12-17-18

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stamped rocker arms

"stamped" from a piece of metal. They are not a high-strength or high-horsepower rocker arm and are intended for regular passenger vehicles

(AYES) is an ---, --- --- that is a --- between automotive ---, their ---, and affiliated --- automotive ---

(AYES) is an INDEPENDENT, NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATION that is a PARTNERSHIP between automotive MANUFACTURERS, their DEALERSHIPS, and affiliated SECONDARY AUTOMOTIVE PROGRAMS

(NATEF) is an --- body for --- and --- automotive --- programs

(NATEF) is an ACCREDITING body for SECONDARY and POST-SECONDARY automotive TRAINING programs

EPDM

(ethylene propylene diene monomer [M-class] rubber).

It is important not to have ----- strong valve springs

---overly---- / (too much pressure) - excessive pressure could cause premature wear on other valve train components / especially true for cam lobes and lifters as well as pushrods and rocker arms

Portable shop lights

/droplights Incandescent bulbs get extremely hot and can cause burns / prone to shatter, which can cut skin and damage eyes or cause fires and electric shock - cannot be used in most shops

separate brake techs can measure brake drums and disc rotors to the nearest --- to determine whether the wear or finished size meets specifications

0.0001 (0.00254 mm)

What is the equivalent of 1 gallon of gasoline

1 gallon of gasoline has the same amount of energy as 20 sticks of dynamite

Cylinder heads can have ------basic types of valve seals

1/3

The fuel mixture is ignited by a high-voltage spark of up to --- volts created by the --- system, which causes the burning gases to -- very rapidly.

100, 000 volts created by the ignition system which causes burning gases to expand rapidly.

It wasn't very long ago that engines would last about --- miles on average. Now they routinely last well over --- miles

100,000 / 200,000

RPM = --- * num of times a valve opens and closes per sec

120

a coupe has --- doors

how many axle configurations do axles come in

How many axles do most light vehicles have?

2 axles: one live axle and one dead axle

electronic module valve timing

2 primary ways to using them: phasers / camshafts with 2 lobes per valve

some manufacturers are predicting maintenance intervals of...

25,000 miles (40,000 km) in the near future; in comparison, some earlier vehicles required maintenance every 1000 miles (1600 km)

hatchbacks have --- door and --- door designs

3 and 5 door designs

Sign signal word

3 signal words: danger - immediate hazardous situation/can cause death or serious injury if not avoided / usually in white text with red background warning - potentially hazardous situation/can cause death or serious injury if not avoided / usually in black text with orange or yellow background caution - potentially hazardous situation/can cause minor or moderate injury if not avoided/may also be used to alert against unsafe practices / usually in black text with yellow background

in-line engines can be found in ----, ----, ----, and ----cylinder configurations

3-, 4-, 5-, and 6-cylinder configurations

The engine does not necessarily drive all four wheels. Drivetrain layouts accommodate --- common drive wheel arrangements.

valve lifters locations

4 different places: in engine block, cylinder head, rocker arms, or between cam lobe and valve tip (bucket style)

a sedan has a max of --- doors to...

4 doors to allow access to passenger compartment

4 stroke cycle, aka --- cycle... only --- stroke(s) out of four deliver(s) new energy to turn the ---. The four strokes must include the --- key events common to all ICEs: ---, ---, ---, ---, and ---

4 stroke cycle, aka OTTO cycle... only ONE STROKE out of four delivers new energy to turn the CRANKSHAFT. The four strokes must include the FIVE key events common to all ICEs: INTAKE, COMPRESSION, IGNITION, POWER, and EXHAUST

What does 4WD stand for?

4 wheel drive

horizontally opposed engines are commonly found in ---- and ----cylinder configurations

4- and 6-cylinder configurations

How many classes of fire are there in the U.S

events in operation of any ICE

5 - intake of mix, compression of mix, ignition of mix, power stroke triggered by combustion of mix, exhaust of burned gases from combustion chamber

common vehicle manufacturer to require maintenance at

7500- to 10,000-mile (12,000 to 16,000 km) intervals

blower housing stud spacers

??????

Tech A says the gas direct injection (GDI) cylinder head design uses the fuel injected to cool the incoming air. Tech B says GDI engines use substantially more fuel than non-GDI designs. Who is correct?

A --- attached to the valve head is the valve stem. The stem operates in a --- --- in the cylinder head. The valve stem and --- work together to maintain valve --- as the valve slides open and closed.

A SHAFT attached to the valve head is the valve stem. The stem operates in a VALVE GUIDE in the cylinder head. The valve stem and GUIDE work together to maintain valve ALIGNMENT as the valve slides open and closed.

An axle is a --- connected to --- that --- the --- --- to the ---

A SHAFT connected to WHEELS that TRANSMITS the DRIVING to the WHEELS

A W engine consists of --- --- cylinder banks in a --- --- configuration with each other. It is very ---, yet --- engine design

A W engine consists of TWO VR cylinder banks in a DEEP V configuration with each other. It is very COMPACT, yet POWERFUL engine design

A fleet shop is usually connected with either a --- that runs --- vehicles or with --- that is maintained and repaired ---, or it could be a --- agency like a city or county would have for --- and --- of its vehicles and equipment

A fleet shop is usually connected with either a BUSINESS that runs MULTIPLE vehicles or with EQUIPMENT that is maintained and repaired IN-HOUSE, or it could be a GOVERNMENT AGENCY like city or county would have for MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR of its vehicles and equipment

A harmonic balancer is composed of two elements: a mass and an energy-dissipating system, mounted to a central hub. The mass is a heavy circular steel disc that absorbs and releases the energy from the twisting of the crankshaft. A rubber or fluid dissipater is fitted between the circular mass and the hub

A heavy metal called --- metal is added to the counterweights during manufacturing to balance the counterweights. Mallory is approximately 117% heavier (more than twice as heavy) than steel.

A heavy metal called MALLORY metal is added to the counterweights during manufacturing to balance the counterweights. Mallory is approximately 117% heavier (more than twice as heavy) than steel.

A long block replacement engine includes the --- ---, plus the --- ---, --- or --- --- train, --- and --- ---, and/or --- (or --- ---). A long block engine still requires --- parts from the original engine to the long block, including the intake and exhaust ---, --- --- system, the ---, ---, --- --- ---, and --- - --- ---.

A long block replacement engine includes the SHORT BLOCK, plus the CYLINDER HEAD(S), NEW or RECONDITIONED VALVE TRAIN, CAMSHAFT and TIMING CHAIN, and/or GEARS (or TIMING BELT). A long block engine still requires SWAPPING parts from the original engine to the long block, including the INTAKE and EXHAUST MANIFOLDS, FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM, the STARTER, ALTERNATOR, POWER STEERING PUMP, and AIR-CONDITIONING PUMP.

Hazardous environment

A place where hazards exist.

define strut

A rod or bar forming part of a framework and designed to resist compression / for suspension and keeping wheels on road

A short block replacement includes all of the parts in the --- --- from below the --- --- to above the --- ---. A cam-in-block engine also includes the --- and --- ---. An overhead-cam short block does not include the --- or --- ---.

