02 Cells (Cell Biology Study Guide)

What are types of passive transport( thru membrane cell)

1) Diffusion 2) Osmosis

Which of these three protein filaments are responsible for the movement of organelles within cells, the formation of the spindle during cell division, the movement of cilia and flagella, and are found at the base of the cilia or flagella? 1) Microtubules 2) Microfilaments 3) Centrioles

1) Microtubules

___________ are organelles that make energy available to the cells. 1) Mitochondria 2) animalcules 3) Unicellular 4) Biocellular

1) Mitochondria Mitochondria are membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular) that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions. Chemical energy produced by the mitochondria is stored in a small molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mitochondria contain their own small chromosomes

What are the 3 ways substances can cross the cell membrane?

1) Passive transport (substance freely pass across the membrane without the cell expending any energy 2) Active transport( Requires energy output from the cell) 3) Facilitated diffusion ( does not require energy, but cannot occur without the help of specialized proteins)

Which type of Endoplasmic Reticulum does not have ribosomes and its function is the synthesis of fatty acids and the detoxification of lipid? 1) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum 2) Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum 3) Energized Endoplasmic Reticulum 4) Basic Endoplasmic Reticulum

1) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum It is called "smooth" because it lacks the ribosomes that are attached to the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

In biology, _____________ refers to the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis. This process occurs during the prophase I stage of meiosis. 1) crossing over 2) attaching 3) energizing 4) combining

1) crossing over

__________ are inside the body of the chloroplast. It contains embedded stacked, disk-like plates that are the site of which the photosynthetic reactions occur. They may also be called thylakoid stacks. 1) grana 2) stroma 3) plaque 4) chloroplasts

1) grana

The entire process of photosynthesis can be summed up with the following equation____________________ 1) CO2 + 6H2o + light energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2 2) 6CO2 + 6H2o + light energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2 3) CO2 + 6H2o + light energy = C7H12O7 + 6O2 4) CO2 + 6Ho + light energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2

2) 6CO2 + 6H2o + light energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2

__________is the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms. also the smallest and most basic unit of structure for all living things 1) Element 2) Cell 3) Atom 4) Neutrons

2) Cell

__________ are membrane-bound compartments that are formed during the process of endocytosis. They are formed when the plasma membrane of a cell surrounds a particle outside the cell. This process allows the cell to absorb larger molecules that otherwise would be unable to pass through the cell membrane. 1) Inner Vesicles 2) Endocytic vesicles 3) Exocytic vesicles 4) cell membrane

2) Endocytic vesicles

Inside of the nucleus, each chromosome will pair with another chromosome of similar size and shape, these pairs can be called? 1) Chromosomes 2) Homologs 3) Chromatids 4) Cell Reproduction

2) Homologs

Which of these three protein filaments are double-stranded chains of proteins that serve to give structure to the cell? 1) Microtubules 2) Microfilaments 3) Centrioles

2) Microfilaments The main difference between microtubules and microfilaments is that microtubules are long, hollow cylinders, whereas microfilaments are double-stranded helical polymers.

A ________ organism may have many different types of cells that differ in structure to serve different functions 1) Diocellular 2) Multicellular 3) Unicellular 4) Biocellular

2) Multicellular

Which type of Endoplasmic Reticulum has attached ribosomes and is instrumental to protein synthesis. 1) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum 2) Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum 3) Energized Endoplasmic Reticulum 4) Basic Endoplasmic Reticulum

2) Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

___________ is a term used in biology and chemistry to describe the concentration of solutes in a solution relative to a cell or a living organism. Specifically, it refers to the ability of a solution to cause a cell to either swell or shrink. 1) activation 2) Tonicity 3) Carbohydrates 4) Lipids

2) Tonicity

___________ is a physical quantity that refers to the ability of a system to do work. All living things require it. 1) atoms 2) energy 3) air 4) water

2) energy

In genetics and molecular biology, a ___________ is the complete set of genetic material within an organism. 1) genes 2) genomes 3) trait 4) genome mapping

2) genomes

The inner liquid portion of the chloroplast is called the ____________. 1) grana 2) stroma 3) plaque 4) chloroplasts

2) stroma

A ___________ is a rigid, protective layer that surrounds the cells of many organisms, including plants, bacteria, fungi. They only occur in plant cells and surround the cell membrane, providing strength and protection for the cell. 1) Cell gate 2) Nuclear membrane 3) Cell wall 4) Nuclear wall

3) Cell wall The cell walls are made up of cellulose and lignin, making them stronger than the cell membrane which is weak and flexible.

