1. THE BEGINNINGS OF HUMAN SOCIETY
Complete the following sentence: Many linguists agree language developed in two stages, beginning with ____________________.
"sentences" of noises making up something meaningful
Today, there are between _____ languages spoken on Earth.
5,000 and 6,000
Historians must have certain qualities of character, such as _____.
Accuracy and honesty
Homo erectus is believed to be the first confirmed species found outside of _____.
Africa
The origin of the human species appears to be in _____.
Africa
How can an historian acknowledge personal bias yet stay true to the historic method?
An historian may keep asking more questions, keep searching other sources, and keep writing.
The idea of farming took shape in many areas of the world. How do we know this?
Archaeologists have excavated different regions with findings of very early agriculture.
What are the three theories for the emergence of Homo sapiens? Select all that apply.
Assimilation model Multiregional Continuity model Out-of-Africa model
What species first appeared to walk upright?
Australopithecines
Historians seek to interpret historic sites, artifacts, written records, and verbal histories without adding their own what?
Biases of interpretation
How do the Five Elements of Historic Events work together for viewing history?
By remembering the 5 W's, a historian can connect information of an event.
Which of the following statements would best describe the common elements of most historical events?
Common elements involve change, advance, or conflict
The procedure of comparing cultural similarities as well as differences among societies is called the _____.
Comparative method
Much of the evidence we have on early humans comes from _____.
Cro-Magnon
What resulted from the planting of crops in the beginnings of human society?
Economic stability
The majority of linguists believe a mother language originated somewhere in _____.
Eurasia
What process has the historian followed when testing the accuracy of the source against other facts and outside data?
External criticism
What makes historians unique? Select all correct responses.
Historians present the past to the present to learn from mistakes and successes. Historians write, as accurately as possible, stories of past people, places, and events. Historians want to discover, study, and interpret new findings. Historians use the historic method to draw conclusions of history and how it affects us.
What species may have been the first to use crude tools?
Homo Habillis
What is the first species of humans found outside Africa?
Homo erectus
Read the following events. Which happened last?
Humans moved from hunter-gatherers to agricultural settlements.
What made the climate of northern Africa change from tropical to grasslands, and then to desert?
Ice ages
What is the best choice for why agrarian societies included gender inequality?
In larger groups of people, organization was essential to survival; men took the more powerful role.
Based on the information in this lesson, how is history like the basketball game? Select all that apply.
It is hard to determine how events happen. Historians use clues to piece together events.
The steppes of Ukraine and southern Russia are important for what reason?
It is where farming communities first began.
Some of the artifacts that hint at religious rituals include _____.
Jewelry, pottery
Collective learning is the ability to learn and transfer _____ to others.
Knowledge
Diseases spread more easily in agrarian societies due to which of the following?
Living in societies meant living closer to other people and sharing resources in close contact.
The _____ model suggests that living humans came from the species Homo erectus and that their development took place throughout the world.
Multiregional Continuity
The Paleolithic Age is also known as the _____.
Old stone age
The _____ model suggests that Homo sapiens migrated to Europe and Asia replacing populations descended from Neanderthals and older Homo erectus. Select all that apply.
Out-of-Africa
The age in which early humans made tools is called the _____.
Paleolithic Age
The era in which early humans made tools is called the _____.
Paleolithic Age
An example of data that a historian would use is _____.
Pictorial data
Interpretation of data based on one's own perspective can lead to ________________.
Preconceived ideas
A firsthand report or eyewitness account is an example of what type of data source?
Primary
History is more than a series of events. It is a _______ of events.
Record
Ancient rock paintings have been found in _____.
Spain and France
How does the historian affect history?
The bias of historians will affect the way they record events.
Why are secondary sources important to the study of history?
These sources provide information written by other authors.
Which of the following statements best describes the first people to use language?
They were pastoral people who traveled according to the needs of their herds.
When studying history, asking questions and checking other sources will improve one's perspective. What other awareness is necessary?
To realize all writers and reporters have some bias of culture, geography, economics, or politics.
To properly study the human race's past, all five types of historians should be used.
True
How would an historian best respond to the comment, "History is simply a series of events in chronological order."
True, with fascinating information of who, whay, where, why, and possibly some bias and perspective of the writer that we can explore.
How did the receding ice age help with the development of agrarian societies?
Warmer climate created better growing conditions.
Early plants that were domesticated are _____.
Wheat, Rye, Barley
When rivers overflowed their banks, what would have happened in the Neolithic Era?
Wild animals would have come to drink. Plants would have naturally grown. Farming communities would have taking advantage of the bounty and established habitations around them.