A short block replacement includes all of the parts in the ENGINE BLOCK from below the HEAD GASKET to above the OIL PAN. A cam-in-block engine also includes the CAMSHAFT and TIMING GEARS. An overhead-cam short block does not include the CAMSHAFT or TIMING GEARS.

A shop foreman can work in...

A small shop providing services to general public / Large commercial repair shop for light vehicles / A shop that specializes in maintaining trucks

A splayed journal is designed with --- connecting rod journals, each one slightly --- from the other. The crank pin, or ---, appears split, but both journals are actually located between the crankshaft --- or ---.

A splayed journal is designed with TWO connecting rod journals, each one slightly OFFSET from the other. The crank pin, or JOURNAL, appears split, but both journals are actually located between the crankshaft THROWS or COUNTERWEIGHTS.

A transmission transmits engine power to a ---, --- --- and --- ---, and --- ---. Transmissions are usually used in ----engine, ----wheel drive vehicles.

A transmission transmits engine power to a DRIVE SHAFT, FINAL DRIVE and DIFFERENTIAL GEARS, and DRIVING AXLES. Transmissions are usually used in FRONT-engine, REAR-wheel drive vehicles.

A typical rocker arm has a ---, a --- - --- ---, or a --- that the rocker moves on as a --- surface. One end of the rocker touches the top of the --- ---, and the metal slides across the --- as it pushes the --- open and then lets it close. The other end of the rocker arm connects with the ---

A typical rocker arm has a FULCRUM, a HALF-ROUND BEARING, or a SHAFT that the rocker moves on as a BEARING SURFACE. One end of the rocker touches the top of the VALVE STEM, and the metal slides across the VALVE as it pushes the VALVE open and then lets it close. The other end of the rocker arm connects with the PUSHROD

oval combustion chamber... aka --- / oval shaped, like an inverted antique --- / valves are mounted --- and are --- --- ---, making the valve train --- in its design / On some newer designs, surface of head --- piston and forms --- --- areas: large area near the --- --- and smaller one on --- ---

AKA BATHTUB / oval shaped, like an inverted antique BATHTUB / valves are mounted VERTICALLY and are SIDE BY SIDE, making the valve train SIMPLE in its design / On some newer designs, surface of head OVERLAPS piston and forms TWO SQUISH AREAS: large area near the SPARK PLUG and smaller one on OPPOSITE SIDE

The in-line engine configuration has --- all in one bank on --- side(s) of a common --- / the --- are arranged --- --- --- in --- row(s)

ALL PISTONS in one bank on ONE side of a common CRANKSHAFT / he CYLINDERS are arranged SIDE BY SIDE in ONE row

what does AWD stand for

ALL WHEEL DRIVE

extra axles on vehicles --- common because on commercial vehicles, the load carried on one --- is --- by law. The extra --- for --- is sometimes called the --- ---. adding an extra --- --- allows even more --- to be carried in some heavy transport vehicles

ARE common because on commercial vehicles, the load carried on one AXLE is LIMITED by law. The extra AXLE for WEIGHT SUPPORT is sometimes called the LAZY AXLE. adding an extra STEERING AXLE allows even more WEIGHT to be carried in some heavy transport vehicles

ASE certification needs to be renewed every --- year(s) by --- and --- --- tests

ASE certification needs to be renewed every FIVE years by TAKING and PASSING RECERTIFICATION tests

To diagnose and repair emissions failures techs must be certified by who/what

ASE certification or have passed a course specifically for emission specialists

ASE is an ---,--- organization dedicated to the --- of vehicle --- through the --- and --- of automotive ---. A few localities require --- to be ASE certified, and many shops require it of --- they ---. But overall, it is a --- certification

ASE is an INDEPENDENT, NON-PROFIT organization dedicated to the IMPROVEMENT of vehicle REPAIR through the TESTING and CERTIFICATION of automotive PROFESSIONALS. A few localities require TECHNICIANS to be ASE certified, and many shops require it of TECHNICIANS they HIRE. But overall, it is a VOLUNTARY certification

The flex plate is required in --- transmissions and uses a --- --- to transmit the engine ---

AUTOMATIC transmissions and uses a TORQUE CONVERTER to transmit the engine OUTPUT

Section 6,

Accidental release measures lists emergency procedures; protective equipment; proper methods of containment and cleanup

According to --- law, when a gas is heated, it ---. Because fuel contains --- in chemical form, when it is burned in a sealed combustion chamber, it creates high --- that pushes on a moveable piston. The moving piston produces --- to do work.

According to CHARLES'S law, when a gas is heated, it EXPANDS. Because fuel contains ENERGY in chemical form, when it is burned in a sealed combustion chamber, it creates high PRESSURE that pushes on a moveable piston. The moving piston produces POWER to do work.

cam timing

Advancing cam timing closes intake valve sooner, giving more cranking compression, again because of low column inertia resulting in more torque and power in low rpm range. Retarding cam timing closes intake valve later giving more torque and power at higher rpm range / Cam timing adjusted according to what PCM desires based on input sensors

After-market timing gear

Aftermarket performance companies manufacture crank gears w/ offset keys or keyways that allow cam to be advanced or retarded manually to gain additional power at desired rpm

All main bearings and rod bearings are held in place by what is called bearing crush FIGURE 16. This term refers to the fact that the bearing inserts are slightly --- than the bore they fit into and are therefore slightly crushed into position when tightened into place

All main bearings and rod bearings are held in place by what is called bearing crush FIGURE 16. This term refers to the fact that the bearing inserts are slightly LARGER than the bore they fit into and are therefore slightly crushed into position when tightened into place

THE Differential Lock allows driver to temporarily lock the --- and --- --- together by moving a separate --- as in a conventional 4WD (Part/constant) or by moving the --- --- ---

Allows driver to temporarily lock the FRONT and REAR AXLES together by moving a separate LEVER as in a conventional 4WD (Part/constant) or by moving the MAIN GEAR SELECTOR

Also, organizations like the --- host annual training conferences on a ---. These conferences attract some of the best minds in the industry and are well attended

Also, organizations like the ASA host annual training conferences on a REGIONAL BASIS. These conferences attract some of the best minds in the industry and are well attended

Before doing anything, you should (relating to fire)

Always be aware of potential for fire / plan ahead by thinking through task you are about to undertake / Know where firefighting equipment is kept and how it works

Precautions of extension cord

Always check for cuts, abrasions, or other damage / Be careful how you place the extension cord, so it does not cause a tripping hazard / avoid rolling equipment or vehicles over it, as doing so can damage the cord / Never use an extension cord in wet conditions or around flammable liquids

What do angles between banks of cylinders depend on among all engines with more than one rows of cylinders?

Angles vary due to num. of cylinders and manufacturer's design considerations

As the crankshaft rotates, the crankshaft --- rotates on --- inserts inside the connecting rod's big end and is part of the rotating assembly. The connecting rod transfers the reciprocating motion and force of the piston to the rotating crankshaft.