Which of these protein filaments have the function of forming new microtubules, and are small, cylindrical organelles found in most eukaryotic cells? They are typically composed of microtubules, which are long, thin, protein filaments that help to maintain the structure of the cell. 1) Microtubules 2) Microfilaments 3) Centrioles

3) Centrioles Centrioles are tubes constructed of a geometrical arrangement of microtubes in a pinwheel shape.

When a cell is getting ready to divide, each strand of chromatin duplicates. The two identical strands are called? 1) Chromosomes 2) Histones 3) Chromatids 4) Cell Reproduction

3) Chromatids They remain attached at a point called the centromere.

Which of these vacuoles does the specific function of expelling waste and excess water from single-celled organisms? 1) Central vacuole 2) Sap vacuole 3) Contractile vacuole 4) Inner vacuole

3) Contractile vacuole

__________is all the organelles outside the nucleus but within the cell membrane and exist in the cytoplasm. 1) Prokaryotes 2) animalcules 3) Cytoplasmic organelles 4) eukaryotes

3) Cytoplasmic organelles

___________ are small organelles found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They are bounded by a single membrane and contain enzymes that are involved in various metabolic reactions, including the breakdown of fatty acids and the detoxification of harmful substances such as hydrogen peroxide. 1) Chromosomes 2) Homologs 3) Peroxisomes 4) Cell Reproduction

3) Peroxisomes Glyoxysomes, which are specialized peroxisomes in plants, are responsible for converting stored fats into sugars

_____________________ organisms are able to harvest solar energy and convert it into chemical energy. Such as plants and bacteria. These organisms can also be called primary producers. 1) Hydrophobic 2) Hydrophilic 3) Photosynthetic 4) Charged

3) Photosynthetic

_______________ are non-protein components that are covalently attached to proteins and are essential for their biological function. They often serve as cofactors or coenzymes that facilitate the catalytic activity of enzymes. 1) Atomic groups 2) Energy molecules 3) Prosthetic Groups 4) Enzyme Reaction

3) Prosthetic Groups Difference between Cofactors and Prosthetic Groups: Cofactors can be loosely or tightly bound, while prosthetic groups are always tightly bound to the enzyme.

________________ are packets of material made by either the Golgi or the endoplasmic reticulum. They carry substances that are produced in the cell such as protein. 1) Golgi cells 2) Microfilaments 3) Secretory vesicles 4) Packaged vesicles

3) Secretory vesicles

___________ is when homologous chromosomes pair up and conjoin. 1) chemical bond 2) Chromosome bond 3) Synapse 4) Tetrad

3) Synapse The attached chromosomes are now called tetrad.

A single organism consisting of just one cell is __________ 1) Diocellular 2) Multicellular 3) Unicellular 4) Biocellular

3) Unicellular

A chromosome has two identical chromotides that are held together at the centromere they give the chromosome an ____ shape. 1) Y 2) L 3) X 4) D

3) X

Enzymes lower the ___________________ which increases the rate of reaction. 1) activation energy 2) denaturalization energy 3) activation energy 4) occurring energy

3) activation energy

______________is a jelly-like substance that fills the cells of living organisms, including plants, animals, and bacteria. It is the site where many of the cell's metabolic processes take place, such as protein synthesis, energy production, and cell division. 1) Prokaryotes 2) animalcules 3) cytoplasm 4) eukaryotes

3) cytoplasm It is made up of organelles suspended in the gel-like cytosol. in addition to its metabolic functions, the cytoplasm also plays a role in maintaining the shape of the cell and in facilitating the movement of cellular materials within the cell. It is also involved in various cellular processes such as signaling, cell division, and differentiation.

