ZOOL 2425 Final Review 2023-Spring
The average resting membrane potential of a neuron is normally... 10mV 70mV -70mV -10mV 0mV
-70mV
If the H+ concentration is 1 x 10-9 moles/L, what is the pH?
9
Which of the following best describes HCO3− A strong acid A strong base Alkalosis A bicarbonate ion
A bicarbonate ion
Which of the following statements is false? A buffer requires a strong acid and its base to function. pH is used to describe the concentration of H+ in a solution H+ ions combine with bicarbonate ions to form carbonic acid Carbonic anhydrase is the enzyme that facilitates the bicarbonate buffer system.
A buffer requires a strong acid and its base to function.
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the FEV1/FVC ratio? It is the ratio of the amount of air you can force out in 1 second to the total amount you can force out. A decrease in its value to less than 70% is indicative of an obstructive pulmonary disease. It is used as an important diagnostic tool. If all of the above statements are TRUE, choose this response. A decrease in its value is to less than 60% is indicative of a restrictive lung disease.
A decrease in its value is to less than 60% is indicative of a restrictive lung disease.
What is the blood type of a person whose blood agglutinates in the Anti-A serum, does not agglutinate in the Anti-B serum, and does not agglutinate in the Anti-D (Rh) serum? B positive O positive A positive A negative B negative
A negative
Which of the following statements is false? A peroxisome in the liver would produce more oxygen at 37° C than at 22°C. A peroxisome in the liver would produce more oxygen at room temperature than at 37°C. A peroxisome in the liver would produce more water at a pH 7 than pH 4. A peroxisome in the liver would produce more oxygen at pH 7 than at pH 10.
A peroxisome in the liver would produce more oxygen at room temperature than at 37°C.
If a mother has AB blood and the father also has AB blood, which is/are the possible blood type(s) of their offspring? A, B, AB AB A A, B A, B, AB, O
A, B, AB
A hemorrhaging patient arrives at the emergency department that has AB- blood. You are all out of AB- blood. Which other type could you transfuse into them? Any blood type, it is the universal recipient. AB+ A- B+ O+
A-
Which hormone acts on collecting duct cells to directly increase the permeability of water for reabsorption? Aldosterone ADH- Vasopressin Renin Angiotensinogen
ADH- Vasopressin
Which of the following statements is true of cross-matching blood types? All of the above statements are true of crossmatching. Clumping of the red blood cells during the test indicate incompatibility. It is a test carried out prior to a blood transfusion to avoid a hemolytic reaction. It is done to avoid leaking hemoglobin, which may lead to renal failure.
All of the above statements are true of crossmatching.
Which of the following statements about enzymes is true? All of the answers are true. Enzymes are proteins. Enzymes increase the rate of a chemical reaction. None of the answers are true except this one! Enzymes function as biological catalysts.
All of the answers are true.
Which of the following may NOT act as a buffer? Phosphates Proteins Bicarbonate (HCO3^-) All of these may act as buffers None of these act as buffers
All of these may act as buffers
Which of the following best describes bilirubinuria? Large amounts of ketone bodies found in the urine Large amounts of protein found in the urine An excess of converted heme groups in the urine Glycolytic enzymes found in the urine
An excess of converted heme groups in the urine
Which of the following conditions would not directly contribute to a low hematocrit? An individual with a restrictive lung disease and impaired oxygen delivery Hemorrhage Iron deficiency Hemolysis
An individual with a restrictive lung disease and impaired oxygen delivery
The ABO blood system is based on the ________ existing on the surface of the red blood cell and the _________ present in the plasma. Antigens, antibodies, Rh Factor
Antigens, antibodies
A drug is administered to an isolated motor unit. You determine that an action potential is occurring on the motor neuron and an action potential is occurring on the muscle, but the muscle is not generating tension. What is the drug doing? Blocking acetylcholine receptors on the muscle. Blocking calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. (smooth ER) Blocking acetylcholine release from the neuron. Blocking calcium reuptake from the sarcoplasm.