As the crankshaft rotates, the crankshaft JOURNAL rotates on BEARING inserts inside the connecting rod's big end and is part of the rotating assembly. The connecting rod transfers the reciprocating motion and force of the piston to the rotating crankshaft.

As the piston reaches ---DC of the compression stroke, --- occurs. The heat of combustion causes the burning gases to --- greatly (thermal ---), which creates very high --- in the combustion chamber. This pressure is also applied to the entire ---, including the top of the piston, which is --- to move down the cylinder.

As the piston reaches TDC of the compression stroke, IGNITION occurs. The heat of combustion causes the burning gases to EXPAND greatly (thermal EXPANSION), which creates very high PRESSURE in the combustion chamber. This pressure is also applied to the entire CYLINDER, including the top of the piston, which is FREE to move down the cylinder.

As the pistons continue moving up and down, they rotate the ---, turning the --- aka --- ---, which is bolted to the engine ---

As the pistons continue moving up and down, they rotate the CRANKSHAFT, turning the FLYWHEEL or FLEX PLATE, which is bolted to the engine CRANKSHAFT

Variable valve timing using separate lobes for each valve

At low rpm, mild lobe actuates valve, allowing good low rpm power / At some point in rpm range, PCM causes aggressive lobe to actuate valve, improving higher rpm power

At the end of the --- stroke, the --- valve(s) opens and the exhaust stroke occurs as the piston moves from ---DC to ---DC, which pushes the burned gases --- --- --- cylinder through the open --- valve(s). When the piston nears ---DC, the --- valve(s) starts to close and the --- valve(s) starts to open, and the four-stroke cycle starts over from --- ---. Note that the crankshaft has completed --- full rotations during the four-stroke cycle. Thus, --- complete strokes make one complete cycle.

At the end of the POWER stroke, the EXHAUST valve(s) opens and the exhaust stroke occurs as the piston moves from BDC to TDC, which pushes the burned gases out of the cylinder through the open EXHAUST valve(s). When the piston nears TDC, the EXHAUST valve(s) starts to close and the INTAKE valve(s) starts to open, and the four-stroke cycle starts over from THE BEGINNING. Note that the crankshaft has completed TWO full rotations during the four-stroke cycle. Thus, FOUR complete strokes make one complete cycle.

At the front of the crankshaft is a "---" that provides a mount for a --- --- (--- ---) and --- ---, ---, or ---. The back of the crankshaft has a ---- where the --- is connected by --- or ---

At the front of the crankshaft is a "SNOUT" that provides a mount for a VIBRATION DAMPER (HARMONIC BALANCER) and DRIVE GEARS, SPROCKETS, or PULLEYS. The back of the crankshaft has a FLANGE where the FLYWHEEL is connected by BOLTS or STUDS

ASE stands for...

Automotive Service Excellence

What does AYES stand for?

Automotive Youth Educational Systems

AYES

Automotive Youth Educational Systems / independent, nonprofit organization in partnership with automotive manufacturers, dealerships, and affiliated secondary automotive programs / receive access to new vehicle technology because of partnership and manufacturer service info to help prepare students / school has to be NATEF certified and then evaluated by AYES against another set of standards of AYES training model to become an AYES program

Removal and safety info / recommended storage - batteries

Avoid contact between sulfuric acid and your skin, clothing, or eyes Store off ground in a covered area for collection by recycler

Removal and safety info / recommended storage - fuel (unleaded diesel)

Avoid fumes / Fire hazard; keep well away from ignition sources. Siphon from tank to avoid spillage. Store in drum in covered area

torque measurements are based on --- twisting force exerted by amount of --- applied to a --- lever of a given ---

Based on EQUIVALENT twisting force exerted by amount of MASS applied to a PERPENDICULAR lever of a given LENGTH

Bearing wear can be caused by many sources, but the four most common causes seen by the automotive technician are ----, --- ---, --- ---, and --- ---

Bearing wear can be caused by many sources, but the four most common causes seen by the automotive technician are DIRT, INSUFFICIENT OIL, IMPROPER ASSEMBLY, and OPERATIONAL FAULTS

Bearings are used to help support the --- in the block as well as the connecting rods on the connecting rod ---

Bearings are used to help support the CRANKSHAFT in the block as well as the connecting rods on the connecting rod JOURNALS

Because fleet shops --- and --- vehicles for the --- or ---, it is --- likely that the vehicles will be serviced on a --- basis

Because fleet shops MAINTAIN and REPAIR vehicles for the COMPANY or AGENCY, it is MORE likely that the vehicles will be serviced on a REGULAR basis

Because of the ---, AYES programs receive access to --- as well as --- to help prepare --- for working on --- vehicles and technology.

Because of the PARTNERSHIP, AYES programs receive access to NEW VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY as well as MANUFACTURER SERVICE INFORMATION to help prepare STUDENTS for working on TODAY'S vehicles and technology

Because specialty shops offer --- services, they usually work on a --- vehicles from a --- of manufacturers

Because specialty shops offer LIMITED services, they usually work on a VARIETY of vehicles from a VARIETY of manufacturers

Because vehicles are becoming increasingly ---, it is common for independent shops to limit their clientele to one of the following: ---, ---, or --- vehicles

Because vehicles are becoming increasingly SPECIALIZED AND COMPLEX, it is common for independent shops to limit their clientele to one of the following: EUROPEAN, ASIAN, or DOMESTIC vehicles

Becoming increasingly --- is AWD, with --- --- wheels driven by the engine --- --- --- / a.k.a. --- ---

Becoming increasingly POPULAR is all-wheel drive (AWD), with ALL FOUR wheels driven by the engine ALL THE TIME/ / aka CONSTANT 4WD

Below the piston head are --- machined into the piston that hold circular --- --- ---. The --- --- provide a --- between the outside of the piston and the inside of the cylinder --- as the piston moves in its stroke

Below the piston head are grooves machined into the piston that hold circular PISTON SEALING RINGS. The PISTON RINGS provide a ' SEAL between the outside of the piston and the inside of the cylinder WALL as the piston moves in its stroke

---- extend the life of vehicle components

Better metals, better machining processes, and better lubricants

Class C fire extinguisher

Blue circle

Brake assemblies are attached to the --- to provide a means of slowing or stopping the vehicle. The driver operates them by stepping on a brake ---, which --- applies the brakes through a --- ---

Brake assemblies are attached to the WHEELS to provide a means of slowing or stopping the vehicle. The driver operates them by stepping on a brake PEDAL, which HYDRAULICALLY applies the brakes through a MASTER CYLINDER

Braking system—Used to --- or --- the vehicle. Must be capable of doing so --- and on all types of ---.

Braking system—Used to SLOW or STOP the vehicle. Must be capable of doing so QUICKLY and on all types of SURFACES

Bucket lifters contain --- --- --- (---) of different thicknesses. These --- are used to preset the proper --- --- during cylinder head assembly or during a major tune-up.

Bucket lifters contain SOLID METAL DISCS ( SHIMS) of different thicknesses. These SHIMS are used to preset the proper VALVE CLEARANCE during cylinder head assembly or during a major tune-up.

