11. Neurophysio Set 1

Myelin Sheaths on the outsides of many axons in the Peripheral nervous systems are contributed by__________________? ( #21) a. axon itself b. Secretory vesicles c. schwann cells d. the cell bodies of the neuron

answer: c. schwann cells

The muscle fibers of skeletal muscle are electrically doubled so that one nerve fiber can control activity in muscle fibers. True/False (03- #13)

False

(03c)The only axons that exist are ones that have a myelin sheath around them: True or False

False Reason: Axons can either have a myelin sheath around them or no myelin sheath around them. If no myelin sheath is surrounding the axon the conduction is called continuous conduction. If there is a myelin sheath surrounding the axon it's called saltatory conduction.

True or False. The chemical gradient of a cell is maintained by the Na+/K+ - ATP - ase pump; which, pumps 2 Na+ out for every 3 K+ entering the cell. (8)

False The sodium-potassium pump maintains the chemical gradient by pumping 3 sodium out for every 2 potassium entering the cell.

What is the main function of oligodendrocytes and which nervous system are they found in?

Oligodendrocytes are found in the Central Nervous System (CNS) and work by wrapping around neuron fibers to form myelin sheaths

In Voltage-gated ion channels, the charge difference can be measured in millivolts (mV). True or False? (33)

True.

The flow of electrical charge from point to point is called BLANK, and is dependent on BLANK and BLANK a. current, voltage, resistance b. voltage, current, resistance c. resistance, voltage current d. none of the above (Group6, #6)

a. current, voltage, resistance

Which of the two Nervous Systems (CNS) or (PNS) are associated with the Brain and Spinal Cord? (Group 8 #19)

(CNS)

01c The Peripheral Nervous System is made up of? a. Brain and Spinal Cord b. Cranial Nerves and Spinal Nerves c. Spinal cord and Spinal nerves d. Brain and Cranial Nerves

01c Correct Answer (b) The PNS is made up of the cranial and spinal nerves.

01c The _____________ is the line of communication between the _____________ and the rest of the _____________ a. Central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, body b. Peripheral nervous system, central nervous system, body c. Body, central nervous system, peripheral nervous system

01c Correct Answer (b) The PNS is the line of communication between the CNS and the rest of the body.

01c The central nervous system is made up of? a. Brain and cranial nerves b. Spinal cord and spinal nerves c. Brain and Spinal cord

01c Correct Answer (c) The central nervous system is made up of the Brain and spinal cold. The cranial nerves and the spinal nerves are part of the PNS.

01c What are the functions of the cerebrospinal fluid? a. Cushions the brain b. Brings nutrients in c. Gets rid of waste products d. All of the above

01c Correct Answer (d) The cerebrospinal fluid cushions the brain, brings in nutrients, and gets rid of waste products to protect the brain.

02 Action potentials travel ____ distances along the ____ of a neuron. A) short; axon B) long; axon C) short; dendrite D) long; dendrite

02 The correct answer is (B) Action potentials travel long distances along the axon of a neuron.

02 What magnitude of charge will NOT send an action potential A) -55mV B) -50mV C) 60mV D) -56mV

02 The correct answer is (D) -56mV will not send an action potential because it is lower than the threshold of -55mV.

02 Graded potentials can be stimulated by A) Chemical stimulus B) Electrical stimulus C) Mechanical stimulus D) None of the above E) All of the above

02 The correct answer is (E) Graded potentials can be stimulated by chemical, electrical, and mechanical stimuli.

08c Neuromodulation - When a neurotransmitter acts via slow changes in target cell metabolism, or when chemicals other than NTs modify neuronal activity. Is the above statement true or false? A)True B)False

08c Correct answer is (A)

08c Presynaptic inhibition is when? A) no neuron inhibit the release of excitatory NT from presynaptic cell. B) another neuron inhibit the release of excitatory NT from presynaptic cell. C) another neuron increases the release of excitatory NT from presynaptic cell. D) no neuron increases the release of excitatory NT from presynaptic cell.