Which of these cell organelles contain digestive enzymes and break down not needed material within a cell, damaged organelles, or materials that have been absorbed by the cell for use? 1) Cell membrane 2) Ribosomes 3) Golgi 4) Lysosomes

4) Lysosomes The lysosomes are the cell's "garbage disposal."

The nucleus which contains chromosomes can be found in what type of cell? 1) Prokaryotes 2) animalcules 3) Unicellular 4) eukaryotes

4) eukaryotes

A cell division where each of the two daughter cells receives a chromosome complement identical to that of a parent is: A. mitosis B. non-disjunction C. meiosis D. replication E. crossing-over

A

All of the following are statements are true about the cytoskeleton, EXCEPT that it: A. is not required for mitosis. B. maintains the cells shape. C. Gives the cell mechanical. support D. Is composed of microtubes and microfilaments. E. is important for cell motility.

A

Grana is/are: A. sacks of membranous sacs B. chloroplast pigments C. fluid found in the chloroplast. D. the space between the inner and outer membrane of chloroplasts. E. the membrane-bound compartment of chloroplasts

A

Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into: A. oxygen and high-energy sugars B. ATP and oxygen C. high-energy sugars and proteins D. oxygen and carbon E. ATP and high-energy sugars

A

The cell is the basic unit of function and reproduction, because: A. subcellular components cannot regenerate whole cells. B. cells can move in space. C. Single cells can sometimes produce an entire organism. D. Cells can transform energy to do work. E. A new cell can arise by the fusion of two cells.

A

Within the inner membrane of a chloroplast, stacks of thylakoids are surrounded by: A. stroma fluid B. grana C. chloroplast D. thylakoids E. cristae

A

most plants appear green because chlorophyll a) does not absorb green light b) reflects violet light c) absorbs green light d) none of the above

A

inorganic compound

A compound that does not contain carbon

________________________is a process that requires energy in the form of ATP to move molecules across the cell membrane against the concentration gradient. This means that molecules are moved from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. It is carried out by specific transporter proteins that are embedded in the cell membrane. These proteins bind to the molecule being transported and use energy from ATP to move the molecule against its concentration gradient. Examples of molecules that are transported by active transport include ions like sodium, potassium, and calcium.

Active transport

__________is the main carrier of energy that is used for all cellular activities

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP )

______________ is a molecule that is widely recognized as the "energy currency" of living cells. It is a nucleotide consisting of three phosphate groups, a ribose sugar molecule, and an adenine base.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) When one of the phosphate groups breaks off, it releases energy and becomes ADP (adenosine diphosphate). When it breaks off again even more energy is produced and it becomes AMP (adenosine monophosphate)

Electrons from the light reactions originate from: A. NADPH B. water C. light D. carbon dioxide E. ATP

B

Inside the cell, several key events in the cell cycle are monitored; they are 1. DNA damage and replication completion. 2. centrosome duplication. 3. assembly of the spindle and attachment of the kinetochores to the spindle. A. 1 only B. 1, 2, and 3 C. 1 and 2 D. 2 and 3 E. 1 and 3

B

Interconnected sacs of membrane suspended in a thick fluid are: A. stroma B. thylakoids C. chlorophyll D. grana E. stomata

B

The overall shape of a cell is determined by its A) cell membrane. B) cytoskeleton. C) nucleus. D) cytosol. E) endoplasmic reticulum.

B.

A wavelength of which light is reflected by a blue-colored paint? A. violet B. yellow C. blue D. lime E. purple

C

Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes contain: A. A plasma membrane B. Ribosomes C. A plasma membrane and ribosomes D. Ribosomes and Peroxisomes E. A plasma membrane, ribosomes, and peroxisomes

C

Photosynthesis plays a role in the metabolism of a plant through: A. breaking down sugars into H2O and O2 B. converting H2O into CO2 C. consuming CO2 and synthesizing sugars D. converting O2 into cellulose. E. converting O2 into sugars.