The combustion engine converts energy from the fuel supply by combining --- with --- to create a combustible mixture which is compressed by --- and ignited by a --- --- in the engine ---

By combining FUEL with AIR to create a combustible mixture which is compressed by PISTONS and ignited by a SPARK PLUG in the engine CYLINDERS

How does switching between cam lobes happen - 1st way

By sliding pin that locks 2 cam followers together at higher rpms - when pin's removed, mild lobe operates cam follower to open and close valve

driving all four wheels requires additional --- and --- which add to --- and --- / more --- and --- --- --- that 4*2 vehicles

COMPONENTS and COMPLEXITY which add to WEIGHT and COST. They are more EXPENSIVE and LESS FUEL EFFICIENT than 4*2 vehicles

hemispherical cylinder head functions... --- - --- cylinder head / air-fuel mixture --- on --- side(S), and exhaust gases exit out the --- --- / Positioning valves with --- --- just off --- of combustion chamber leaves more room for relatively large --- and ---, helping engine --- / air-fuel mixture starts to burn at the --- and then continues burning outward in --- direction(s) - flame front called --- --- / limited to ---valves per cylinder

CROSS-FLOW cylinder head / air-fuel mixture enters on ONE SIDE, and exhaust gases exit out the OTHER SIDE / Positioning valves with SPARK PLUG just off center of combustion chamber leaves more room for relatively large VALVES and PORTS, helping engine BREATHE / air-fuel mixture starts to burn at the PLUG and then continues burning outward in ALL DIRECTIONS - flame front called FLAME PROPAGATION / limited to TWO valves per cylinder

CMP

Ca, position sensor / provides feedback to ensure cams are rotating as commanded for PCM

How dangerous is CO2

Carbon dioxide is greenhouse gas / Exhaust gases also contain hydrocarbons (HC) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx). These gases can form smog and also cause breathing problems for some people.

How dangerous is CO

Carbon monoxide in small concentrations can kill or cause serious injuries / odorless and colorless and can build up to toxic levels very quickly in confined spaces / attaches itself to red blood cells much easier than oxygen/never leaves the blood cell preventing blood cells from carrying as much oxygen, and if enough carbon monoxide has been inhaled, it effectively asphyxiates the person

What does a lube tech do (general)

Carry out all aspects of manufacturer-scheduled maintenance activities on range of components/systems

Ceramic coating on a piston is also available. Some manufacturers and aftermarket companies coat the --- of the piston with a ceramic coating, which creates a thermal ---

Ceramic coating on a piston is also available. Some manufacturers and aftermarket companies coat the TOP of the piston with a ceramic coating, which creates a thermal BARRIER

Chemical energy can be converted into mechanical energy in two primary ways: through the operation of a(n) --- --- --- or through the operation of a(n) --- ---. Both of these methods take energy in chemical form and convert it to mechanical energy by causing a --- to --- (the --- in a(n) --- --- --- and the --- in a(n) --- ---). The --- then provides mechanical energy to move the vehicle as well as power all of the other accessories on the vehicle

Chemical energy can be converted into mechanical energy in two primary ways: through the operation of an INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE or through the operation of an ELECTRIC MOTOR. Both of these methods take energy in chemical form and convert it to mechanical energy by causing a SHAFT to ROTATE (the CRANKSHAFT in an INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE and the ARMATURE in an ELECTRIC MOTOR. The SHAFT then provides mechanical energy to move the vehicle as well as power all of the other accessories on the vehicle.

valve stem clearance

Clearance between valve stem and valve guide must be within manufacturer's specifications / When too small, valve stem can't be lubricated properly and can gall or stick / When too large, engine suffers from premature wear on valve stem, valve face, and valve seat, and excessive oil passes through guide, resulting in high oil consumption, excessive smoke emitted from exhaust pipe, and possibly fouling of spark plugs

Evacuation Procedure

Clearly identifies evacuation routes

Common angles between the banks of cylinders are --- degrees, --- degrees, --- degrees, and --- degrees. Angles vary due to the --- --- --- and the --- --- ---.

Common angles between the banks of cylinders are ONE-HUNDRED-EIGHTY degrees, NINETY degrees, SIXTY degrees, and FIFTEEN degrees. Angles vary due to the NUMBER OF CYLINDERS and the MANUFACTURERS DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS.

Section 3,

Composition/information on ingredients info on chemical ingredients; trade secret claims.

Compression ratio relates to how tightly the --- - --- --- is compressed in the combustion chamber. The tighter the mixture, the more power that can be extracted from a given amount of air and fuel. Unfortunately, increased compression ratios can cause engine damage

Compression ratio relates to how tightly the AIR-FUL MIXTURE is compressed in the combustion chamber. The tighter the air-fuel mixture, the more power that can be extracted from a given amount of air and fuel. Unfortunately, increased compression ratios can cause engine damage

The driveshaft connects --- from --- to --- via --- through a --- --- assembly that divides up the --- to the --- ---

Connects OUTPUT from TRANSMISSION to WHEELS via AXLES through a FINAL DRIVE assembly that divides up the DRIVE to the POWERED WHEELS

Cooling and lubricant holes are sealed with core ---, which may also be called Welch plugs or soft plugs. The plugs are rounded discs or cups that are used to seal the openings created in the casting process for removal of core sand FIGURE 5. The discs can be flat, concaved, or threaded to fit the particular opening. For years, the term "freeze plugs" has also been used; however, the term is ---. The engine block was never designed to withstand freezing of the water in the cooling passages

Cooling an lubricant holes are sealed with core PLUGS, which may also be called Welch plugs or soft plugs. The plugs are rounded discs or cups that are used to seal the openings created in the casting process for removal of core sand FIGURE 5. The discs can be flat, concaved, or threaded to fit the particular opening. For years, the term "freeze plugs" has also been used; however, the term is INACCURATE. The engine block was never designed to withstand freezing of the water in the cooling passages

Cooling system—Regulates the --- of the --- so it operates at the ideal --- for --- and ---.

Cooling system—Regulates the TEMPERATURE of the ENGINE so it operates at the ideal TEMPERATURE for EFFICIENCY and LONG LIFE.

Counterweights are formed on the crankshaft to balance the components of the rotating assembly that are mounted inside and attached to the engine block, including the rod ---, rod ---, --- rods, ---, piston ---, and piston

Counterweights are formed on the crankshaft to balance the components of the rotating assembly that are mounted inside and attached to the engine block, including the rod JOURNALS, rod BEARING, CONNECTING rods, PISTONS, piston PIN, and piston RINGS

Crankshaft seals are located at each --- of the crankshaft assembly where it projects through the crankcase. The seals help contain the lubricating oils inside the lower part of the crankcase and prevent them from leaking out. A rear main seal is located just after the rear --- ---

Crankshaft seals are located at each END of the crankshaft assembly where it projects through the crankcase. The seals help contain the lubricating oils inside the lower part of the crankcase and prevent them from leaking out. A rear main seal is located just after the rear MAIN BEARING

Crankshafts are a --- -piece casting or forging, or they can be machined out of a billet, which is a solid piece of metal. The raw crankshaft is then machined into the desired --- for the particular engine into which it will be installed. If the crankshaft journals are worn or damaged, they can generally be --- to a smaller size and reused with undersized bearings—that is, bearings that are ---.