Blocking calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. (smooth ER)
Complete the follow statement to make it a true statement! If someone hyperventilated before holding their breath the result would be. . . c. An increase in cerebrospinal fluid pH b. The ability to hold one's breath longer Both choices A and C are correct Both choices B and C are correct a. The need to breath sooner than usual
Both choices B and C are correct
Which of the following might cause Ketonuria? Urinary tract infection High pH in the blood Obstruction of the common bile duct Carbohydrate deprivation
Carbohydrate deprivation
Which of the following statements about cardiac muscle is FALSE? Cardiac muscle has sarcomeres Myocardial cells have gap junctions Cardiac muscle has the Troponin-Tropomyosin system Cardiac muscle is not striated
Cardiac muscle is not striated
Blood pressure is dependent on which of the following variables? Vascular resistance only If none of the other variables mentioned here affect blood pressure, choose this response.None Cardiac output only Heart rate only Cardiac output and vascular resistance
Cardiac output and vascular resistance
Relaxation of the diaphragm __________________ (increases/decreases) the volume of the thoracic cavity. This causes a(an) (increase/decrease) in the intra-alveolar pressure and causes air to flow (into/out of) the lungs. Increases, decrease, into Decreases, decrease, out of Increases, decrease, out of Decreases, increase, out of Decreases, increase, into
Decreases, increase, out of
While measuring one's blood pressure, the point at which the sound of turbulent blood flow ceasesis the... Systolic pressure Diastolic pressure Pulse pressure Mean Arterial Pressure
Diastolic pressure
When acetylcholine and epinephrine were administered in the lab in equal amounts, which one had the stronger effect? There was no effect with either Both had the same strength Epinephrine Acetylcholine
Epinephrine
In the heart muscle experiment, epinephrine was administered in conjunction with phentolamine (an alpha blocker) or propranolol (a beta blocker). The resulting heart rate and strength of contraction were measured. The epinephrine + phentolamine results in an isolated heart were the same as epinephrine alone. The epinephrine + propranolol results are lower than epinephrine alone. What can we infer from these results? Phentolamine is a competitive inhibitor of beta receptors. Propanolol inhibits the effect of phentolamine Epinephrine binds to beta adrenergic receptors Epinephrine binds to alpha adrenergic receptors
Epinephrine binds to beta adrenergic receptors
Which of the following couples could have a fetus at risk of developing erythroblastosis fetalis? Father O- Mother AB- Father: B+ Mother: O- Father: A+ Mother: B+ Father AB- Mother B+
Father: B+ Mother: O-
Which is true about the kidney's handling of glucose? Glucose doesn't enter the kidney Glucose is easily filtered and then reabsorbed through secondary active transport Glucose is easily filtered and then all stays in the kidney tubules Glucose is only filtered into the tubules if the blood level is too high
Glucose is easily filtered and then reabsorbed through secondary active transport
What kind of stimulus causes the basilar membrane close to the base or oval window of the cochlea to vibrate? High amplitude with varying pitch Low amplitude with varying pitch High pitch with varying amplitude Low pitch with varying amplitude
High pitch with varying amplitude
Which of the following cannot be a possible parental genotype of a person with O+? None of these genotypes are possibilities. IA i IB i IA IB All of these genotypes are possibilities.
IA IB
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding a pneumothorax? If all of the above statements are TRUE, choose this response. Results in a partially or completely collapsed lung. A pnuemothorax can result from physical injury to the parietal or visceral pleura. A pneumothorax can occur spontaneously! Results in the intrapleural pressure becoming equal to and in some cases greater than the atmospheric pressure.
If all of the above statements are TRUE, choose this response.
The force of a skeletal muscle contraction is affected by all of the following except... If all of these affect force of contraction, choose this response. length-tension relationship the number of muscle cells stimulated (recruitment) the relative size of the muscle fibers the frequency of stimulation
If all of these affect force of contraction, choose this response.
Which of the following would stop an enzyme from catalyzing is intended reaction? Heating the enzyme close to boiling. Adding too much acid to the solution. If all of these would stop an enzyme from catalyzing a reaction, choose this response. Freezing an enzyme. Adding too much base to the solution.
If all of these would stop an enzyme from catalyzing a reaction, choose this response.
