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The subjects of biophysics ... underlying all processes of living systems. Biophysics also studies the interactions of physical factors on physiological functions, which is a special subarea, called environmental biophysics.

Physical principles

The stochastic behaviour of molecular systems can be transformed into a ... one by increasing the number of participating stochastic events or by limiting the degrees of freedom of the single reactions.

deterministic

During the 1780's, Luigi Galvani performed experiments at the university of Bologna involving frogs. The physics of electricity was thus studied in direct relationship with phenomena of ...

electrophysiology

Based on his physiological studies, Robert Mayer was able to formulate the ...

first law of thermodynamics.

Increasing energy of light goes in the order: ...

infrared, visible, ultraviolet.

Biophysics is a/an/... science somewhere between biology and physics. It is connected with other disciplines, as well, such as mathematics, physical chemistry and biochemistry.

interdisciplinary

Biology claims to be a comprehensive science relating to all functions of ... systems.

living

Borelli founded a school in Pisa of iatro-mathematics and iatro-physics in which the human body was perceived as a(n) ...

mechanical machine

Iatro-physics has often been considered as a mechanistic forerunner of ...

medical biophysics

Two kinds of physical behaviour meet at the molecular level of biological structures. On the one hand, there are stochastic ... processes, based on the individual behaviour of atoms, molecules or supramolecular structures. On the one hand there are .... processes, based on the behaviour of "large" bodies.

microphysical macrophysical

In contrast to isotropic systems, like simple solutions, in anisotropic systems the ... of molecules in various directions is not identical, but is restricted in some directions and promoted in others.

mobility

A decisive stimulus has been given to biophysical research through the discovery of X-rays. It was attributable to close cooperation between physicists, biologists and medical scientists which laid the foundation of ... which made significant contributions to the growth of modern molecular biology.

radiation biophysics

The macrophysics use the laws of classical physics. Our everyday experiences with macrophysical systems show us that their behaviour is generally ...

stochastic

The nature of biophysics is defined by ... rather than by the applied methods.

the scientific problems and approaches

An outstanding scientist in the history of biophysics is the German physicist and physiologist Hermann von Helmholtz who laid the foundations for the fundamental theories of ...

vision and hearing.

The fundamental laws of diffusion were formulated by ... ,who in 1856 published the first biophysical text.

Fick

Biophysics studies ... of biological organisation, from molecular processes to ecological phenomena.

all levels

Biological membranes, as highly organised ... structures, are always attractive subjects for biophysical investigations

anisotropic

The word ... was invented by a synthesis of "biology" and "technics" at a conference in Dayton, USA, in 1960.

bionics

Cybernetics deals with ... in men and machines.

control and communications