C

The difference between "free" and "attached" ribosomes is that: 1. Free ribosomes are in the cytoplasm, while attached ribosomes are anchored to the endoplasmic reticulum. 2. Free ribosomes produce proteins in the cytosol, while attached ribosomes produce proteins that are inserted into the ER lumen. 3. Free ribosomes produce proteins that are exported from the cell, while attached ribosomes make proteins for mitochondria and chloroplasts. A. 1 only B. 2 only C. 1 and 2 only D. 1, 2, and 3 E. 1 and 3 only

C

When observing a plant, it's visible color is ? A. wavelength emitted by the plant. B. wavelength from the return of excited electrons to their ground state C. Wavelength being reflected by that plant. D. Wavelength absorbed by the pigment of the plant. E. Wavelength from the excited electrons of the plant.

C

Which structures are used by plants to obtain most of their water? A. Stromata B. Flowers C. Roots D. Chloroplasts E. Shoots

C

The second phase of photosynthesis __________________, takes 6 CO2 (Carbon dioxide) and links it with hydrogen, forming glucose (a six-carbon sugar). it does not require light but it does need ATP and hydrogen. This occurs in the mitochondria.

Calvin Cycle

________________ is the sequence of events that a cell goes through as it grows and prepares to divide into two daughter cells.

Cell cycle The three major periods in the cell cycle include interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.

_______________ refers to the process by which a single cell divides into two or more daughter cells. This is a fundamental process in all living organisms, as it allows for growth, development, repair, and reproduction. There are two main types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis.

Cell division

The _________ is a thin, semi-permeable membrane that encloses the contents of a cell and separates it from the external environment.

Cell membrane(Also called plasma membrane) The cell membrane plays a critical role in maintaining the internal environment of the cell, regulating what enters and exits, and communicating with other cells and the external environment.

__________________ is the process by which a single cell divides into two or more daughter cells. This process is necessary for the growth and repair of tissues, as well as for the reproduction of organisms.

Cell reproduction also called cell division

____________________ is a fundamental principle of biology that states: 1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. 2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in all living organisms. 3. Cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Cell theory Cell theory is one of the most important concepts in the field of biology, as it provides a framework for understanding the structure, organization, and function of all living organisms.

_______________ refers to the biochemical processes that occur within a cell to maintain its basic functions, including energy production, growth, and replication. An example is photosynthesis.

Cellular Metabolism

________________ is the process by which cells in living organisms convert nutrients, such as glucose, into energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). It breaks down molecules and releases energy for use by the cell. This occurs in the mitochondria.

Cellular Respiration It occurs in all cells. Cellular Respiration that requires oxygen are aerobic reactions. Cellular Respiration that doesn't require oxygen are anaerobic reactions.

_____________ pigment molecules are responsible for giving chloroplast its green color. Though the chloroplast also consists of yellow and red but are not visible till fall.

Chlorophyll In the fall, as chloroplasts loses chlorophyll, these pigments are revealed, and they give the leaves their red and yellow colors.

_____________ is a green pigment that is found in most photosynthetic organisms, such as plants, algae, and some bacteria. It is responsible for absorbing light energy from the sun and converting it into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis.

Chlorophyll It is contained in the grana of the chloroplast

___________ are organelles found in the cells of plants and algae that are responsible for carrying out photosynthesis. They are the site of photosynthesis within plant cells.

Chloroplast

__________ are sequences of three nucleotides (A, C, G, and T) in DNA and RNA that code for a specific amino acid or signal the termination of protein synthesis. They are the basic units of the genetic code and are read by ribosomes during protein synthesis.

Codons

___________ is the last stage of mitosis and meiosis. During this process, the cytoplasm of the parent cell divides to form two new daughter cells, each with its own nucleus and complete set of chromosomes.

