zoo chp4
What is a cladogram?
a branching diagram that represents the nested hierarchy of clades within clades
What is a synapomorphy?
a derived character that is shared by the members of a clade.
What is a clade?
a group of species that share derived character states and represent a unit of common evolutionary descent.
select all of the true statements regarding the biological species concept.
a species as an interbreeding population of individuals with common descent that occupy a particular ecological niche it doesn't address species of organisms that reproduce asexually.
what best describes the typological (or morphological) species concept?
a species is a distinct and unchangeable entity that is defined by fixed, essential features
In the process of inferring phylogenies, what is an out group.
a taxon that is phylogenetially close to the taxon being studied, used to determine the polarity of character states.
according to the theory of evolutionary, taxonomy, a branch on an evolutionary tree is a higher taxon if it represents a(n) ____ zone, a fundamental way of life in terms of organism structure and behavior, allowing it to use resources in the environment in a distinct way.
adaptive
what is a sister taxon, in terms of its relationship to a particular m monophyletic taxon?
another monophyletic taxon that diverged from their common ancestor more recently than any other taxa.
derived character states
arise within a taxon of interest after diverging from a common ancestor.
species defined as interbreeding populations of individuals that share common descent and occupy the same ecological niche as the basis of the _____ species concept.
biological
a group of species that includes the most recent common ancestor of the group and all descendants of that ancestor is called a monophyletic __________.
clade
The approach to taxonomy that emphasizes common descent, is based on the cladogram of the group being studied, and only recognizes monophyletic groups is ____.
cladistics
the theory of taxonomy that suggests that higher taxa must have a single evolutionary origin and must show unique adaptive features is;
evolutionary taxonomy
when constructing the phylogeny for a taxon of interest, one must determine the __ of a character; that is , determine which of its varying character states is ancestral and which are derived.
polarity
in some cases, a single species consists of a number of distinct geographic variants that are given sub specific names. such species are called ______ species.
polytypic
select all of the following that are true of the process of DNA barcoding.
sequence information from the gene encoding cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COl) is often used. It cannot reconcile controversies in assigning organisms to species that arise from using different species concepts. it is a technique used to identiy organisms as species by comparing DNA sequences.
the science involving the study of the variation among populations of organisms to determine their evolutionary relationships is called _____.
systematics
A monophyletic taxon shares common ancestry with another monophyletic taxon, and they diverged from their common ancestor more recently than they did with any other taxa. these two monophyletic taxa are therefore each other's sister ______.
taxa.
The conventional method for naming species is called binomial nomenclature. using this system, a species name is compromised of _____.
the capitalized genus name, followed by the species epithet in lower case.
a phylogrny is ____.
the evolutionary history relating a group of species, often depicted in a tree-like diagram
what statement best defines a species based on the cohesion species concept?
the most inclusive population of individuals that has the potential to evolve as a genetic unit.
taxonomy is _____.
the science of classifying and naming organisms according to their evolutionary relationships
true or false; all groups of animals have features that are both primitive and advanced, so referring to an entire group of organisms as more primitive or advanced that any other is inaccurate.
true
select all of the currently recognized domains of life
eukarya bacteria archaea
" a single lineage of ancestor-descendant populations that maintains its identity from other such lineages and that has its own evolutionary tendencies and historical fate" is the definition of the _____ species concept.
evolutionary
although a species concepts remain controversial, biologist repeatedly rely on what criteria to identify a species? select all that apply
it is the smallest distinct grouping organisms its members form a reproductive community its members share common descent
in the linnaean classification system, the phylum is the _
largest formal taxonomic category within the animal kingdom.
what are taxa?
major groupings of organisms that occur at various ranks with differing levels of inclusiveness
The taxon highloghted in Blue is:
monophyletic
select all the groups that possess the property of convexity.
monophyletic paraphyletic
when multiple hypothesized cladograms all potentially represent the true pattern of ancestry for a clade, the principle of ____ is invoked, requiring that the cladogram with the smallest number of character changes is favored.
parismony
The identification of the smallest groupings of organisms that have undergone independent evolutionary change as distinct species is the basis of the _______ species concept.
phylogenetic
taxon bilateria comprises all phyla except which of the following animal phyla? select all that apply.
placozoa porifera cnidaria +2 more
select all of the following that are true in constructing phylogenies.
-their construction is dependent upon identifying features inherited from a common ancestor. -it is one of the major goals of systematic -characters that vary among species are used to inform evolutionary relationships among them.
place the following in chronological order, with the oldest classification scheme at the top and the most recent at the bottom.
1. a two-kingdom system, recognizing only plants and animals 2. a three-kingdom system, recognizing plants, animals, and protists 3. a five-kingdom system, recognizing plants, animals, fingi, protists, and prokaryotic 4. a three-kingdom system, recognizing eukaryotes, bacteria, and archaea
place the mandatory rank for the animal kingdom in order, with the most inclusive rank at the top and the least inclusive rank at the bottom.
1. kingdom 2. phylum 3. class 4.order 5. family 6. genus 7. species
The technique used to identify organisms to species based on information from the sequence of a standard gene that is present in all animals, such as COl is known as, ______ barcoding.
DNA
Match the definition to each of the following terms describing the relationship between a taxon and a phylogenetic tree and cladogram
Monophyly- The taxon includes the most precedent ancestor common ancestor, of the group and all descendants of that ancestor Paraphyly- The taxon includes the most recent common ancestor of all members of a group and some, but not all, descendants of that ancestor. Polyphyly- The taxon does not include the most recent common ancestor of all members of a group.
historically, taxomy involved grouping organisms based on the possession of a common feature or "essence" in a process known as _____, whereas modern taxonomy involves grouping organisms according to their common evolutionary descent in a process known as _______.
classification; systemaatization
The definition of a species as the most inclusive population of individuals that has the ability to evolve as a genetically cohesive unit through natural selection and genetic drift is the basis of the ____ species concept.
cohesion
select all of the following that are true of the phylogenetic systematics/cladistics approach to taxonomy.
common descent is emphasized the cladogram of the group being classified is used to identify higher taxa.
Cladograms are constructed using data from a number of different sources. match each source of information on character states to the type of data it provides
comparative morphology- shapes and sizes
comparative ____ examines differences in chromosomes and their parts.
cytology
select all of the examples oh homology.
eggs lain by reptiles and mammals mammary glands of pigs and cows
what types of characters are often used to compare species and construct cladograms? select all that apply
embryological morphological biochemical cytological
match each organism to its domain
eucarya- fungi bacteria-cyanobacteria archaea-methanococcus
true or false; homology and homoplasy both describe a similarity in characters that occurs as a result of common descent. the difference between them is that homology is a similarity that occurs in members of the same genus, but homopasly occurs in members of higher taxa.
false- only homology describes similarity in characters that results from common ancestry. homoplasy on the other hand describes a similarity in characters that occur as a result of factors other than common descent.
according to the cladogram shown here, what character states are derived in the amniotes ( the clade that includes the lizard, horse, and monkey) ? select all that apply.
four legs amniotic eggs
the idea that all of the competing species concepts maintain the common underlying principle that a species constitutes a segment of a population-level lineage is the basis of the _____ _____ concept of species.
general lineage
a similarity in characters that result from common ancestry is known as ____ whereas such similarity that occurs as a result of factors other than common ancestry is ____.
homology; homoplasy