What best describes a rite of passage?
a ceremony that marks passing stages in life
A secondary source might be _____.
a documentary made ten years later
What was the key element that led people to settle into an agricultural lifestyle?
a ready-made and reliable water source
The evolution of language paralleled the growth of _____ societies.
agrarian
Agrarian societies were based around _____.
agriculture
Disease is easier to spread in _____ society.
an agrarian
The steps of the historical method include:
analysis of data synthesis of data reporting conclusions
Recognizing patterns helps you to _____.
avoid making mistakes in the future understand human nature and behavior
Historians are concerned with accuracy of their writings and readings but are also aware of __________.
biases, perspectives, beliefs, and a variety of other differences
Historians are concerned with accuracy of their writings and readings but are also aware of
biases, perspectives, beliefs, and a variety of other differences.
Evidence of more sophisticated religious beliefs includes _____.
buildings constructed for public purposes placement of human remains
Relative dating helps to determine __________.
chronological order
The length of time hunter-gatherers stayed in one region depended on _____.
climate conditions available food amount of stored food
The historical method uses what six elements?
collecting data interpreting data analyzing data drawing conclusions based on evidence classifying data reporting data
The ability to learn and transfer knowledge to others is called _____.
collective learning
What are some of the characteristics of the six agrarian societies mentioned in this chapter?
control of water through dams or canals advanced ideas or beliefs on death and burial evidence of metal tools and weapons many buildings used for a variety of reasons
What is meant by the term aquaculture?
cultivation of water animals, such as eels and fish
An anthropologist studies _____.
early human culture and development compared to the present day
An archaeologist studies _____.
early human culture and development compared to the present day
History is the story of the interaction between _____.
environment ideas people
The two main factors that influenced the development of humans were _____.
environment and geography
The first great leap for humans was _____.
fire
Place the species in the order in which they appeared on Earth.
first: Australopithecines second: Homo Habillis third: Homo erectus fourth: Neanderthais fifth: Homo Sapiens
Population growth and the domestication of plants and animals brought on new cultural changes, such as _____.
gender inequality emergence of new social classes greater need for protection
Linguists agree the ability to speak a language sets humans apart from other animals because we can: ______.
have rules for our sentences invent languages borrow words from other languages, use grammar, use abstract terms including past and future
Five characteristics of hunter-gatherer societies were _____.
healthier and better diets few social changes little problem with spread of disease more dangers from animals and accidents few technological changes
Three early forms of communication were _____.
hieroglyphs petroglyphs cuneiform
Three early forms of written communication were:
hieroglyphs. petroglyphs. cuneiform
People who discover, study, interpret, and write history are called _____.
historians
Who, what, when, where, and why are elements of _____.
historic events
We know for certain that early humans were first _____.
hunter-gatherers
Some of the artifacts that hint at religious rituals include _____.
jewelry pottery greenstone amulets
How are anthropologists able to make generalizations about human behavior?
knowing the regularities in human custom
Examples of primary sources would include _____.
letters, artifacts, human remains
Which of the following are rites of passage, according to Arnold van Gennep? Select all that apply.
marriage puberty death birth
Four characteristics of hunter-gatherer societies are _____.
people were nomadic healthier diets few technological advances more dangerous lifestyle
What did economic stability lead to in the Neolithic Revolution?
political systems
Five characteristics of agrarian societies were _____.
rapid technological advances less leisure time extra food during winter freedom to work different jobs depletion of the soil
Which of the following is NOT a primary source?
recent book about the Civil War
What are the three most important reasons for studying history?
recognizing patterns connecting the past to the present revealing past contributions of civilizations
What things can cause a person to be biased?
religious views political views upbringing country lived in
What best defines anthropology?
science of people
The study of human language includes the study of _____.
syntax meaning structure
Choose the best answer to complete this sentence: The illustration of the basketball game shows _____.
that one event can be viewed from many perspectives
A geologist studies _____.
the earth, rock forms, and strata
Prehistory can be described as _____.
the time prior to the use of written records
Three of the common characteristics of hunter-gatherer communities are _____. Select all that apply.
their communities were small in size they possessed knowledge of plants and animals they possessed the knowledge of tools and fire
The dating of artifacts is done by a _____-age system based on the development of tools and technology.
three
The three important reasons for studying history are _____.
to reveal past contributions of civilizations to connect the past to the present to recognize patterns
Some of the things archaeologists study to gather information about early agrarian societies are _____.
tools pollen grains animal and human remains
Absolute dating can be determined by which of the following. Select all that apply.
tree-ring patterns Earth's magnetic field coral growth cycle radioactivity
Click here to view an actual (partial) record of passengers who arrived at the Port of New York during the Irish Famine, created in 1977-1989. It includes passengers from 1846 to 1849. Which of the following integrates quantitative analysis into qualitative analysis, based on the above record of passengers?
understanding how many single young men traveled to America in hope of a better life
Three things that affect a historian's perspective on past events are _____.
upbringing political views religious views
Which difficult position might historians find themselves in?
wanting to add their own perspective or bias to the writing