Cytokinesis

Light-depended reactions of photosynthesis produce? A. H2O and RuBP B. ATP and O2 C. NADH and ATP D. NADPH and ATP E. H2O and O2

D

The Calvin Cycle takes place in the: A. Chlorophyll molecules B. Thylakoid membranes C. Photosystems D. stroma E. matrix

D

Which equation best describes the reaction of photosynthesis? A. 6O2 +6CO2--? C6H12O6 B. C6H12O6 + 6H2) --> 6CO2 + 6O2 C. C6H12O6 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 6O2 D. 6H2O + 6 CO2 --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 E. 6CO2 + 6O2 +6H2O --> C6H12O6

D

Which of the following organelles are enclosed in a double membrane? 1. nucleus 2. chloroplast 3. mitochondria A. 1 and 2 B. 2 and 3 C. 1 and 3 D. 1, 2, and 3 E. 1 only

D

Facilitated transport can be differentiated from active transport, because: A. Active transport requires a symport. B. Facilitated transport displays saturation kinetics. C. Active Transport displays sigmoidal kinetics. D. active transport requires an energy source. E. active transport only occurs in the mitochondrial inner membrane.

D.

The process of __________________ is the process by which DNA is copied before cell division. It is a complex process that involves several steps and enzymes.

DNA replication

_______________ is the process by which a cell duplicates its DNA before cell division. It involves the separation of the two strands of DNA, the synthesis of new complementary strands, and the joining of these new strands with the original ones to form two identical copies of the DNA molecule.

DNA replication

Difference between Cofactors and Prosthetic Groups: Cofactors can be loosely or tightly bound, while prosthetic groups are always tightly bound to the enzyme.

Difference between Cofactors and Prosthetic Groups: Cofactors can be loosely or tightly bound, while prosthetic groups are always tightly bound to the enzyme.

_______________in biology refers to the process by which molecules or ions move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, down their concentration gradient, in order to achieve a state of equilibrium 1) Diffusion 2) animalcules 3) Cytoplasmic organelles 4) eukaryotes

Diffusion( requires no added energy)

_____________ is a cell or organism that has two sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from each parent.

Diploid

During which phase of mitotic division do spindle fibers split the centromere and separate the sister chromatids? A. interphase B. telophase C. prophase D. metaphase E. anaphase

E

Membranous structures found in chloroplasts are: A. organelles B. Grana C. stomata D. plasma E. thylakoids

E

RNA is NOT expected to be found in which one of the following structures? A. Nucleus B. Mitochondrion C. Prokaryotic Cell D. Ribosome E. Vacuole

E

The wavelength energy least utilized by photosynthesis is: A. orange B. blue C. Violet D. cyan E. green

E

Which of the following cannot freely diffuse through the semipermeable membrane? A. water B. small hydrophobic molecules C. small ions D. neutral gas molecules E. glucose

E

Which of the following is the product of the light rection of photosynthesis? A. sugar B. carbon monoxide C. water D. Carbon dioxide. E. oxygen

E

The _______________________ is a series of protein cytochromes that captures the energy that was released by the Krebs Cycle and work together to pass electrons from one molecule to the next, ultimately producing ATP.

Electron Transport Chain (ETC) Cytochromes are pigment molecules that include protein and a heme (iron-containing) group.

____________________ is a chemical property that describes the ability of an atom to attract electrons towards itself when it is bonded to another atom.

Electronegativity

______________________refers to the process by which a cell takes in material from its environment.

Endocytosis There are three main types of endocytosis: phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis

A ___________ is a large organization full of folded membranes which is responsible for the delivery of lipids, proteins, fats, and steroids to certain areas within the cytoplasm.

Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER)

___________ function by binding to a specific substrate, or reactant, and lowering the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur. This allows the reaction to happen more quickly and with less energy input.

Enzymes

Enzymes can be regulated by other molecules that either increase or reduce their activity. Molecules that increase the activity of an enzyme are called activators, while molecules that decrease the activity of an enzyme are called inhibitors.

Enzymes can be regulated by other molecules that either increase or reduce their activity. Molecules that increase the activity of an enzyme are called activators, while molecules that decrease the activity of an enzyme are called inhibitors.

__________________is the process by which a cell releases material to its exterior

Exocytosis Exocytosis is important for a variety of cellular functions, such as the secretion of hormones, neurotransmitters, and digestive enzymes, as well as the export of waste materials from the cell

_______________________Specialized proteins embedded in the cell membrane permit passage of substances of a particular shape and size.