Increasing the concentration of enzyme in a solution will cause a reaction rate to do what? Increase the amount of product produced Decrease the reaction rate Increase the energy required for the reaction to occur Decrease the temperature of the solution
Increase the amount of product produced
You have two experiments. Experiment A has a rate of 3.72 mm/sec and experiment B has a rate of 5.14 mm/sec. What might you have done in experiment B to cause the reaction rate to be faster than experiment A? Decreased the temperature in experiment B. Increased the amount of substrate in experiment A. Increased the amount of substrate in experiment B. You increased the amount of enzyme in experiment A.
Increased the amount of substrate in experiment B.
Which of the following would decrease or slow the rate of a chemical reaction? Moderately increasing the temperature of the solution Removing any enzyme inhibitors. Increasing the concentration of reactants. Increasing the energy of activation. Adding a catalyst
Increasing the energy of activation.
Which of the following statements about osmosis is FALSE: It involves a selectively permeable membrane It requires active transport It requires a difference in solvent concentration on either side of a membrane. It involves diffusion
It requires active transport
During which portion of the ECG does the second heart sound occur? Just after the start of the T wave Immediately prior to start of the T wave Just after the start of the QRS complex Immediately prior to start of the QRS complex
Just after the start of the T wave
What is the name for the experimental setup that you will be using for lab #8 (the one this next week)? Benedicts Lub-dub Simulator Langendorff Cardiac Controller
Langendorff
Which of the following statements about diffusion is FALSE: Diffusion is the process by which molecules move from one location to another spontaneously down their concentration gradients. Molecules have higher kinetic energy at higher temperatures and therefore diffuse more rapidly If all of these statements are TRUE, choose this response. Above zero Kelvin (absolute zero), all atoms, molecules, and ions are in constant motion Larger molecules diffuse at the same rate as smaller particles
Larger molecules diffuse at the same rate as smaller particles
____ is the capacity of an excited neuron to reduce the activity of its neighbors, and can be helpful in locating somatosensory stimuli. Lateral inhibition Adaptation Stimulus coding Referred sensation
Lateral inhibition
A patient comes in with a pH of 7.25 and tests show that they have low HCO3- levels and low PaCO2 levels. Which description (diagnosis) describes these circumstances? Respiratory acidosis Metabolic acidosis Respiratory alkalosis Metabolic alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis
Which couple could potentially give birth to a child that is a universal recipient? Mother: A- Father: B- Mother: AB- Father: O+ Mother: O- Father: O- Mother: A+ Father: O+ Mother: B- Father: A+
Mother: B- Father: A+
An optometrist examining a patient, finds that the light entering her eye is coming to a focal point in front of the retina. What is your diagnosis and what shape of lens would you prescribe? Hyperopia ------ covex Myopia ------- concave Presbyopia ----- concave Emmetropia ----- convex
Myopia ------- concave
Nicotine mimics the effects of acetylcholine cholinergic receptors, especially nicotinic receptors. What effect would injecting nicotine near a cholinergic axon terminal have on the spontaneous action potentials? Nicotine tends to decrease spontaneous action potential generation Nicotine tends to increase spontaneous action potential generation Nicotine will usually have no effect on spontaneous action potential generation
Nicotine tends to increase spontaneous action potential generation
A container has 75 milliliters of catalase solution. 25 mL of 1% H2O2 is added to this container, and bubbles are seen for about 20 seconds. Why did the bubbles stop forming? The product was completely consumed to formed substrate None of the above The activation energy was too high for product to form The enzyme was completely consumed and formed product
None of the above
What result(s) does parasympathetic nervous system activation have on the heart? The heart rate and strength of contraction decrease Only the strength of contraction increases The heart rate and strength of contraction increase Only heart rate decreases Only heart rate increases
Only heart rate decreases
Two patients gave urine samples over the same amount of time. Patient A had a urine formation rate of 42 ml/minute while patient B had a urine formation rate of 3 ml/min. What might the two patients have done differently? Patient B drank more water Patient A sweat a higher amount Patient A ingested food with a high-salt content Patient B ingested food with a high-salt content
Patient B ingested food with a high-salt content
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): Promotes reabsorption of water Is the only regulator of urine production Is produced more in males than in females Is a hormone that increases loss of water through urine
Promotes reabsorption of water
Which portion of the ECG image corresponds with the depolarization of the ventricles?