Crankshafts are a ONE-piece casting or forging, or they can be machined out of a billet, which is a solid piece of metal. The raw crankshaft is then machined into the desired SHAPE for the particular engine into which it will be installed. If the crankshaft journals are worn or damaged, they can generally be REFINISHED to a smaller size and reused with undersized bearings—that is, bearings that are THICKER.

Crankshafts are classified as either --- balanced or --- balanced

Crankshafts are classified as either INTERNALLY balanced or EXTERNALLY balanced

engine cylinder banks are designed how/why?: Cylinder banks are --- to reduce engine --- which can reduce hood --- as well, allowing a more ---- hood line.

Cylinder banks are TILTED to reduce engine HEIGHT which can reduce hood HEIGHT as well, allowing a more STREAMLINED hood line.

Cylinders can be machined directly into the cylinder block as in the case with most cast iron blocks, or they can be made of a separate steel or cast iron --- in the case of some aluminum blocks

Cylinders can be machined directly into the cylinder block as in the case with most cast iron blocks, or they can be made of a separate steel or cast iron SLEEVE in the case of some aluminum blocks

the torque converter is a --- --- by the --- that transmits --- to --- --- of an --- ---

DEVICE TURNED by the CRANKSHAFT that transmits TORQUE to INPUT SHAFT of an AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION

viscous coupling is a --- that acts like a --- --- ---

DEVICE that acts like a LIMITED SLIP CLUTCH

a --- --- set is inside the final drive

DIFFERENTIAL GEAR SET is inside the final drive

In a(n) ________ engine, there is a camshaft for the intake valves and a separate camshaft for the exhaust valves.

DOHC

4WDs have a --- ---, a --- drive and differential ---, and --- for both the --- and --- --- assemblies

DRIVE SHAFT, a FINAL DRIVE and DIFFERENTIAL GEARS, and AXLES for both the FRONT and REAR AXLE ASSEMBLIES

Torque is used to --- the vehicle down road

DRIVE vehicle down road

Things that can reduce air quality

Dangerous fumes from running engines Welding (gas and electric) Painting Liquid storage areas Air conditioning servicing Dust particles from brake servicing

Dealership technicians typically have access to the manufacturer's --- classes as well as the ability to attend --- classes

Dealership technicians typically have access to the manufacturer's ONLINE TRAINING classes as well as the ability to attend REGIONAL TRAINING classes

How is the engine working when driving? Depressing the --- increases the amount of --- and --- entering the --- and increases the engine --- and ---

Depressing the ACCELERATOR increases the amount of FUEL and AIR entering the ENGINE and increases the engine SPEED and POWER

How is the engine working when driving?

Depressing the accelerator increases the amount of fuel and air entering the engine and increases the engine speed and power / as the engine cranks, the engine management system monitor the engine sensors and makes decisions about such matters as the correct timing to fire the spark plugs and injecting and metering the proper amount of fuel / fuel mixture is ignited by ignition system which causes hot gas to expand, pushing each piston down into the cylinder which in turn causes the crankshaft to rotate / as the pistons continue to move up and down, they rotate the crankshaft, turning the FLYWHEEL a.k.a flex plate which is bolted to the crankshaft.

depressing the accelerator pedal allows more --- and --- to enter the ---, which greatly --- the engine --- and ---

Depressing the accelerator pedal allows more AIR and FUEL to enter the ENGINE, which greatly INCREASES the engine SPEED and POWER.

Drivability Technicians

Diagnose and identify mechanical and electrical faults that affect performance and emissions of vehicles / Do maintenance activities, replace parts, and repair electrical wiring and computer based equipment in vehicles / work with computer controlled engine management systems to service, identify, and repair faults on electrically controlled vehicle systems like fuel injection, ignition, and automatic transmissions / use electronic test equipment, scan tools, pressure transducers, etc. / May be required to program or reprogram engine control units using computerized equipment on a large variety of vehicles / use updates supplied by manufacturers for peak performance

What should you do after all accidents

Document/report all accidents/injuries and take proper steps to prevent them from happening again

The unibody design Doesn't use a --- --- to support body

Doesn't use a RIGID FRAME to support body

Removal and safety info / recommended storage - oil filters

Drain filter, then crush and store in a leakproof drum for collection

Sign Background Color

Draws attention to potential hazards/used to provide contrast so letters or images stand out (not for visibility of the sign) red background - identifies definite hazard yellow background - indicates caution for a potential hazard green background - used for emergency-type signs, such as for first aid, fire protection, and emergency equipment blue background - used for general information signs

DOHC

Dual Overhead Cam Engine / contains 2 camshafts per cylinder head / 1 camshaft typically operates intake valves and other, exhaust valves / usually, camshaft sits on top of valves and operates them directly through bucket lifter w/ no rocker arms or cam followers

a station wagon has a(n) --- roof that...

EXTENDED ROOF that GOES ALL THE WAY TO REAR of vehicle

How many wheels does an axle typically have

Each axle typically has one wheel on each end of the axle

Electrical system—The --- --- of the vehicle. electricity is used in --- of the vehicle's systems for both --- and possibly ---.

Electrical system—The NERVE CENTER of the vehicle. Electricity is used in ALL of the vehicle's systems for both CONTROL and possibly POWER

Emission system— --- and --- the amount of --- emissions that the --- creates.

Emission system— CONTROLS and REDUCES the amount of HARMFUL emissions that the POWERTRAIN creates.

Engine system—The --- of the vehicle. This system converts --- energy or --- energy into --- energy.

Engine system—The POWERPLANT of the vehicle. This system converts GASOLINE ENERGY or ELECTRICAL ENERGY into MECHANICAL energy.

All automotive shop activities will need to comply with EPA laws and regulations by

Ensuring waste products are disposed environmentally responsibly / storing chemicals and fluids right / ensuring work practices don't contribute to damaging environment

EPA

Environmental Protection Agency / federal government agency / conducts research and monitoring, sets standards, has inspections, holds employees and companies legally accountable to keep environment protected / Shop activities must comply with EPA laws and regulations by ensuring waste products are disposed in an environmentally responsible way, chemicals and fluids are correctly stored, and work practices do not contribute to damaging environment

Techs that work on refrigerants or AC systems must be certified by who/what

Environmental protection Agency Section 609 certified / students should be certified by graduation

Whose is responsible for occupational safety / making sure activities are conducted safely

Everyone/you and your workplace

External combustion means that the fuel is being --- --- of the engine. Two examples of the external combustion engine are the --- engine and the --- engine

External combustion means that the fuel is being BURNED OUTSIDE of the engine. Two examples of the external combustion engine are the STEAM engine and the STIRLING engine

Externally balanced crankshafts are not --- enough, so counterweights need to be positioned on the ---/--- at the --- of the crankshaft and the --- --- at the ---. On an externally balanced engine, it is critical to use the proper externally balanced --- or --- and --- --- for the engine, and they need to be installed in the proper orientation.

