Zoology Unit 4: Phylum Porifera

Amoebocytes

-Amoeba-shaped cells that can move through the mesohyl -carry nutrients from the choanocytes to other cells of the body -can become other types of sponge cells such as sperm and egg(oocyte) cells

examples of mutualism in sponges

-Cyanonacora live in and on sponges. The bacteria do photosynthesis and provide nutrients for the sponges. The sponges provide for the cyanonacora -A young male and female shrimp enter a glass sponge known as the "venus flower" The sponge traps the shrimp and they grow too large to leave. They mate for life inside the sponge and their tiny, young offspring escape to find a mate and sponge. While inside, the shrimp clean the sponge.

internal budding

-If environmental conditions are unfavorable sponges can create internal buds called gemmules -gemmules can survive harsh conditions and develop into adult sponges when conditions improve

Porocytes

-cylinder-like cells that make up the ostia -contract and relax to regulate the flow of water entering a sponge ("gatekeepers")

Choanocytes

-digestive cells -also called collar cells -have a ring-like arrangement of short microvilli with a long, whip-like flagellum middle

nervous system and sense organs of sponge

-do not have a formal nervous system and sense organs -can sense and respond to stimuli in environment such as light and temperature

how do sponges impact their environment

-filter water and recycle organic matter -shelter and protect other organisms -provide food source

Class hexactinellida

-glass sponges -have strong lattice-like "skeletons" of fused silica spicules

Class calcarea

-have spicules made of calcium carbonate in their "skeleton" -only live in shallow marine waters

what animals eat sponges

-hawksbill turtle -angelfish -parrotfish

synconoid sponge

-more complex -ostia leads to a network of canals -choanocytes line the canals(digestion takes place) -have more surface area for nutrients and gas exchange= bigger

asconoid sponge

-most basic body plans -choanocytes line the spongocoel(digestion takes place) -least surface area -small

leuconoid sponge

-most common -most complex -ostia leads to more elaborate and complex canals that lead to digestive chambers -choanocytes found in the chambers(digestion takes place) -greatest surface area for nutrients and gas exchange -large leuconoid

class demospongiae

-most diverse -contains 90% of all living sponges (including all freshwater sponges) -have spongin in their "skeleton" -may or may not have silica spicules in their "skeleton"

ostia

-pores that cover sponges -allow water to enter

Class homoscleromorpha

-rarest and simplest class -recently identified (over 110 species) -includes encrusting sponges -have small, simple silica spicules

acyclovir

-the first antiviral medication approved for human use -combats herpes infections

azidothymidine

-the first drug to combat HIV -anti-inflammatory drugs

what are the 4 classes of sponge

1. demospongiae 2. hexactinellida 3. calcarea 4. homoscleromorpha

steps of sexual reproduction in a sponge

1. sperm are made by "male" and released into water through osculum 2. water currents carry it to "female" and it enters through the ostia 3. choanocytes trap the sperm 4. sperm fertilizes the oocytes(eggs) in the mesohyl to form a zygote 5. the zygote develops into a larva and is released in the water 6. the larva swims using its cilia. eventually loses cilia and settles on a solid surface to become an adult

how many species live in freshwater

200

how many different body plans for a sponge are there?

3- different complexity of canals

how many classes of phylum roofers are there

4

current number of living species

8,550

example of commensalism in sponge

Sponge Crabs "wear" live sponges. The toxins from the sponge deter predators.

holdfast

a base that anchors the sponge to a surface -all sponges have ine

what is a group of sponges called

a colony

spongin

a soft, flexible protein

filter feeding

animals that strain food particles out of the water

symmetry

asymmetry

appearance

brightly colored and produce toxins

how are the classes of sponge separated

by the composition of their "internal skeleton"

how do sponges reproduce

can reproduce sexually and asexually

external budding

cells on the sides or base of a sponge begin to bulge out and form a new organism -these can break away or stay attached to form a colony

diploblast or triploblast

diploblast

how do sponges asexually reproduce

external and internal budding

Pinacocytes

flat "skin" cells on the outside of the sponge

diffusion

gases pass from where there is a high concentration to a low concentration -ex: if there is a lot of oxygen in water, but little in the sponge, oxygen diffuses out of the water into the sponge

mesohyl

jelly-like substance filled with spongin, spicules, and other cells

Sclerocytes

make spicules

spongocytes

make spongin

what is between the outer and inner layers of cells

mesohyl

what do sponges eat

microscopic food sources: plankton, bacteria, detritus (particles of dead organisms)

spicules

microscopic structures that are hard and sharp

how do sponges obtain nutrients

most are filter feeders

habitat

most sponges are marine

are sponges unicellular or multicellular

multicellular, but the cells are not organized into tissues or organs

how much water does a sponge need to pump to get food

must pump 1 ton of water to get 1 ounce of food

protostome or deuterostome

neither- lack both mouth and anus

can sponges live on land

no

do sponges have tissues and organs

no

what is the large opening at the top of sponges called

osculum

from how long ago have sponge fossils been found

over 500 million years ago they were one of the first animals on earth

Porifera name meaning

pore-bearing

how do sponges excrete waste

sent out through the osculum

gemmule

small collections of different types of cells surrounded by a protective membrane

example

sponges

what is the frame/skeleton of sponges made of

spongin and spicules

what is the large central cavity in a sponge

spongocoel

how do sponges contribute to the health of humans

the defensive chemicals in sponges are key components of many life saving medications -used in the first anti-leukemia drug

how do most sponges eat

they are filter feeders

hermaphrodites

they can produce both sperm and eggs (only do one type at a time)

how big do sponges get

they can range from 1/2 inch to over 10 ft tall

how do sponges compete for space with other sponges and coral

they produce toxins to kill or repel competitors which creates a "dead zone" around the sponge

how does a sponge respiratory system work

they use diffusion

microvilli

trap food particles -the choanocyte then engulfs digests the food

what depth can sponges live

up to 5.5

osculum

where wastewater exits the sponge from the

what does the flagellum do in the choanocyte

whips back and forth to create a current of water through the sponges body -crucial to their feeding, breathing, reproducing, and excreting

are sponges sessile

yes

can sponges be carnivores

yes, some trap pray such as small crustaceans with velcro-like hooks