08c Correct answer is (B)

08c In Synaptic potentiation, the presynaptic cell must be? A)Left alone B)Stimulated shortly C)Stimulated infrequently D)Stimulated frequently

08c Correct answer is (D)

Myelin sheaths can have gaps in between Schwann Cells. What are the names of these gaps? A. Nodes of Ranvier B. Astrocytes C. Neuroglia D. Glial Cells

A - Nodes of Ranvier are the sites of action potentials in saltatory conduction.

O1c Is a ________ change that results when a channel opens in response to a mechanical stimulus or a ligand A) Voltage B) Resting C) Action potential

A) Voltage- change that results when a channel opens in response to a mechanical stimulus or a ligand

O1c When does a graded potential occur? A) when a stimulus causes mechanically-gated or ligand-gated channels to open or close in an excitable cell's plasma membrane B) depends on how many mechanically-gated or ligand-gated channels have opened (or closed) and how long each remains open C) when a mode of travel by which graded potentials die out as they spread along the membrane

A) when a stimulus causes mechanically-gated or ligand-gated channels to open or close in an excitable cell's plasma membrane

06c (11.4) Current increases in the cell when... 1. Voltage increases in the cell 2. Voltage decreases in the cell 3. Resistance decreases in the cell 4. Resistance increases in the cell A. 1, 3 B. 1, 4 C. 2, 3 D. 2, 4

A. 1, 3

(Obj.11.4 (06)) #16 Which of the following falls under Current? 1) independent on voltage and resistance 2) flow of electrical charge from point to point 3) dependent on voltage and resistance 4) It is measured in amperes (A) A. 2, 3, 4 B. 1, 2, 4 C. 2, 3 D. 1, 2

A. 2, 3, 4

What is the function of the sympathetic division? (class EG, Group 1, roster #22) A. Mobilizes body systems during activity B. Conserves energy C. Promotes homeostasis D. Promotes house-keeping activities during rest.

A. Mobilizes body systems during activity

Where can bipolar neuron be found.......? A. retina B. Myelin C. A&B D. All of the Above.

A: Retina

How many neurons are in a nerve? (04. #12) a) 10 billion neurons b) 100 million neurons c) 100 billion neurons d) 500 million neurons

Answer C- 100 billion neurons

Group 7, #14 ________-gated channels open in response to a charge in membrane potential. A. Mechanically B. Chemically C. Voltage D. Ligand

Answer is C Voltage. Chemically gated(ligand-gated) channels open when the appropriate chemical binds and mechanically gated channels open when a membrane receptor is physically deformed.

02c What CNS neuroglia is most effective in moving the Cerebrospinal fluid? a. Schwann cells b. Astrocytes c. Ependymal Cells d. CNS e. None of the above Answer is C. Ependymal cells line the central cavities of the brain and spinal cord and use cilia to move the CSF throughout the system.

Answer is C. Ependymal cells line the central cavities of the brain and spinal cord and use cilia to move the CSF throughout the system.

_________are clusters of neuron cell bodies located outside of the CNS; ______ are clusters of neuron cell bodies located deeper within the brain. (Group 4 #32) a. Nerves, tracts b. Tracts, nerves c. Ganglia, nuclei d. Nuclei, ganglia

Answer is c : Ganglia, nuclei

(03c)_________ branches is where exocytosis of the neurotransmitter takes place within the axon: Dendritic Axonal Terminal Somatic

Answer: Terminal

(03c)What is the function of a dendrite in a neuron? A) Input B) Packaging C) Output D) Elongation

Answer: A) Input Reason: The function of a dendrite is to input the neurotransmitter and send it onto the body of the neuron where packaging of the neurotransmitter takes place.

objective 11.4 0.6 #15 which of the following are examples of how current, voltage and resistance are relatable? 1) there is a charge difference depending on the concentration of IONS that are on one side of the cell vs the other. The charge difference is known as voltage 2) Charge separation is a form of potential energy 3) The flow of Ions is determined by the current and the gradient 4) the current will be grated if the voltage is lesser 5) Concentration gradient and electric gradient determines the flow into or out of the cell. a) only 1 and 3 b) 1,2,3,5 c) 1,2,3, d) all of the above

Answer: (B) 1, 2, 3,5, 4. Is not correct because the current will be grated if the voltage is grater

07c 11.8 _______ released from a presynaptic cell results in binding and opening of ion channels on a postsynaptic cell. A) Neurotransmitters B) Ca++ C) Enzymes D) Proteins

Answer: A Neurotransmitters released from a presynaptic cell results in binding and opening of ion channels on a postsynaptic cell.