Externally balanced crankshafts are not heavy enough, so counterweights need to be positioned on the \FLYWHEEL or FLEXPLATE at the REAR of the crankshaft and the HARMONIC BALANCER at the front. On an externally balanced engine, it is critical to use the proper externally balanced FLYWHEEL or FLEXPLATE and HARMONIC BALANCER balancer for the engine, and they need to be installed in the proper orientation.

In a Rear Live Axle (with front engine, rear-wheel drive), --- drive at the rear of the vehicle

FINAL DRIVE is at the REAR of the vehicle

In a Rear Live Axle (with front engine, rear-wheel drive), final drive at the --- of the vehicle

FINAL DRIVE is at the REAR of the vehicle

vehicle brakes are --- to --- to provide means of slowing down or stopping the vehicle

FITTED to WHEELS to provide means of slowing down or stopping the vehicle

Station wagons usually have --- roofs

FIXED

Horizontally opposed engines are a.k.a

FLAT or BOXER engines

torque is measured in the --- --- and --- --- in the imperial system and the --- --- in the metric system

FOOT-POUND and INCH-POUND in the imperial system and the NEWTON METER in the metric system

hydraulic pressure is the --- that --- is acting on some area. This pressure results due to ---

FORCE that LIQUID is acting on some area. This pressure results due to COMPRESSIBILITY

flame front... --- --- of the burning air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber / has --- distance to travel in --- which gives rapid and effective combustion

FRONT EDGE of the burning air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber / has LESS distance to travel in HCC which gives rapid and effective comb.

Common drive wheel arrangements

FWD, RWD, AWD, 4WD

Removal and safety info / recommended storage - brake shoes and pads before 2004

Fibers are dangerous if inhaled (has asbestos) Put in a plastic bag in a sealed container for collection by contractor.

Removal and safety info / recommended storage - oil

Fire hazard; keep well away from ignition sources. Store in a drum/container in a covered area for collection by a licensed operator

Section 5,

Firefighting measures lists suitable extinguishing techniques, equipment; chemical hazards from fire.

Section 4,

First-aid measures includes important symptoms/ effects, acute, delayed; required treatment.

What does rigid mean for a car?

Fixed and in one solid piece / not flexible or adjustable

How to use a fire extinguisher

Follow PASS acronym Pull out pin that locks handle at top of the fire extinguisher to prevent accidental use. Carry fire extinguisher in one hand, and use other hand to: Aim nozzle at base of fire. Stand about 8-12 feet (2.4-3.7 m) away from fire, and Squeeze handle to discharge fire extinguisher. Remember that if you release the handle on the fire extinguisher, it will stop discharging. Sweep nozzle from side to side at base of fire. Continue to watch the fire. Although it may appear to be extinguished, it may suddenly reignite. Portable fire extinguishers only operate for about 10-25 seconds before they are empty. So use them effectively

For a manual transmission, the --- transmits the engine output to the transmission through a ---; for an automatic transmission, the --- --- transmits the engine output through a device called a --- ---.

For a manual transmission, the FLYWHEEL transmits the engine output to the transmission through a CLUTCH; for an automatic transmission, the FLEX PLATE transmits the engine output through a device called a TORQUE CONVERTER.

For optimum performance and engine life, the engine block must be designed, cast, and machined within precise ---, meaning that the components must be designed and connected together within --- specifications. These precise specifications are critical to prevent leakage of --- and ---, withstand the --- stresses of combustion, and accommodate --- and --- applied to the engine during the power ---.

For optimum performance and engine life, the engine block must be designed, cast, and machined within precise TOLERANCES, meaning that the components must be designed and connected together within NARROW specifications. These precise specifications are critical to prevent leakage of AIR and FUEL, withstand the THERMAL stresses of combustion, and accommodate SHOCKS and VIBRATION on applied to the engine during the power PULSES.

lift and duration in street engines

For street engines, too much lift or duration may not be beneficial because resulting lower intake manifold vacuum causes engine to idle roughly

4WD

Four-Wheel Drive - driver can select between two-wheel and 4-wheel drive / has a drive shaft, a final drive and differential gears, and axles for both the front and rear axle assemblies

Franchises are similar to --- shops, but they are connected to --- that can help with --- and provide a --- for --- that are honored at --- franchise shops across the country

Franchises are similar to SPECIALTY shops, but they are connected to a LARGER PARENT ORGANIZATION that can help with MARKETING and provide a MECHANISM for WARRANTY CLAIMS that are honored at RELATED franchise shops across the country

Front-wheel drive (FWD) is very common in --- vehicles; in this arrangement, only the ---wheels are --- by the ---. they are ----wheel drive vehicle / Live axle is IN the ---

Front-wheel drive (FWD) is very common in MODERN vehicles; in this arrangement, only the FRONT wheels are DRIVEN by the ENGINE. they are FRONT-wheel drive vehicle / Live axle is IN the FRONT

Fuel system— --- and --- the proper amount of fuel to the engine's --- ---.

Fuel system— STORES AND DELIVERS the proper amount of fuel to the engine's COMBUSTION CHAMBERS.

Front live axle vehicles have --- traction on front wheels,--- traction on rear wheels, especially when --- or making evasive ---

GOOD traction on front wheels, LESS traction on rear wheels, especially when BRAKING or making evasive MANEUVERS

--- are machined into the end of the valve stem in order to receive --- ---, sometimes referred to as --- ---, that retain a --- --- --- and --- on the valve. Keepers hold the ---, preventing it from coming loose while under tension from the valve spring, and preventing the parts from coming loose under normal use. Engines may have two to five --- per cylinder.

GROOVES are machined into the end of the stem in order to receive LOCKING PIECES, sometimes referred to as VALVE KEEPERS, that retain a VALVE SPRING RETAINER and SPRING on the valve. Keepers hold the RETAINER, preventing it from coming loose while under tension from the valve spring, and preventing the parts from coming loose under normal use. Engines may have TWO to FIVE valves per cylinder.

GDI functions

Gas direct injection cylinder head / gasoline injected directly into the combustion chamber just above the piston / mixes fuel-air in the combustion chamber instead of intake manifold / spray fuel into combustion chamber during intake stroke and use fuel to actually cool incoming air, which increases its density and resistance to detonation / Other GDI systems cana spray fuel on intake stroke and near top of compression stroke, thus preventing detonation and allowing a lean air-fuel mixture to be burned by concentrating sprayed fuel very close to spark plug / can improve fuel economy up to about 35% and reduce emissions, especially carbon dioxide

Generally speaking, the longer the stroke, the greater the engine --- produced. A shorter stroke enables the engine to run at higher --- to create greater ---. Engine specifications typically list the --- size first and the --- length second (--- vs. ---).