Facilitated Diffusion

________________ is a process that does not require energy and moves molecules down their concentration gradient. This means that molecules are moved from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. It also involves transporter proteins in the cell membrane, but in this case, the transporter protein simply provides a channel for the molecule to cross the membrane. Examples of molecules that are transported by it includes glucose and amino acids.

Facilitated diffusion

During the ___________, the cell undergoes growth and prepares for mitosis, or cell division. This includes the synthesis of proteins, replication of organelles, and checking for DNA damage and errors in DNA replication. It is important for ensuring that the cell has accurately replicated its DNA and is ready to divide into two genetically identical daughter cells.

G2 phase

_______ determine many of an organism's characteristics, such as physical traits, behavior, and susceptibility to certain diseases.

Genes Genome mapping refers to the process of identifying and locating the specific locations of genes

____________ is a metabolic process that occurs in the cytoplasm of cells and is the first step in the cellular respiration pathway. It involves the breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, which can then be used to generate ATP. This occurs in the mitochondria.

Glycolysis Glycolysis requires the input of glucose and two ATP molecules and puts out 4 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 Pyruvate molecules. This is an anaerobic reaction, no oxygen is required.

The __________ is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids ( The workspace for proteins and lipids) that are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and then transported to the parts of the cell where they will be used, or to the cell membrane for secretion from the cell.

Golgi Apparatus The Golgi Apparatus is constructed of folded membranes.

A type of protein found in chromosomes. _____________ bind to DNA, help give chromosomes their shape, and help control the activity of genes.

Histones The combination of DNA with histones is called chromatin.

Information: Cancer is uncontrolled cell growth. Mitosis is what makes our body grow and what heals us. When you get cut, mitosis occurs and duplicates the skin cells so that you can be healed.

Information: Cancer is uncontrolled cell growth. Mitosis is what makes our body grow and what heals us. When you get cut, mitosis occurs and duplicates the skin cells so that you can be healed.

Information: In meiosis I, pairs of homologous chromosomes (i.e., tetrads) align at the equator of the cell whereas in mitosis individual chromosomes align at the equator.

Information: In meiosis I, pairs of homologous chromosomes (i.e., tetrads) align at the equator of the cell whereas in mitosis individual chromosomes align at the equator.

Information: Though the function of enzymes reduces the amount of energy needed to make cellular reactions, to complete the reaction it may either require (Endothermic) or release (Exothermic) energy.

Information: Though the function of enzymes reduces the amount of energy needed to make cellular reactions, to complete the reaction it may either require (Endothermic) or release (Exothermic) energy.

_________________ is the stage in the cell cycle where the cell is preparing to divide. It is the longest stage of the cell cycle and can be divided into three sub-phases: G1, S, and G2.

Interphase Cell Growth and function occur through all the stages of interphase.

The ___________________ now breaks down the pyruvic acid molecules (from the Glycolysis) into CO2, H+(protons), and 2 ATP molecules. This cycle liberates electrons.

Krebs Cycle

_____________ is a type of cell division that occurs in sexually reproducing organisms. It is the two-stage process by which a single cell divides into four genetically diverse haploid cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell.

Meiosis In Meiosis each phase has a number on it so that the stage that it is in is clear. Example: Prophase I, Telophase II

___________________ is a type of RNA (ribonucleic acid) molecule that carries genetic information from DNA in the cell nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where proteins are synthesized. This is formed when the DNA strand "unzips"

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

______are tiny, finger-like projections that extend from the surface of some cells, increasing the area available to absorb nutrients.

Microvilli. Microvilli is found in certain types of cells, for example, those involved in absorption ( such as the cells lining the intestine).

___________are small, membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotic cells. They are often referred to as the "powerhouse" of the cell because they generate the majority of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used as a source of energy for cellular activities

Mitochondria

__________ is the process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells with the same number and type of chromosomes as the parent cell. It is a crucial process for the growth, development, and repair of multicellular organisms. It involves a series of steps, including prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase (PMAT)

Mitosis Only eukaryotic unicellular organisms reproduce by mitosis. Bacteria which lack a nucleolus, divides through binary fission.