04b: 11.6 In which period does repolarization occur? A. Relative Refractory Period B. Absolute Refractory Period C. Both D. None

Answer: A Relative refractory Period- we are headed back to baseline!

04c In which period does repolarization occur? A) Relative Refractory Period B) Absolute Refractory Period C) Both D) None

Answer: A) Relative refractory Period

Group 4, Roster #7 In which period does repolarization occur? A) Relative Refractory Period B) Absolute Refractory Period C) Both D) None

Answer: A) Relative refractory Period a refractory period is a period of time during which an organ or cell is incapable of repeating a particular action, or (more precisely) the amount of time it takes for an excitable membrane to be ready for a second stimulus once it returns to its resting state following an excitation. It most commonly refers to electrically excitable muscle cells or neurons.

07c 11.4 Which type of gated ion channels opens during the binding of a neurotransmitter? A) Voltage gated B) Mechanically gated C) Chemically gated D) Gap junctions

Answer: A-Chemically gated

03c Which of the following values shows the greatest magnitude of difference in voltage between the inside and outside of the membrane? A. -90mv B. +35mv C. -70mv D. +55mv E. 0 mv

Answer: A. -90mv

07c 11.8 Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials result in either the opening of __________ channels and release of _________ or the opening of ___________ channels and the intake of __________. A) K+, Cl- or Cl-, K+ B)K+, K+ or Cl-, Cl- C) Cl-, K+ or K+, Cl-

Answer: B Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials result in either the opening of K+ channels and release of K+ or the opening of Cl- channels and the intake of Cl-.

03c Fill in the blank with the correct answer: _____ are cell processes that are the receptive regions of the cell and provide surface area for receiving signals from other neurons. A. Cell body B. Dendrites C. Axon

Answer: B. Dendrites

03c Action potentials are measured in; A. Volts B. Millivolts C. Microvolts D. Nanovolts E. None of the above answers is correct

Answer: B. Millivolts

04c: 11.6 Who's job is it to ensure that each AP is an all-or-none event and to enforce one-way transmission of nerve impulses? A. The refractory period, in general B. Relative Refractory Period C. Absolute Refractory Period D. None of the above

Answer: C Absolute Refractory Period takes care of this stuff.

07c 11.8 Excitatory postsynaptic potentials occur when Na+ rushes into the cell resulting in a ________ potential. A) Action B) Presynaptic C) Graded D) Electric

Answer: C Excitatory postsynaptic potentials occur when Na+ rushes into the cell resulting in a Graded potential.

04c Who's job is it to ensures that each AP is an all-or-none event and to enforce one-way transmission of nerve impulses? A) The refractory period, in general B) Relative Refractory Period C) Absolute Refractory Period D) None of the above

Answer: C Absolute Refractory Period

Obj 1 How does the nervous system receive, integrates and respond to information? A. Effector Information B. Nervous Chemical Information C. Electro Chemical Information D. Integration Information

Answer: C Electrochemical Information which is the Sensory Input Integration Motor Output Via Effector Organs

All of the following statements are true about the Nervous System EXCEPT: (01.) A)Receives, Intergrates, and responds to information B)Two main divisions include the CNS and PNS C)The CNS is composed of the Brain while the PNS is composed of the Cranial nerves, Spinal Cord, and Spinal Nerves D) The Peripheral Nervous System contains both Sensory (afferent) and Motor (efferent) divisions. (18)

Answer: C) The CNS is composed of BOTH the Brain and Spinal Cord that serve as control centers and integrate information from the PNS.

07c 11.4 In which type of gated ion channel does the membrane potential alter the conformation of the channel proteins, which regulate opening and closing? A) Chemically gated B) Mechanically gated C) Voltage gated D) None of the above

Answer: C-voltage gated

(06c) What is the relation of the voltage to the resting membrane potential? A. It is the flow of electrical charge from point to point and depended to the measure and resistance. B. A hindrance to current flow of the electrical charge. C. A measure of the amount of difference in electrical charge between potential differences. D. A and B E. C and D F. None of the above

Answer: C. A measure of the amount of difference in electrical charge between potential differences.

03c Which of the following obeys the All or None law? A. EPSP (Excitatory postsynaptic potential) B. IPSP ( Inhibitory postsynaptic potential) C. Action Potential D. Reaction Potential E. None of the above answers are correct

Answer: C. Action Potential

(06c) What is the "flow of electrical charge from point to point and is dependent on voltage and resistance? A. Voltage B. Resistance C. Current D. Gated ion channels E. None of the above

Answer: C. Current

03c Which of the following is not a structural class of neurons? A. Bipolar B. Unipolar C. Motor D. Multipolar E. None of the above

Answer: C. Motor

(06c) The "hindrance to the flow of the electrical charge," refers to in the relation to the resting membrane potential? A. Voltage B. Current C. Resistance D. Electrochemical gradients E. Gated channels

Answer: C. Resistance

Where are Schwann cells found and what is their function?(02. #6) A)PNS; support soma B)CNS; form blood C)CNS; form myelin sheaths D)PNS; form myelin sheaths

Answer: D - Schwann cells are found in the peripheral nervous system and they form myelin sheaths

07c 11.4 Which type of gated ion channel opens when a membrane receptor is physically deformed? A) Leakage channel B) Voltage gated C) Chemically gated D) Mechanically gated

Answer: D-Mechanically gated

Which of the following is true of the synapse? (Group 6 #29) A) A synapse can only be chemical B) The synapse are both usually axodendritic and axosomatic C) Synapses can only be electric since it only receives an electric charge to the cell body D) Both A and C E) Only B is true

Answer: E) Only B is true

04a: 11.6 True or False? During the refractory period (Absolute or Relative), it is possible for a neuron to trigger another AP? Answer: False This is the definition of refractory period. A refractory period is defined as the time in which a neuron cannot trigger another AP. Voltage-gated Na+ channels are open so neurons cannot respond to another stimulus.

Answer: False A refractory period is defined as the time in which a neuron cannot trigger another AP. Voltage-gated Na+ channels are open so neurons cannot respond to another stimulus.

Obj 1 Which is true about Glial cells? 1. Do not conduct information 2. They support and assist 3. Cushions the brain 4. Dictates Motor A.1 2 and 3 B. 1 and 2 C.3 and 4 D. 4

Answer: b 1 and 2 1. Do not conduct information 2. They support and assist

(O2C2) #2 Action Potential only occurs in a ____________________ direction A. Backwords B. Forward C. All of the above

B. AP occurs only in a Forward direction

The part of the neuron that sends the signal to the next neuron is called: A. Soma B. Axon C. Dendrites D. Microtubules (23)

B. Axon

Which ions play the most important role in generating resting membrane potential and also is able to permeate the membrane 20-25 times more than other ions? (17) A. Na+ B. K+ C. Cl- D. Ca++

B. K+ (Potassium) K+ ions are the most important ions in generating a resting membrane potential because the membrane is 20-25 times more permeable to K+. Meaning, the K+ ions are able to go in and out more freely through the leaky channels making them the key ion in generating a resting membrane potential.

Group 7, #36 What is the name of the small space that neurons release neurotransmitter molecules into? A. Synaptic Fissure B. Synaptic Cleft C. Synaptic Hole D. Synaptic Space

B. Synaptic Cleft

At rest, the cell membrane is more permeable to K+ ions than Na+ ions because _______. A. Potassium ions are less positive than sodium ions B. The membrane has 20 times more potassium leakage channels than sodium leakage channels; therefore, potassium is the key contributor to resting membrane potential. C. The membrane has 20 times more sodium leakage channels than potassium leakage channels; therefore, sodium is the key contributor to resting membrane potential. E. None of the above (8)

B. The membrane has 20 times more potassium leakage channels than sodium leakage channels; therefore, potassium is the key contributor to resting membrane potential

06c (11.4) Voltage occurs when.. A. There is a flow of electrical charge B. There is a difference in electrical charge C. There is a resistance in electrical charge D. All of the above.

B. There is a difference in electrical charge

Nodes of Ranvier

Breaks in the Myelin Sheath are referred to as ________ (group 5, #23)

What is the function of myelin sheath? A. Communication between axon and dendrite B. Supports the structure of the axon C. Insulates by keeping the charges inside the axon D. None of the above

C - Myelin sheaths wrap around the axon in a jelly roll fashion, which insulates the charge as it propagates through the axon.

O1c When the membrane is more polarized inside more negative? A) depolarizing graded potential B) Summation C) hyperpolarizing graded potential

C) hyperpolarizing graded potential - more negative

06c Which of the following are correct forms of Ohm's law? (11.4) A. V=IR B. I=V/R C. R=I/V D. A and B only E. A, B, and C

D. A and B only

03c The part of the neuron where action potential rises is called the... A. Dendrites B. Axon hillock C. Axon collatoral D. Synacptic end bulb E. None of the above

C. Axon Hillock

During resting membrane potential, there are _________ concentration of potassium cells _______ the cell membrane and a ___________ concentration of sodium cells _________ the cell membrane. A. Lower inside, lower, outside B. Higher, outside, higher, inside C. Higher, inside, higher, outside D. Lower, outside, higher, inside E. None of the above (8)

C. Higher, inside, higher, outside

The peripheral nervous system contains glial cells; ________ and _________ cells. Their role in the PNS is to _________ and _______, respectively (02, 12) A. Schwann, Microglia ; form blood barrier, attack foreign bodies B. Oligodendrocyes, lymphocytes ; form myelin sheaths, are phagocytes C. Satellite, Schwann; support somas, form myelin sheaths D. Astrocytes, Satellite; support somas, form blood barrier

C. Satellite, Schwann; support somas, form mylin sheaths

All of these are part of the neurons structural parts and functions except.........? A.Sensory B.Motor somatic C. Secretory vesicles D. Autonomic E.Sympathetic F.Parasympathetic

C. Secretory Vesicles

In a voltage-gated Na+ Channels how many gates and states are they?(28) A. One gated and two states B. Three gates and two states C. Two gates and alternate between three different states D. Two gates and three different states

C. Two gates and alternate between three different states

Neuroglial cells support and provide nutrition for the ________. A)muscle cells B)glands C)neurons D)nephrons

C: Neurons

When the membrane becomes porous, voltage....? A:stays the same and consistent B: Changes in flow and Voltage increases C:changes and current forms D:allows flow to become a insulator (#31)

C:changes and current forms

04c Which of the following refers to a cluster of axons in the PNS? A) Ganglion B) Nerve C) Nucleus D) Tract

CORRECT ANSWER: B - Nerve Ganglion = cluster of cell bodies in PNS Nucleus = cluster of cell bodies in CNS Tract = cluster of axons in CNS

04c Which of the following in NOT true? A) The PNS is made up of sensory and motor nerves B) The PNS includes the brain and spinal cord C) The CNS receives information D) All of the above are true

CORRECT ANSWER: B - The PNS includes the brain and spinal cord The CNS is what includes the brain and spinal cord

04c What is NOT a part of a neuron? A) Dendrite B) Soma C) Axon D) Astrocyte E) None of the above

CORRECT ANSWER: D - Astrocyte An astrocyte is a glial cell, not a part of a neuron

What are the two synaptic events? (#34) A. Post and Presynaptic B. Ligand and Voltage gated C. Axon and Schwan cell

Correct answer is A Postsynaptic potentials are changes in the membrane potential of the postsynaptic terminal. They are mostly likely caused by the presynaptic neuron releasing neurotransmitters from the terminal at the end of an axon into the synaptic cleft.

In a resting membrane potential what is the greater charge in the inside and outside of a neuron? What diffuses to the outside of a neuron and to the inside? Group 8, #4 A. inside is of neuron is negative, outside of neuron is positive, potassium diffuses inside a cell, sodium diffuses outside a cell. B. inside of neuron is positive, outside of neuron is negative, potassium diffuses inside a cell, sodium diffuses outside a cell. C. inside of neuron is positive, outside of neuron is negative, potassium diffuses outside a cell, sodium diffuses inside a cell. D.inside of neuron is negative, outside of neuron is negative, potassium diffuses outside a cell, sodium diffuses inside a cell.

Correct answer is D The inside of a neuron in a resting potential has a greater negative charge on the inside and a greater positive charge on the outside. Potassium diffuses to the outside while sodium diffuses to the inside through leak channels that allow them to diffuse down their concentration gradients, which means they will move from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration. Sodium has a higher concentration on the outside while Potassium has a greater concentration on the inside, which is why sodium diffuses inside and potassium outside.

Group 1 (#13) What are the 3 major functions of nervous system? A.Sensory input B.Integration C.Motor output D.A,C E. A,B,C

Correct answer is E 3 major functions of nervous system are sensory input, integration and motor output

What are the functional divisions of the nervous system? (01)(#22) A)The sensory system B)The motor system C)Somatic motor D)A and B E)B and C

D) A and B The sensory system receives sensory information from receptors and transmits to the brain or spinal cord, and the motor system sends impulses from the brain or spinal cord to muscles and glands.

In leak-ion channels, what is the plasma membrane MORE permeable to? (33) A) K+ B) Na+ C) Cl- D) A, B E) B,C

D) The plasma in leak on channel are more permeable to K+ and Cl- because the membrane has more K+ and Cl- leak ion channels than Na+.

06c (11.4) Which of the following are correct forms of Ohm's law? A. V=IR B. I=V/R C. R=I/V D. A and B only E. A, B, and C

D. A and B only

Group 7 #20 How does the Voltage-gated channels open? A) Change in the transmembrane potential B)More sodium ions diffuse into the cell than potassium ions diffuse out of it C) Sodium-potassium pump reestablishes D) Both A and B E) Either

D. Both A and B The Voltage-gated channels open when there is a change in the transmembrane potential. More sodium ions diffuse into the cell than potassium ions diffuse out of it. The inactivation gates of the voltage-gated sodium ion channels begin to open and the diffusion of sodium ions decreases.

(04-9) In the PNS, gray matter consists of clusters of neuron cell bodies, each of which is known as? A) Nerve B) Tract C) Nucleus D) Ganglion

D. Ganglion is any group of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

A neuron is found in different parts of the body except for... A. Clusters B. Dorsal C. Ganglia D.Next to the tissues in spinal cord E. Next to the spinal cord F. All of the above

D. Next to the tissues in spinal cord

What is the purpose of Oligodendrocytes? A. To Provide Support and insulation to axons in the central nervous system B. Oligodendrocytes create the myelin sheath, which is 80% lipid and 20% protein. C. None of the above. D. A and B (2)

D. Oligodendrocytes main functions are to provide support and insulation to axons in the central nervous system of some vertebrates, equivalent to the function performed by Schwann Cells in the Peripheral nervous system. They do this by creating the myelin sheath, which is 80% lipid and 20% protein.

A group of axons outside of the Central Nervous System (CNS) is known as a nerve, where as a group of axons in the CNS is called: A. ganglia B. ganglion C. nucleus D. tract (Group 4, #35)

D. tract A group of axons in the CNS is called tract.

What causes calcium voltage gates to open on postsynaptic neuron, which activates kinase enzymes that lead to more effective responses to subsequent stimuli?(#31) A:Temporal summation B:Inhibitory synapse C: Neurotransmitters D:Synaptic potentiation

D:Synaptic potentiation

Which of the following neuoglia are part of the Central Nervous System (02, 22) a. Astrocytes b. Oligodendrocytes c. Microglial cells d. Schwann cells e. All but d

E. Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglial cells are all part of the CNS. Schwann cells are under the PNS

In Ligand-gated ion channels, does the ligand binds to the receptor portion of the extracellular or intracellular component of the ion channel?

Extracellular Component

04c True or False? During the refractory period (Absolute or Relative), it is possible for a neuron to trigger another AP?

False This is the definition of refractory period. A refractory period is defined as the time in which a neuron cannot trigger another AP. Voltage-gated Na+ channels are open so neurons cannot respond to another stimulus.

(O2C)#2 True or False Central nervous system exists outside the blood brain barrier & has access to immune cells of blood & doesn't need microglia.

False PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS is outside the CNS) exists outside the blood brain barrier & has access to immune cells of blood & doesn't need microglia. MADE UP OF CRANIAL NERVES SPINAL NERVES

A myelin sheath is a conductor because it helps to carry a signal faster. True or False? (05 - 23)

False. A myelin sheath does help to carry a signal faster, but because it is an insulator.

True or False: Neuroglia contribute to the conduction of information? (02. #17)

False. They are helper cells focused on helping neurons to complete their functions.

True/False: Bipolar neurons can be found in any epithelium tissue.

False: olfactory epithelium

08 #20 What are the ionic factors of the resting membrane?

Intracellular and extracellular fluids who's neurons have many kinds of charges such as Na+, Cl, and/or K+

#24 Myelin sheaths in the _____ are continuous, formed by processes of oligodendrocytes, and Myelin sheaths in the _____ are formed in segments by ______________ cells.

Myelin sheaths in the CNS are continuous, formed by processes of oligodendrocytes, and Myelin sheaths in the PNS are formed in segments by Schwann cells.

02c a.Which neuroglia cell is the most effective glial cell? b.Microglial cell- defense function of the neuron c.Oligodendrocytes-can wrap up to 60 axons at once d.Astrocytes-support the somas(cell body)

The Answer is C. Astrocytes -support the somas.

In Voltage-gated ion channels what causes a charge difference in the cell? A) Ions moving in and out of the cell B) A signal binding to a receptor C) Touch receptors responding to stimuli

The answer is A, Ions moving in and out of the cell stimulates a charge difference, causing voltage-gated ion channel to open or close.

02c What is the function of the neuroglia? A. To support and maintain the neurons. B.Allow the neurons to support and maintain the neuroglia. C. None of the above D. All of the above

The answer is A. To support and maintain the neurons.

Ligand-gated ion channels open when a ______ binds to a ______? A) Temperature receptor, Change in the skin B) Neurotransmitter, Receptor site C) Voltage charge, Plasma membrane

The answer is B, Ligand-gated ion channels open when a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor site

Voltage-gated ion channels are found where? A) Dendrite B) Soma C) Axon

The answer is C, the Axon.

True or False. Schwann cells form myelin sheaths in the Peripheral Nervous System.

The answer is true. In addition, oligodendrocytes form myelin sheaths in the Central Nervous System.

A function of the myelin sheath is to: (P) a. synthesize neurotransmitters. b. generate ATP for use during the conduction of action potentials. c. connect several axons together to form a nerve. d. provide electrical insulation to help increase the rate of nerve impulse conduction.

The correct answer is (d). Myelin, which is composed of glial cell membrane, wraps around the axon to form a sheath. Since it does not contain ion channels, it insulates the axon against leakage of charged particles. This increases the rate of nerve impulse conduction.

A function of the myelin sheath is to: (P) a. synthesize neurotransmitters. b. generate ATP for use during the conduction of action potentials. c. connect several axons together to form a nerve. d. provide electrical insulation to help increase the rate of nerve impulse conduction. You

The correct answer is (d). Myelin, which is composed of glial cell membrane, wraps around the axon to form a sheath. Since it does not contain ion channels, it insulates the axon against leakage of charged particles. This increases the rate of nerve impulse conduction.

Which of the following lists the components of a reflex arc in the correct order? (P) a. receptor / motor neuron / interneuron / sensory neuron / effector b. motor neuron / receptor / interneuron / sensory neuron / effector c. receptor / sensory neuron / effector / motor neuron / interneuron d. receptor / sensory neuron / interneuron / motor neuron / effector e. effector / sensory neuron / interneuron / motor neuron / receptor

The correct answer is (d). When a receptor is stimulated, information is conveyed to the control center (interneuron in the brainstem or the spinal cord) via a sensory, or afferent, neuron. Once a decision is made (in the case of a reflex, involuntarily), the signal is propagated to an effector (muscle or glands) via a motor, or efferent, neuron. This results in an action.

Which of the following lists the components of a reflex arc in the correct order? (P) a. receptor / motor neuron / interneuron / sensory neuron / effector b. motor neuron / receptor / interneuron / sensory neuron / effector c. receptor / sensory neuron / effector / motor neuron / interneuron d. receptor / sensory neuron / interneuron / motor neuron / effector e. effector / sensory neuron / interneuron / motor neuron / receptor

The correct answer is (d). When a receptor is stimulated, information is conveyed to the control center (interneuron in the brainstem or the spinal cord) via a sensory, or afferent, neuron. Once a decision is made (in the case of a reflex, involuntarily), the signal is propagated to an effector (muscle or glands) via a motor, or efferent, neuron. This results in an action.

The sensory division of the PNS is also called the: a. Effernent b. Affernent c. Insertion d. Desertion

The correct answer is B. Sensory division of the PNS is called the Afferent division and Motor is called Efferent.

(04C) #6 Which of the following statements is NOT correct? A) Clusters of axons bundles found in the PNS are referred to as nerves B) Nucleus are clusters of cell bodies found in the CNS C) Ganglion are clusters of axons found in the CNS D)A cluster of axon bundles located in CNS is called Tracts

The correct answer is C A ganglion is a cluster of cell bodies found in the PNS

Which one of the following is NOT a part of the nervous system? a. Receives b. Integrates c. Secretes d. Responds to information

The correct answer is C.

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates the activity of all of the following except: a. Glands b. Smooth muscle c. Cardiac muscle d. Elastic muscle

The correct answer is D.

03. #30 Neurons are electrically excitable cells in the nervous system that function to ________________ information. a. deliver b. process c. transmit d. process and transmit

The correct answer is d. Neurons are electrically excitable cells in the nervous system that function to process and transmit information.

11.4) 06 #24 When voltage-gated ion channels open, ions move through these channels under the influence of the... A. Concentration gradients of the ions only. B. Electrical field of the membrane potential and the concentration gradients of the ions. C. Electrical field of the membrane potential only.

The correct answer is: B. Electrical field of the membrane potential and the concentration gradients of the ions.

What is the function of myelin ? 05/#23

The main function of myelin is to protect and insulate these axons and enhance their transmission of electrical impulses.

Group 2 - #8 Patient comes in with multiple sclerosis (MS) which is a disease that affects many young adult. You notice there are symptoms such as weakness, loss of muscular control and urinary incontinence. What part of the muscle physiology is affected and why?

The nerve fibers and myelin sheaths are affected in the CNS. It happens since there are short cuttings of the nerve impulses happens.

04.# 11 Which of the following is true about a tract: a) It's found in PNS b) It's a collection of axons in CNS c) It's a cluster of cell bodies in CNS

b. It's a collection of axons in CNS

06c obj 11.7 Q3. By what transportation method does the neurotransmitter reach the postsynaptic site? a. Active transport b. Passive diffusion c. Facilitated diffusion d. Synaptic vesicles

b. Passive diffusion

06c obj 11.7 Q1 .Synaptic vesicles... a. Degrade neurotransmitter b. Release neurotransmitters by exocytosis c. Synthesize neurotransmitter d. Store neurotransmitter

b. Release neurotransmitters by exocytosis

Most sensory neurons are: a. bipolar neurons b. pseudo-unipolar neurons c. multipolar nuerons d. interneurons (32)

b. pseudo-unipolar neurons.

06c obj 11.7 Q2. What stimulates the presynaptic neuron to release neurotransmitter ? a. An action potential b. Sodium ions c. Calcium ions d. Voltage gated calcium channels opening

c. Calcium ions