Generally speaking, the longer the STROKE, the greater the engine TORQUE produced. A shorter stroke enables the engine to run at higher RPM to create greater HORSEPOWER. Engine specifications typically list the BORE size first and the STROKE length second ( BORE vs. STROKE).

engine cover

Grate looking thing with large piece surrounding it that cover engine insides

Class A fire extinguisher

Green triangle

--- flywheels do a better job of smoothing out the power pulses but do not allow the engine to accelerate as quickly. --- flywheels allow much quicker engine acceleration, but they do not smooth out the power pulses as well.

HEAVIER flywheels do a better job of smoothing out the power pulses but do not allow the engine to accelerate as quickly. LIGHTER flywheels allow much quicker engine acceleration, but they do not smooth out the power pulses as well.

cylinder head shapes... --- cylinder head and combustion chamber / --- - --- cylinder heads / --- cylinder head and --- --- / --- cylinder head and --- --- / --- --- --- cylinder head

HEMISPHERICAL cylinder head and COMBUSTION CHAMBER / PENT-ROOF cylinder heads / OVAL cylinder head and COMBUSTION CHAMBER / WEDGE cylinder head and combustion chamber / GAS DIRECTION INJECTION cylinder head

retractable starter

Handle you pull to art the engine attached to round

Section 7,

Handling and storage lists precautions for safe handling/storage, including incompatibilities

Section 2,

Hazard(s) identification all hazards regarding chemical; required label elements

transmission specialists specialize particularly in...

Heavy and light vehicle transmissions, Earth-moving transmissions, and Automatic transmissions

Holes machined into the bottom of the block, called --- --- ---, have removable --- --- and are used to hold the --- in place

Holes machined into the bottom of the block, called MAIN BEARING BORES, have removable MAIN CAPS and are used to hold the CRANKSHAFT in place

Horsepower = --- × --- ÷ ---

Horsepower = RPM × FT-LB ÷ 5252

ICEs are designated by the amount of --- (---) their pistons --- as they move from ---DC to ---DC, which is called engine --- (The size of the engine given in cubic ---, cubic ---, and ---. It is found by multiplying the --- --- by the number of --- the engine has. Sometimes called "--- ---)

ICEs are designated by the amount of SPACE ( VOLUME) their pistons DISPLACE as they move from TDC to BDC, which is called ENGINE DISPLACEMENT (The size of the engine given in cubic INCHES, cubic CENTIMETERS, and LITERS. It is found by multiplying the PISTON DISPLACEMENT by the number of CYLINDERS the engine has. Sometimes called "SWEPT VOLUME")

Gasoline (spark-ignition) and diesel (compression-ignition) engines are prime examples of --- combustion engines

INTERNAL

a piston engine is an --- --- engine that uses cylindrical --- that move up and down in cylinder --- to extract --- energy from --- energy. They do have intake and exhaust ---.

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE that uses cylindrical PISTONS that move up and down in cylinder BORES to extract MECHANICAL energy from CHEMICAL energy. They do have intake and exhaust VALVES

Section 1,

Identification includes product identifier; manufacturer or distributor name, address, and phone number; emergency phone number; recommended use; restrictions on use

If the valves leak, the pressure in the cylinder --- rise during the --- stroke of the piston

If the valves leak, the pressure in the cylinder WON'T rise as it should during the COMPRESSION stroke of the piston

If there is too little pressure squeezing the air-fuel mixture together in the cylinder, the mixture --- get packed tightly enough, and --- engine power will be developed when it is ignited

If there is too little pressure squeezing the air-fuel mixture together in the cylinder, the mixture WON'T get packed tightly enough, and LESS engine power will be developed when it is ignited

detonation

If velocity of flame front isn't fast enough, pressure building up in combustion chamber causes remaining gases to spontaneously ignite, which is called detonation / condition where remaining fuel charge fires or burns too rapidly after t initial combustion of the air-fuel mix. It's audible through combustion chamber walls as knocking noise / creates second flame front that collides with the first flame front / Extreme detonation can damage engine by concentrating high temperatures and pressures, which can melt a hole in the top of the piston

Ignition system— --- and --- ----voltage sparks at the right time to ignite the --- - --- --- in the --- ---.

Ignition system— CREATES and DELIVERS HIGH-VOLTAGE sparks at the right time to ignite the AIR-FUEL MIXTURE in the COMBUSTION CHAMBER.

dipstick tube

Imagine black thing is yellow

nuts

Imagine spiked part is rounded

Why did MSDS change to SDS

In 2012, OSHA changed the requirements for the hazard communication system (HCS) to conform to the United Nations Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS). The MSDS needed to change its name and its format to fit the new standards

In a VR engine, there is --- bank(s) of cylinders, but they are --- at a --- ----degree --- within the bank. This design allows engine to be shorter than --- --- and narrower than a --- --- engine

In a VR engine, there is ONE bank of cylinders, but they are STAGGERED at a SHALLOW FIFTEEN-degree V within the bank. This design allows engine to be shorter than an IN-LINE ENGINE and narrower than a TYPICAL V engine

In a connecting rod bearing, the bearing's upper half is carried in the big end of the connecting rod, which may have a notch for the bearing tang. The lower half is carried in the connecting rod ---, which may also contain a notch for the bearing tang. The cap is bolted to the connecting rod and torqued to specifications

In a connecting rod bearing, the bearing's upper half is carried in the big end of the connecting rod, which may have a notch for the bearing tang. The lower half is carried in the connecting rod CAP, which may also contain a notch for the bearing tang. The cap is bolted to the connecting rod and torqued to specifications

In a conventional four-stroke cycle, the compression and the power (---) strokes are --- --- lengths

In a conventional four-stroke cycle, the compression and the power ( EXPANSION) strokes are THE SAME length

Engine Configuration

In a piston engine, it is the way engine cylinders are arranged / Multi-cylinder internal combustion automotive engines are produced in 4 common configurations: In line, horizontally opposed, V, VR, and W

In diesel engines, air in the --- combustion chamber is compressed so tightly that it becomes --- enough to --- the fuel as soon as it is --- into the combustion chamber. Timing of the combustion process is reliant on when the fuel is ---; therefore, CI engines do not use --- ---

In diesel engines, air in the sealed combustion chamber is compressed so tightly that it becomes HOT enough to IGNITE the fuel as soon as it is INJECTED into the combustion chamber. Timing of the combustion process is reliant on when the fuel is INJECTED; therefore, CI engines do not use SPARK PLUGS

In engines that use a timing chain or timing gear, the front main seal is located in the front timing ---. In engines equipped with a timing belt, the front main seal is located in a --- bolted to the front of the engine block and sits between the block and the timing belt.

In engines that use a timing chain or timing gear, the front main seal is located in the front timing COVER. In engines equipped with a timing belt, the front main seal is located in a HOUSING bolted to the front of the engine block and sits between the block and the timing belt.

