yule chapter 6-10

Lexical morphemes are the words carry the "content" of the messages we convey. We can keep creating new lexical words and add these lexical morphemes into the existing language system. Accordingly, the lexical morphemes are also called ___. By contrast, we almost never add new functional morphemes into the language, so the functional morphemes are also called ___

"open" class of words; "closed" class of words

co-hyponyms

two or more words that share the same superordinate term

Please match the grammatical category with corresponding explanation. ___________ (1). number ___________ (2). person ___________ (3). tense ___________ (4). voice ___________ (5). gender a. including first person (the speaker), second person (the hearer), and third person (any others) b. whether the noun is singular ("apple") and plural ("apples") c. including active voice ("Cathy loves her dog") and passive voice ("Cathy is loved by her dog"). d. whether a verb is in the present tense ("love") or the past tense ("loved") e. break up nouns into different types, such as "masculine", "feminine" or "neuter".

(1) b; (2) a; (3) d; (4) c; (5) e

Please match these syntactic symbols with the corresponding full words. ___________ (1). N ___________ (2). V ___________ (3). A ___________ (4). Adv ___________ (5). Art ___________ (6). Prep ___________ (7). Det ___________ (8). Con a. adjective b. noun c. determiner d. adverb e. preposition f. conjunction g. verb h. article

(1) b; (2) g; (3) a; (4) d; (5) h; (6) e; (7) c; (8) f

Please match these speech with the corresponding speech acts they perform. ___________ (1). "I'll be there at six" ___________ (2). "Please bring the jacket." ___________ (3). "Give me the football!" ___________ (4). "Did you eat the pizza?" ___________ (5). "I have a meeting." a. Requesting b. Commanding c. Informing d. Questioning e. Promising

(1) e; (2) a; (3) b; (4) d; (5) c

There are two kinds of "context" of speech. Please write them and the corresponding definitions. (1) : (2) :

(1) physical context: the location where we encounter the speech, such as restaurant, bank or park. (2) linguistic context: the surrounding words, also known as co-text, that helps us understand what is meant.

(1) : a framework for the structure of language, an system of ancient grammar rules originating from Latin.

(1) prescriptive approach

Please judge if the following sentence show agreement between different parts. Please also indicate the grammatical category(s) based on which you make the judgement. ________; (1). Harry is looking for his pen now. ________; (2). We went to church yesterday. ________; (3). We go school together, but he goes to school alone. ________; (4). Jeremiah is followed by 1,000,000 subscribers on YouTube. ________; (5). Cathy is loved by her dog. ________; (6). The dogs are playing together, but the cat is playing by itself. ________; (7). Cathy are crying now, and she is very sad.

(1) √; person, tense (2) √; tense (3) √; person, gender (4) √; person, voice (5) √; person, voice, gender (6) √; number (7) ×: person, gender; it should be "Cathy is crying now, and she is very sad."

Please match each category of words with the type of the morphemes. ___________ (1). noun (e.g., girl, house) ___________ (2). verb (e.g., break, sit) ___________ (3). adjective (e.g., long, sad) ___________ (4). adverb (e.g., quickly, never) ___________ (5). article (e.g., an, the) ___________ (6). conjunction (e.g., and, because) ___________ (7). preposition (e.g., on, under) ___________ (8). pronoun (e.g., it, my) a. lexical morpheme b. functional morpheme

1-4 A; 5-8 B

Antonymy

A meaning relationship between words where their meanings are in some sense opposite.

Through the derivational morpheme "-ment" and the inflectional morpheme "-s", "-er" and " -'s", we notice that both the derivational and inflectional morphemes can NOT be used independently. They MUST be used with a word!. Therefore, both the derivational and inflectional morphemes are ___

Bound Morphemes

What is the relation between "surface structure" and "deep structure"?

Every deep structure has multiple surface structure forms

True or False: "Can you give me a glass of water?" is an example of direct speech act.

False. The actual meaning of the sentence is not to ask whether the person has the ability to give a glass of water. It actually requests someone to give the speaker a glass of water in an indirect way.

__ are the morphemes that NOT used to create new words, but used to indicate the grammatical functions of the word. Specifically, they are used to indicate if a word is singular or plural ("cat" vs "cats"), past tense or not ("enjoy" vs "enjoyed"), and if a comparative ("clear" vs "clearer") or possessive "Jim" vs "Jim's"). They do NOT change the grammatical category of the words.