____________ Allow the cell to selectively move molecules in and out of the nucleus. also act as gatekeepers, regulating the exchange of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

Nuclear pores They form a passageway between the inside of the nucleus and the cytoplasm

_________________ are the basic units of chromosomes.

Nucleosomes

In biology, ______________is the diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration. Special process of diffusion occurring only with water molecules

Osmosis

_____________ is the process by which green plants and some other organisms convert light energy into chemical energy.

Photosynthesis

What are the two main types of cells that make up living organisms on Earth

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes All cell types have a membrane(Cell membrane)

____________________ are a type of genes that control or regulate the expression of other genes. These genes play a crucial role in the development, growth, and differentiation of cells, tissues, and organs in living organisms.

Regulatory genes

________________ are enzymes that cut DNA at specific recognition sites. These enzymes are produced naturally by bacteria as a defense mechanism against invading viruses, and have become essential tools in molecular biology for genetic engineering, DNA sequencing, and other applications.

Restriction enzymes Restriction enzymes are made by bacteria and act to destroy foreign DNA that has entered the bacterial cell.

_________ are cellular organelles that are responsible for synthesizing proteins. They are found in all types of cells, including bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic cells. They contain rRNA and protein molecules, and the rRNA molecules provide the catalytic activity for protein synthesis.

Ribosomes Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis within cells.

The ____________ of the cell cycle is the second stage of the interphase, which is the period of growth and DNA replication that occurs before cell division. The cell's DNA is replicated or duplicated to prepare for cell division.

S phase

________________ are a type of coding gene, which means that they provide the instructions for synthesizing specific proteins or RNA molecules, rather than regulating gene expression or performing other functions. They code proteins that form organ and structural characteristics.

Structural genes

______________ is the final stage of mitosis, the process by which a cell divides into two identical daughter cells. During telophase, the separated chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the cell and begin to decondense, or unwind, back into their chromatin form.

Telophase

_________________ is the first phase of the cell cycle. During this phase, the cell grows and carries out its normal functions, such as protein synthesis and energy production. Most of the growth of the cell occurs at this time.

The G1 phase or Gap 1 phase.

The difference between meiosis and mitosis is that meiosis divides a single cell into four identical daughter cells, but in mitosis it divides a single cell into two identical daughter cells.

The difference between meiosis and mitosis is that meiosis divides a single cell into four identical daughter cells, but in mitosis it divides a single cell into two identical daughter cells.

____________ is a process in molecular biology that involves the conversion of DNA information into RNA molecules.

Transcription

_______________ is a type of RNA molecule that plays a key role in the process of protein synthesis. Its function is to carry amino acids to the ribosome, which is the cellular machinery responsible for assembling proteins.

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

In ______________________, bacteria can take up DNA from their surroundings, such as from dead bacterial cells, and incorporate that DNA into their own genome. This can lead to the acquisition of new traits or the exchange of genetic material between different bacterial strains.

Transformation Bacteria may also absorb and incorporate pieces of DNA from their environment.

During ___________________, the ribosome, along with transfer RNA (tRNA), reads the mRNA codons and matches them with the appropriate amino acids, which are linked together to form a protein chain. This process is critical for the synthesis of proteins, which are essential for the structure, function, and regulation of cells and organisms.

Translation This occurs at the ribosomes

prokaryote

a cell that doesn't have a nuclei

compound

a substance that is made up of two or more elements

an________________is a specific region on the surface of an enzyme or other protein that directly binds to a substrate and catalyzes a chemical reaction.

active site Each enzyme has a uniquely shaped area

_______________ are different forms of the same genes.

alleles

eukaryote

an organism with cells characteristic of all life forms (except primitive microorganisms like bacteria) these cells have a nuclei

When no oxygen is present within a cell, respiration will proceed ____________________ after glycolysis. It breaks down the two pyruvic acid molecules from Glycolysis into products like alcohol, carbon dioxide, and lactic acid.

anaerobically Also called fermentation

During ____________, the sister chromatids, which are two identical copies of the cell's chromosomes, are pulled apart by the spindle fibers and move towards opposite ends of the cell.

