.

Select the MOST correct option. Which of the following occurs in meiosis but not in mitosis? Select one: a. chromosome replication b. synapsis c. daughter cells are produced d. tetrads align at metaphase plate e. synapsis, and tetrads align at metaphase plate

e. synapsis, and tetrads align at metaphase plate

Natural selection is based on all of the following except Select one: a. variation exists within populations. b. the fittest individuals leave the most offspring. c. there is differential reproductive success within populations. d. populations tend to produce more individuals than the environment can support. e. use or disuse of organs during one generation causes modifications of these same organs in subsequent generations.

e. use or disuse of organs during one generation causes modifications of these same organs in subsequent generations.

One of the major distinctions between plants and the green algae is that

embryos are not retained within parental tissues in green algae.

Carrying capacity (K) is often determined by

energy limitation

The chemiosomotic process in chloroplasts involves the

establishment of a proton gradient.

Glycolysis is a(n)_______ reaction.

exergonic (releases energy)

During aerobic respiration, electrons travel downhill in which sequence?

food NADH electron transport chain oxygen

In ferns, the __________ stage is __________ on the __________ stage.

gametophyte ... not dependent ... sporophyte

Plant spores give rise directly to

gametophytes

There is good evidence for linkage when

genes do not segregate independently during meiosis.

Which process in eukaryotic cells will normally proceed whether O2 is present or absent?

glycolysis

Double fertilization means that angiosperms

have two sperm nuclei, both of which unite with nuclei of the female gametophyte.

In mitosis, chromatids are

identical copies of each other if they are part of the same chromosome

A 1:2:1 phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation of a monohybrid cross is a sign of

incomplete dominance

A cell that has 2n chromosomes and 1 extra autosome (chromosome complement = 2n +1)

is both trisomic and aneuploid.

Among the invertebrates, arthropods are unique in possessing

jointed appendages

Natural selection has led to the evolution of diverse natural history strategies which have in common

maximum lifetime reproductive success.

Homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles of a dividing cell during

meiosis I

At which stage of mitosis are chromosomes normally photographed in the preparation of a karyotype?

metaphase

Genetic variation is generated in the ciliate Paramecium when

micronuclei are exchanged in conjugation.

In pines a pollen cone contains

microsporangia (male gametes)

What is the correct sequence of events in a pollen sac?

microsporocyte meiosis microspores mitosis two haploid cells per pollen grain MMMMT

Base-pair substitutions involving the third base of a codon are unlikely to result in an error in the polypeptide. This is because

most tRNAs bind tightly to a codon with only the first two bases of the anticodon.

A hydrophobic amino acid R group would be found where in a protein?

on the inside of the folded chain, away from water

Hydrogen bonds occur when

partial opposite charges on molecules come close enough to attract each other

Gymnosperms differ from ferns in that gymnosperms

produce seeds and have pollen.

The phases of meiosis that produce the most genetic variation from crossing-over and independent assortment are

prophase I and anaphase I

In mitochondria, exergonic redox reactions

provide the energy to establish the proton gradient.

Which organelle is involved in the manufacture of membrane?

rough er

Plastids that are surrounded by more than two membranes are evidence of

secondary endosymbiosis of an algal protist by a heterotrophic protist, which left the new endosymbiont wrapped in a vacuole membrane.

Which of the following is the correct order of floral organs from the outside to the inside of a complete flower?

sepals-petals-stamens-carpels

The limbs of tetrapods are

similar to the fins of lobe-finned fishes.

As part of preparation for cell division, each chromosome is duplicated. These are connected by a centromere and are called

sister chromatids

The lipids in a cell membrane are arranged

so that the nonpolar parts of two lipids point toward each other

Which of the following is the correct sequence during alternation of generations in a flowering plant?

sporophyte meiosis gametophyte gametes fertilization diploid zygote SMGGFD

Peptidoglycan is to the structural integrity of bacteria as __________ is to the structural integrity of plant spores.

sporopollenin

Meiosis occurs within all of the following flower parts except the

style

Pharyngeal gill slits appear to have functioned first as

suspension-feeding devices.

The evolutionary radiation of amniotes during the early Mesozoic gave rise to three main groups, the:

synapsids, anapsids and diapsids.

Metabolism is best described as

synthesis of macromolecules, breakdown of macromolecules, and control of enzyme activity.

Consider an ectotherm and an endotherm of equal body size. The ectotherm is more likely to survive an extended period of food deprivation than the endotherm because

the ectotherm will expend less energy/kg body weight than the endotherm and will invest little to no energy in temperature regulation.

The hypothesis that life's three taxonomic domains originated from a community of gene-swapping prokaryotes is based mainly on

the presence of bacterial genes in the genomes of eukaryotes and modern archaeans.

In mitochondria, chemiosmosis translocates protons from the matrix into the intermembrane space, whereas in chloroplasts, chemiosmosis translocates protons from

the stroma into the thylakoid compartment.

The three major properties of genes that are best explained by the structure of DNA are:

they contain information, replicate exactly and change to produce a mutation.

In a plant cell, where is ATP synthase located?

thylakoid membrane and inner mitochondrial membrane

In flowering plants, a mature male gametophyte contains

two sperm nuclei and one tube cell nucleus.