Inflectional Morphemes

prototype

It is an Idealized cognitive model (ICM) of reality which is used as a benchmark when categorizing objects and ideas.

Summary: morphemes can be divided into free and bound morphemes. Further, free morphemes fall into two categories: lexical and functional morphemes. While bound morphemes fall into derivational and inflectional morphemes.

Morphemes[ free{ lexical(teach, encourage) , functional(and, the, with} ; bound{derivational(-ness, -er, -ment) , inflectional(-s, -ed, -'s) } ]

Who is the "Father of Language"?

Noam Chomsky (please pay attention to the spelling of the name)

In the Indonesian language, words or parts of the words are repeated to mark plural forms. For example, in Indonesian, the word "rumah" means "house", and the word "rumahrumah" means "houses". This morphological process is called ___

Reduplication

Please write the three ways to analyze the meaning of words and the corresponding definition of each method. (1) : (2) : (3) :

Semantic features (componential analysis): analyze the basic components of word meanings. This approach involves a view of words in a language as some sort of "containers" that carry meaning components. Semantic roles: look at the "roles" words fulfill within the situation described by a sentence. Lexical relations: characterize the meaning of words by analyzing the "relationships" with other words

Hyponymy

The abstract term for one thing being an example of a more general thing. "Car" is a of "vehicle." "Vehicle" is the superordinate term.

What is "speech act"?

The action performed by a speaker with an utterance

source

The direction from which the action originates.

goal

The direction towards which the action of the verb moves.

instrument

The entity by which the action of the verb is carried out.

experiencer

The entity that undergoes an emotion, a state of being, or a perception expressed by the verb.

location

The location where the action of the verb takes place.

What is Syntax?

The study of the underlying rule system that used to produce or "generate" sentence.

True or False: All affixes are bound morphemes

True

True or False: Words and morphemes can have multiple morphs.

True

True or False: "Can you ride a bicycle?" is an example of direct speech act.

True. The interrogative sentence is to ask information about whether a person has acquired the ability to ride a bike. This is a direct question.

True or False: the sentence "The boy saw the man with the telescope" can be understood in two ways. The sentence is an example of structural ambiguity.

True. There are two ways for us to understand the sentence: 1). The boy saw the man and the man was with a telescope. 2). The boy saw the man through a telescope.

What is "collocation"?

Words frequently occurring together, such as "salt" and "pepper", "table" and "chair".

What is "Generative Grammar"?

a finite number of rules, and that helps to generate an infinite number of well-formed structures

Synonymy

a meaning relationship between words where their reference is exactly the same

theme

a semantic concept that directly receives the action of the verb.

agent

a semantic concept that intentionally carries out the action of the verb.

superordinate

a word the meaning of which includes the meaning of another word or words: 'red' is a of 'scarlet'

"Bob used the key to open the door." The semantic role of "Bob" is: __ ; the semantic role of "the key" is __

agent; instrument

refers to the relationship between the phrases within a sentence based on the grammatical category of "number", "person", "tense", "voice" and "gender".

agreement

Deep Structure:

an abstract level of structural organization in which all the elements determining the interpretation of sentences are represented.

antecedent

antecedent: the first mention of people or other things.

Which of the following is mostly relevant to the definition of the study of Morphology: a. the meaning of words b. the structure of words and the meaning of the components or elements in the structure. c. the role that a word plays in a sentence d. the pronunciations of words

b

Which of the following options is about the study of morphology: a. the pronunciation of the word "teachers" is /titʃərz/. Specifically, the letter "t" is pronounced as /t/, the letters "ea" is pronounced as /i/, the "ch" is pronounced as /tʃ/, and the letter(s) of "e", "r" and "s" are pronounced as /ə/, /r/ and /z/, respectively. b. in the word "teachers", there are three components that carry meanings: "teach", "er", and "s". Specifically, the "teach" means "show or explain to (someone) how to do something"; "er" means "A person or thing that does an action", and "s" indicates plural form, meaning "more than one". Therefore, the word "teachers" means "the group of people who show or explain to (someone) how to do something". c. The word "teachers" is a noun word. Syntactically, "teachers" can be the "subject" or "object" of a sentence, Semantically, "teachers" can be the "agent" or "experience" of a sentence.