anaphase

organic compound

any compound of carbon and another element

The term ___________ generally refers to a substance or compound that facilitates a chemical reaction by speeding up the reaction without being consumed itself

catalyst

The __________ takes up most of the volume of plant cells, it is surrounded by a membrane and filled with a fluid that stores water and nutrients for the plant's use.

central vacuole

___________ describes the material that makes up the chromosomes both when condensed and decondensed. 1) chromosomes 2) chromatin 3) chromo lipids 4) chromoplast.

chromatin

a ________________ is a thread-like structure made up of DNA and protein that carries genetic information in the cells of living organisms.

chromosome

Some enzymatic reactions may require a substance called ___________. This substance is a helper that allows the substrate to fit into the active site by attaching to the active site.

cofactors. Inorganic cofactors include metal ions. Organic cofactors (cofactors that are organic molecules) are also called coenzymes.

Enzymes will not make reactions in the wrong __________ such as in the incorrect pH and the wrong temperature.

conditions These harsh conditions will cause the enzyme to denature (change shape)

The _________ is a network of protein filaments that provides structural support and enables movement within cells. It is found in all types of cells, including animal, plant, and bacterial cells.

cytoskeleton. The cytoskeleton provides structural support to a cell. 3 types of cytoskeleton( Microtubules, Microfilaments, centrioles)

osmosis

diffusion of water specifically (through a membrane that lets through only certain things)

When the substrate is into the active site on the enzyme the complex is called the ____________________.

enzyme-substrate complex.

lipids

fats and oils

____________ prohibit the enzyme from performing a cellular reaction. It is a molecule that binds to an enzyme and blocks its activity.

inhibitor

chloroplast

it captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into energy

________________ are the first stage of photosynthesis in which light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP. During the reaction light energy is absorbed by pigments called chlorophyll and other accessory pigments. This light energy is used to split water molecules into oxygen, protons, and electrons, which are then used to generate ATP. This occurs in the mitochondria.

light reactions

mRNA carries genetic information from the DNA to the ribosome, while tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.

mRNA carries genetic information from the DNA to the ribosome, while tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.

During _____________, the second stage of mitosis, the chromosomes (which have already replicated and condensed during earlier stages) line up along the center of the cell, called the metaphase plate.

metaphase

In biology, a ________________ is a permanent alteration or change in the DNA sequence of a gene that can be inherited by subsequent generations.

mutation

The _____________ is the largest structure in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

nucleolus The nucleus stores chromatin (DNA plus proteins) in a gel-like substance called the nucleoplasm. A rounded area within the nucleus of the cell.

A ________________ is a covalent bond formed between the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid and the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid. This bond is formed during the process of protein synthesis, which involves the joining of amino acids to form a polypeptide chain.

peptide bond

ribosome

produces proteins from old materials for the cell (protein production factories)

During ____________, the first stage of mitosis, the chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes. The nuclear membrane dissolves, and spindle fibers form from the centrosomes located at opposite poles of the cell. The spindle fibers begin to attach to the chromosomes, preparing them for separation during later stages of mitosis.

prophase When the nuclear membrane dissolves and the spindle fibers begin attaching to the centromeres (the point where chromosomes are attached) it is called a kinetochore.

enzymes

protein substances that speed up chemical reactions

regulatory genes control the expression of other genes, while structural genes encode proteins with specific functions in the organism.

regulatory genes control the expression of other genes, while structural genes encode proteins with specific functions in the organism.

cell wall

similar to a normal wall - provides protection and support for the cell

proteins

substances that help build and maintain cells

The _______ is a substance that fits into the active site just like a key fits into it's lock.

substrate a substrate refers to the specific molecule that an enzyme acts upon in a chemical reaction.

cell

the basic building blocks of all living things - a microorganism within all living things

cell membrane

the part of the cell that lets things in and out of the cell

Cell theory

the theory that all living things are made of cells

mitochondria

this is the "powerhouse" of the cell -- it produces energy for the cell

_____________________ is the transfer of genetic material from one bacterial cell to another

transduction

active transport

when chemicals move with energy -- to "undiffuse"

passive transport

when chemicals move without energy -- to even out