QRS complex
__________ __ receptors respond when they first receive a stimulus but cease to respond if the strength of the stimulus remains constant. Slowly adapting receptors Rapidly adapting receptors both a and b none of the above
Rapidly adapting receptors
Which of the following represents the amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximal forced expiration? Residual Volume Functional Residual Volume Tidal Volume Vital Capacity
Residual Volume
Aldosterone: Causes the collecting ducts to become permeable to water, increasing urine production. Causes the collecting ducts to become permeable to water, decreasing urine production. Stimulates the reabsorption of sodium, increasing urine production. Stimulates the reabsorption of sodium, decreasing urine production.
Stimulates the reabsorption of sodium, decreasing urine production.
Find the correct match: QRS Complex: Atrial Contraction QRS Complex: Atrial Depolarization T Wave: Ventricular Repolarization T Wave: Atrial Depolarization P Wave: Ventricular Depolarization
T Wave: Ventricular Repolarization
Which portion of the ECG image corresponds with the repolarization of the ventricles?
T wave
Which of the following is a formula that calculates Vital capacity? TV+IRV+ERV ERV+RV TV+IRV TV+IRV+ERV+RV
TV+IRV+ERV
Enzymes lower the activation energy required for a reaction without altering the cellular _______________, which would harm the cell. Oxidants Temperature CO2 Triglycerides
Temperature
Which of the following bands or zones of a sarcomere change their size during a muscle contraction? A band The A band and the H zone The I band and the H zone H zone The I band and the A band I band
The I band and the H zone
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding an electrocardiogram? All of the above statements are true. The appearance of an ECG will not vary based on the location of recording electrodes. At least 2 electrodes are necessary for an ECG recording. A 12 lead ECG is a comprehensive picture of the heart's electrical activity.
The appearance of an ECG will not vary based on the location of recording electrodes.
Using the bicarbonate buffer formula: (CO2 + H20 ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3- ), when CO2 is added, what will be the result? The increased CO2 will increase the pH The formula will shift to the left to produce more CO2. The formula will shift to the right to produce more H+ and HCO3- The CO2 will disappear because of the buffer and nothing else will change.
The formula will shift to the right to produce more H+ and HCO3-
How is the intensity of a stimulus encoded during information transmission to the central nervous system? The frequency of action potentials transmitted to the CNS is greater for a stronger stimulus. The neurotransmitter released from the afferent neuron is different based on stimulus intensity. Second order neuron is dedicated to a certain stimulus intensity. One transmits a signal for a strong stimulus and another transmits a signal for a weak stimulus. The amplitude of action potentials transmitted to the CNS is greater for a stronger stimulus.
The frequency of action potentials transmitted to the CNS is greater for a stronger stimulus.
Implied by the results of the heart muscle experiment, what effect does sympathetic nervous system activation and increase release of epinephrine have on the heart muscle? Only the heart rate increases Only the heart rate decreases Only the strength of contraction increases The heart rate and strength of contraction increases The heart rate and strength of contraction decreases
The heart rate and strength of contraction increases
Which of the following is a true statement about osmosis? Osmosis refers to the net movement of solute through a selectively permeable membrane. The movement of water is restricted. All of the above are true statements about osmosis. Osmosis is the movement of solvent from regions of low solute concentration to regions of higher solute concentration.
The movement of water is restricted.
Which of the following might indicate a urinary tract infection (UTI) A urine pH of 5.7 The presence of hemoglobin in the urine The presence of leukocytes in the urine The presence of glucose in the urine
The presence of leukocytes in the urine
A solution containing an enzyme is mildly heated but does not boil. Then, quickly substrate was added to the enzyme solution. What would most likely happen to the reaction rate? The rate should decrease because the enzyme is more efficient. The rate should decrease because of the increased amount of enzyme. The rate should increase because of the increased temperature. The rate should stay the same because the enzyme is denatured.
The rate should increase because of the increased temperature.