b

Which of these options is a free morpheme? a. "ed" b. "dress" c. "ness" d. "s"

b

Which of these words does not have a bound morpheme? a. return b. receive c. replay d. remarry For the rest three words, the bound morpheme is __

b;re

In the word "teachers", the elements of "teach", "er" and "s" are called a. phones b. phonemes c. morphemes d. semantic features

c

"The crocodiles tried to eat the salamander." How many inflectional morphemes are in this sentence? a. none b. one c. two d. three

c(ES, ED)

In chapter 5, we have talked about one way to make new word: derivation, which means add affixes to existing words to create new words. Therefore, derivational morphemes are the morphemes that __

can be used to make new words or change the grammatical category of words. For example, "-ment" change the verb "encourage" into noun "encouragement".

Free morphemes are those morphemes that ___ ;

can stand by themselves as single words;

bound morphemes are those morphemes that ___

cannot normally stand alone and are typically attached to another form

Lexical morphemes are the morphemes that __ .

carry the "content" of the message we convey, including nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs;

What is deictic? How many deictic expressions are there in the following sentence: "Those children came here yesterday, but we didn't get to talk to them."?

deictic: the expressions used to point to people (us, them, those idiots), places (here, over there), and times (now, last week) There are 5 deictics: those (children), here, yesterday, we, them

(2) : Analysts collected the samples of language and described the structure of it. It focuses on the actual use of language rather than the prescriptive rules.

descriptive approach

Homophones

each of two or more words having the same pronunciation but different meanings, origins, or spelling, for example new and knew:

both the lexical morphemes and functional morphemes are __ morphemes.

free

is about the whole system and structure of a language, including the phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics aspects.

grammar

"The key opened the door." The semantic role of "The key" is the

instrument

In the figure below, the "s" and "es", pronounced as /s/, /z/ and /əz/, are used to mean "more than one". Therefore, they all belong to the "plural" morpheme category. They are called ___ of the "plural" morpheme. They are the allomorph of each other.

morphs

In creating a three diagram, a sentence can be firstly be divided into two parts: ___ and ___.

noun phrase (NP) and verb phrase (VP).

Anaphora

second and subsequent mentions

can be segment into different parts/grammatical categories: noun, article, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, pronoun, conjunction.

speech

When analyzing the structure of the sentence, we can use the "test-frames", which are sentences with empty slots in them. For example: makes a lot of noises. I heard yesterday. It can be found that many word(s) can fit into these slots, such as "an old car", "a baby", "a radio", "Cathy". As a result, based on the fact that all these forms fit in the same test-frame and appear in the same place of a sentence, we can category them into the same grammatical category, a "noun phrase". This is a descriptive approach to analyze the grammar of language: ___ which investigates the distribution of forms in a language. In addition, it can be found that the "pronouns", such as "it", "him", "they" could also appear in the same position as the "noun phrases". We can say that __ can occur at the place of a noun phase.

structural analysis; pronouns

Metonymy

substituting the name of one object for another object closely associated with it

Functional morphemes are the morphemes that __ .

that do not belong to the lexical morphemes, such as articles, conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns. They simply modify the meaning of a word, rather than supplying the root meaning;

What is referential/linguistic meaning?

the basic, essential, standard meaning that are conveyed by the literal use of a word.

Polysemy

the coexistence of many possible meanings for a word or phrase

What is associative/emotive or speaker meaning?

the feelings or reactions to words by some speakers but not other speakers. This kind of meaning is underlying and subjective meaning.

Subject

the first noun phrase before the verb.

object

the noun phrase after the verb.

Semantics

the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning

What is Semantics?

the study of the meaning of words, phrases and sentences.

What is Pragmatics?

the study of what speakers mean in a specific context. The study of the "invisible" meaning, or how we recognize what is meant even when it is not actually said or written.

Surface structure:

the syntactic form of each individual sentence

What is "Determiner"?

they are used before a noun to introduce it or to provide more information on the noun. (1) articles: a, the (2) demonstratives: these, that (3) possessive determiners: my, your (4) quantifiers: few, many, much (5) numbers: one, thirty (6) ordinals: first, third, last

Homonyms

two or more words having the same spelling or pronunciation but different meanings and origins: