1.1-Overview of Microcomputer Operating Systems

microcomputer components

-microprocessor -RAM -fimware -circuitry -motherboard -storage (hard drive) -input/output form

Windows 8.x and WIndows 10 Home memory limit

32: 4GB 64: 128GB

Windows 7 Premium memory limit

32: 4GB 64: 16GB

Windows 7 Ultimate/Enterprise/Professional memory limit

32: 4GB 64: 192GB

Windows 10 pro/Enterprise/Educations memory limit

32: 4GB 64: 2TB

Windows 8.x Pro/Enterprise memory limit

32: 4GB 64: 512GB

64- vs 32-bit

64 is faster and has more unique locations (address space) because they can be theoretical. 64 Os reuires 64 drivers

virtual memory manager

OS's can move code and data as necessary to a portion of the disk

operating system

a collection of programs that controls all of the interactions among the various ststem components, freeing programmers from including set functions in their programs--interpreter between user and hardware

central processing unit

a component all computers have that performs the calculations and processing for the computer

client

a computer on the user end of the services provided by servers

microcomputer

a computer small enough and cheap enough for the use of one person

server

a computer that provides one or more services to other computers over a network

computer

a device that peforms calculations

device management

a function that controls hardware devices by usig special software called device drivers that are installed in the OS

cursor

a marker for the crrent position where what you type on the keyboard will appear

system-on-a-chip

a mobile device having all of its electronic circuitry on a single microchip

tablet

a popular mobile device with a touchscreen, no integrated keyboard, is larger than a smartphone, and is more portable than a laptop

job management

a process scheduler that is an OS function that controls the order and time in which programs run

partition

a single file system residing in one area

device driver

a special program installed into an operating system that contains code for controlling a componenet--an extension of the firmware and uniqe to the device

solid-state drive

a storage device that uses integrated circuits which the computer can write to and read faster--come in many forms inside phones and tablets or as a USB

integrated circuit

also called a chip, it's a small electronic component made up of transistors and other miniaturized parts

file management

also called data management, an OS function that allows the OS to read, write, and modify data while managing the logical organization/file system

task management

an OS function found in multiasking OS's--controls the focus of the system's attention

memory management

an OS function that manages the placement of programs and data in memory, while keeping track of where it puts them

x-bit OS

an OS that can take advantage of the addressing and processing features of a processor--referring to the number of bits the OS can manipulate as once

Window's, Linux, Apple's OS X

common operating systems for desktops and laptops

desktop computer

computer designed to spend its useful life in one location

plug and play

detecting a device connected by an external port and automatically installing the needed device driver

internet of things

devices not normally thought of as computing devices like kitchen appliances--not necessarily mobile, but communicate on networks

laptop computer

easy portability with a keyboard and flat screen integrated into a panel

Apple II, TRS-80, PET

first microcomputers that came out in 1977

security

how the OS protects the computer and the data it contains from unauthorized access--username and password

multitasking

implies that a computer is running two or more programs as the same time

input/output

interaction with a computer

command processor

loads programs into memory

file system

logical structure used on a stroage device for managing ans storing files--includes the program code--stores metadata

Android, iOS, Windows

operating systems designed for smartphones

output

processed information like display or priting

print server

s server with one or more printers connected to it that it shares with users on the network

input

sending something into the computer like typing, tapping, or talking

processes

small components that a program runs

Motorola, iPhone, Nokia, HTC, Samsung, LG

smartphone examples

firmware

software resident in integrated circuits that contains program code that informs the processor of the devices present and how to communicate with them--interface between the hardware and OS

application

software that allows a user to perform useful functions by sending commands to the OS to interact with the hardware

folder or directory

special files that can contain a list of files and their location

file server

stores data files for network-connected users

logical drive

such as Windows' C:, the OS assigning an identifier for a partition automatically

iPad, Surface, Galaxy, Nexus Sony Xperia, Kindle

tablet example

iOS, Android, Windows

tablet operating systems

microprocessor

the CPU in a microcomputer

kernel

the main component of an OS that remains in memory while the computer is running, managing low-level tasks

unified extensible firmware interface

the new standard for system firmware that is faster and includes security features

user interface

the software layer, or shell, through which the user interacts with the OS--includes the command processor and visual components

read only memory basic input output system

the system firmware in PC's

power on self-test

the traditional system firmware test that displays status and error messages

command-line interface

the visual component consisting of a character-based command line that requires text input

graphical user interface

through which the user communicates with the OS and the computer--offers menus and small icons that allow you to use apointing device to select and run programs

random-access memory

volatile memory that acts as the main memory for holding active programs and associated data in a microcomputer

embedded OS

when a mobile device stores its OS in firmware

virtual memory

where the VMM moves the code to as if it were memory and not jsut disk storage space

smartphone

working as a cell phone, it lets you connect to the internet, view your email, and install/run a variety of apps--usually have touch screens

formatting

writes the logical structure to a storage device