A drug called digoxin hinders the calcium secondary pumps only on the sarcolemma but has no effect on the Ca++ ATPase pumps in sarcoplasmic reticulum that pump Ca++ ions back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER) between contractions. Digoxin decreases the amount of calcium that is returned to the extracellular fluid. What will result from this drug application? The action potentials in the contractile cardiac myocytes will summate leading to a tetanic contraction. The strength of contraction will increase The heart will not be affected The strength of contraction will decrease
The strength of contraction will increase
In the two-point threshold experiment, you should have seen that there are differing distances between receptors in certain body areas. This would lead you to infer that... There is more area in the sensory cortex of the brain associated with the area with the smallest distance between receptors. There is no difference in the area of the sensory cortex of the brain associated with different body regions. There is no dedicated area in the brain for each specific body region. There is more area in the sensory cortex of the brain associated with the area with the largest distance between receptors.
There is more area in the sensory cortex of the brain associated with the area with the smallest distance between receptors.
Which of the following is a TRUE statement about a neuron at rest: There is more potassium on the inside of a neuron and more sodium on the outside of a neuron. There is more sodium on the inside of a neuron and more potassium on the outside of a neuron. There is no difference in potassium and sodium concentrations between the inside and outside neuronal environments when a neuron is at rest.
There is more potassium on the inside of a neuron and more sodium on the outside of a neuron.
In the heart simulation that you will use during lab #8 (the one this next week), what is the purpose of the Krebs solution? To provide nutrients to the heart and keep the tissue alive To amplify the signal to be measured during the simulation To simulate blood flow through the atria and ventricles To inflate the balloon and allow measurement of contraction strength
To provide nutrients to the heart and keep the tissue alive
Which of the following includes ALL of the measured lung volumes (i.e. TV+IRV+ERV+RV) Total Lung Capacity Vital Capacity Forced Vital Capacity Tidal Volume
Total Lung Capacity
Verapamil blocks voltage-gated calcium channels. Why did the administration of Verapamil in the lab effect the strength of heart contraction? Strength of contraction depends on potassium leakage Verapamil stops the signals from the motor nerves via pre-synaptic calcium blockade Verapamil stops the action potential from travelling through the heart Verapamil affects the level of calcium binding to troponin in the muscle fiber
Verapamil affects the level of calcium binding to troponin in the muscle fiber
Which gated channels are primarily responsible for repolarization of an action potential and resting membrane potential? Ligand-gated sodium channels Voltage-gated sodium channels Voltage-gated potassium channels Ligand-gated potassium channels
Voltage-gated potassium channel
Which gated channels are primarily responsible for depolarization phase of an action potential in a neuron? Ligand or chemical-gated sodium channels Voltage-gated sodium channels Voltage-gated potassium channels Voltage-gated calcium channels
Voltage-gated sodium channels
A motor unit consists of _____________. none of the above groups of muscle fibers innervated by groups of motor neurons. a single muscle cell innervated by multiple motor neurons. a group of muscle fibers innervated by a single motor neuron.
a group of muscle fibers innervated by a single motor neuron.
The membrane potential of a neuron at rest is a result of ion imbalances across the plasma membrane. Which of the follow statements is true about resting membrane potential? a higher concentration of Na+ ions on the inside of the cell when compared to the outside a higher concentration of K+ ions on the inside of the cell when compared to the outside a higher concentration of K+ ions on the outside of the cell when compared to the inside a higher concentration of anions on the outside of the cell when compared to the inside
a higher concentration of K+ ions on the inside of the cell when compared to the outside
The period during and immediately following an action potential in which a second action potential cannot be generated in response to stimulus, regardless of the strength of that stimulus, is called a/an ________________ refractory period. absolute partial relative unconditional
absolute
Solutions with a pH <7 are considered _______________. basic alkaline neutral acidic
acidic
What portion of a motor neuron is responsible for the start of an action potential? axon terminal node of Ranvier axon hillock dendrites
axon hillock
Proprioceptors provide a sense of ______________. warmth/cold pain body position momentum
body position
During maximum effort of 10-15 seconds, fatigue is due to _________________ . accumulation of H+ ions from lactic acid depletion of ATP, creatine phosphate, and glycogen none of the above depletion of ATP, and creatine phosphate
depletion of ATP, and creatine phosphate
Increasing the stimulus_________________ causes temporal summation. current voltage duration frequency
frequency
When a violinist plays a _____________ note on the violin, the wavelength of the sound is shorter and the frequency greater than when a ____________ note is played. lower ------- higher softer ------- louder louder ------- softer higher -------- lower
higher -------- lower
The substrate in lab 3 was__________ and the enzyme was ______ . hydrogen peroxide ...... catalase hydrogen peroxide ...... oxygen oxygen ........ water water ...... catalase
hydrogen peroxide ...... catalase
The term used to describe the type of solution in which cells will gain water from their environment is ______________________ . hypotonic catatonic hypertonic isotonic
hypotonic
Ouabain is a poison that blocks the activity of Na+/ K+ ATPase pumps. If the Na+/ K+ ATPase pumps are blocked, then the concentration of Na+ inside the cell will ___________________ . decrease increase remain unchanged
increase
Excess plasma levels of K+ would cause... decreased aldosterone released increased aldosterone released reabsorption of potassium (K+) secretion of sodium (Na+)
increased aldosterone released
Diffusion _______________. is the movement of molecules from high concentrations to lower concentrations. is the movement of molecules from low concentrations to higher concentrations. always requires energy is not affected by temperature or size of the molecules
is the movement of molecules from high concentrations to lower concentrations.
Catalase is an active enzyme found most abundantly in cells of the ________________. spleen liver stomach pancreas
liver
Osmotic pressure is defined as the amount of pressure that must be applied to prevent net flow of solvent through a semipermeable membrane from a solution with a __________________ solute concentration to a _______ solute concentration lower ....... higher higher ........ lower
lower ....... higher
A _______________ whose _ ____ is color-blind is more likely to also be color-blind. female ------ mother male ------- father male ------ mother female ----- father
male ------ mother
The unequal distribution of positively and negatively charged particles around the cell membrane creates the ______________ . At rest, it is normally about_________________________ . membrane potential ------ +30mV equilibrium potential ---- -30mV membrane potential ----- -70mV equilibrium potential ----- +70mV
membrane potential ----- -70mV
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in excitation- contraction coupling? muscle cell action potential, neurotransmitter release, Ca2+ release from SR, sliding of myofilaments, ADP-driven power stroke motor neuron action potential, neurotransmitter release, muscle cell action potential, Ca2+ release from SR, ADP-driven power stroke, sliding of myofilaments neurotransmitter release, muscle cell action potential, ADP-driven power stroke, Ca2+ release from SR, sliding of myofilaments motor neuron action potential, neurotransmitter release, muscle cell action potential, sliding of myofilaments , Ca2+ release from SR, ADP-driven power stroke
motor neuron action potential, neurotransmitter release, muscle cell action potential, Ca2+ release from SR, ADP-driven power stroke, sliding of myofilaments
The intensity of muscle contraction is regulated by... multiple motor unit recruitment accumulation of hydrogen ions from lactic acid changing the frequency of muscle stimulation A and B are correct
multiple motor unit recruitment
The receptor which initiates the stretch reflex, demonstrated in the lab, is a ____________________________ . muscle spindle fibers Golgi tendon organ monosynaptic receptor joint receptors
muscle spindle fibers
To increase muscle strength (as occurs with a strength training regime), the ______ component changes over months or years, and the _______ component changes within days or weeks. muscular, neural
muscular, neural
In blood, the hematocrit directly measures the... percent of blood volume occupied by the erythrocytes clotting ability of platelets amount of plasma in the blood amount of leukocytes only
percent of blood volume occupied by the erythrocytes
Under microscopic examination of a urine sample, you find a large number of epithelial cells. What might this indicate for the patient? possible renal disease nothing, that is a normal occurrence in urine possible gout a high protein diet
possible renal disease
During the urology lab one individual drank 600 mL of pure water. Ninety minutes after ingesting the water their body... produced more ADH and their urine production increased. produced less ADH and their urine production decreased. produced more aldosterone and their urine production decreased. produced less ADH and their urine production increased.
produced less ADH and their urine production increased.
A falling pH and a rise in PaCO2 due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates________? respiratory acidosis metabolic acidosis respiratory alkalosis metabolic alkalosis
respiratory acidosis
Enzyme______________ describes a condition where all enzymes present are bound by substrate and are working at maximum rate. activation degradation denaturing saturation
saturation
Specific gravity is a measure of... the amount of sodium contained in the urine the amount of potassium contained in the urine the volume of the urine excreted the density of the urine
the density of the urine