In many cases, independent technicians work on vehicles that are --- warranty and are --- the --- technology

In many cases, independent technicians work on vehicles that are OUT OF warranty and AREN'T the LATEST technology

In many cases, independant shops service a --- range of vehicles

In many cases, they service a BROAD range of vehicles

In most automotive engines today the camshaft is mounted --- --- of the cylinder head. These engines are called --- --- (---) engines

In most automotive engines today, the camshaft is mounted ON TOP of the cylinder head. These engines are called OVERHEAD CAM (OHC) engines

Why shouldn't you take shortcuts when working/taking work safety precautions

In most cases, time saved taking shortcut is nothing compared to time spent recovering from an accident.

intake valves size compared to exhaust

In most cyl heads, intake valves larger than ex valves. / with multi-valve heads, intake valves may be smaller than ex valves bc there are more / ex usually smaller bc removing exhaust gas easier bc piston creating pressure as it moves up cylinder

In order for programs to be accredited by NATEF, they have to demonstrate --- to a --- developed by the automotive industry. --- must also maintain --- certification in the areas they teach, as well as receive a minimum of --- hours of --- training every --- year(s)

In order for programs to be accredited by NATEF, they have to demonstrate their COMPLIANCE TO A RIGOROUS LIST OF STANDARDS developed by the automotive industry. PROGRAM INSTRUCTORS must also maintain ASE certification in the areas they teach, as well as receive a minimum of 20 hours of TECHNICAL UPDATE training EVERY YEAR

In order for the connecting rod to fit over the crankshaft rod journal, the big end is --- in ---; the bottom half called the --- --- is removable. The connecting rod's big end is connected to the crankshaft --- ---; the rod cap bolts or nuts are then torqued (using manufacturer specifications) in place using a torque wrench

In order for the connecting rod to fit over the crankshaft rod journal, the big end is SPLIT in HALF; the bottom half called the ROD CAP is removable. The connecting rod's big end is connected to the crankshaft ROD JOURNAL; the rod cap bolts or nuts are then torqued (using manufacturer specifications) in place using a torque wrench

valve face angles

In some cases, intake valve angles are different than ex valve angles / usually 45 or 30 degree / differences in angles represent manufacturer's engine design; exact angle has minimal effect on cylinder head function as long as valve and seat fit tightly enough to seal force of combustion in chamber

In some cases, the 4 door pickup has a reduced --- --- --- to accommodate the --- --- in the passenger cab

In some cases, the FOUR-DOOR pickup has a reduced CARGO-CARRYING SPACE to accommodate the EXTRA SEATING in the passenger cab

In some cases, the access door is opened --- by the driver pulling a ---, which moves a --- and releases a ---. Other doors may use --- or --- operated --- to release the latch

In some cases, the access door is opened MECHANICALLY by the driver pulling a LEVER, which moves a CABLE and releases a LATCH. Other doors may use ELECTRIC- or VACUUM-operated SOLENOIDS to release the latch

How much space must be maintained around electricals panels

In some localities, 3' (0.91 m) of unobstructed space

sign pictorial message

In symbol signs, a pictorial message appears alone or is combined with explanatory text / allows safety message to be conveyed to people who are illiterate or who do not speak the local language

What is the increased use of technology based off of (oil related)

Increased price of crude oils

Independent shops --- affiliated with vehicle manufacturers, making it --- for independent technicians to access --- on --- technology

Independent shops AREN'T affiliated with vehicle manufacturers, making it HARDER for independent technicians to access TRAINING on NEW VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY

Independent technicians generally have a more --- accessing training, but there are both --- and --- classes in most areas that technicians can attend

Independent technicians generally have a more DIFFICULT time accessing training, but there are both ONLINE and FACE-TO-FACE classes in most areas that technicians can attend

How is the automotive industry with job opportunities

Industry wide open with job opportunities for almost every level of skill.

the differential gear set inside the --- --- allows for difference in --- of each --- when ---

Inside the FINAL DRIVE allows for difference in SPEED of each WHEEL when CORNERING

Intake and exhaust valves may all be actuated by --- camshaft(S), or there may be --- camshaft(S) per head, called --- --- --- (---) engines

Intake and exhaust valves may all be actuated by ONE camshaft, or there may be TWP camshafts per head, called DUAL OVERHEAD CAM (DOHC) engines

Internally balanced crankshafts are balanced solely from the --- of the crankshaft. --- external counterweights are needed.

Internally balanced crankshafts are balanced solely from the COUNTERWEIGHTS of the crankshaft. NO external counterweights are needed.

Why is learning automotive terminology important?

It is essential to becoming a technician

common things to look for in inspections

Items blocking emergency exits or walkways /Poor safety signage /Unsafe storage of flammable goods /Tripping or slipping hazards /Faulty or unsafe equipment or tools /Missing equipment guards /Misadjusted bench grinder tool rests /Missing or expired fire extinguishers /Clutter, spills, unsafe shop practices /People not wearing the correct PPE

Removal and safety info / recommended storage - Tires

Keep away from ignition sources Store in a fenced area for collection by recycler

Removal and safety info / recommended storage - Tubes and rubber components

Keep away from ignition sources. Store in a collection bin, to be collected and recycled

why is personal hygiene important in the field

Keeping high standard of personal hygiene and cleanliness is important so you get into habit of washing off harmful materials as soon as possible / If you have been in periodic contact with used engine oil, regularly inspect skin for signs of damage or deterioration. If you have any concerns, consult your doctor

Power Stroke

Keeps crankshaft rotating through the other three strokes

Also, because minivans are --- duty, the --- of minivans is substantially better than that of full-size vans

LIGHT duty, so FUEL ECONOMY is better

In light --- vehicles, live front axle in front of vehicle gives --- --- --- & more --- ---

LIGHTER BODY WEIGHT & more INTERIOR ROOM

Horizontally opposed engines are only fitted ---

LONGITUDINALLY

the in-line engine can be mounted --- or --- in the engine ---

LONGITUDINALLY OR TRANSVERSELY IN THE ENGINE BAY

what are modern car assembly lines like?

Large production lines w/ Robots and humans working to assemble the car w/ mostly pre-assembled parts.

LED

Light-emitting diode conducts current in one direction only and illuminates when it is conducting / safest portable shop light to come on the market / uses much lower voltage / uses a small amount of electricity to produce a large amount of light, so many of them are cordless / may also include a magnetic base, so the light can be attached to any steel surface and then adjusted to shine where needed

Load factor or --- --- is typically used in regard to --- engines and describes how --- an engine can produce its --- --- ---

Load factor or POWER RANGE is typically used in regard to DIESEL engines and describes how LONG an engine can produce its MAXIMUM POWER OUTPUT

Engine orientations

Longitudinal - front to back Transverse - side to side

Lubrication system—Lubricates the --- components of the --- for --- --- and --- ---.

Lubrication system—Lubricates the INTERIOR components of the ENGINE for LONG LIFE and QUIET OPERATION.

Differences in configuration between each of the drivetrain's --- --- define the drivetrain layout

MAJOR ASSEMBLIES

flywheels are usually for --- transmission. It transmits the engine --- to the --- through a --- / it is a heavy disc bolted to --- of the --- / it smooths out --- --- and --- --- from --- stroke In an --- transmission, the flywheel transmits the engine --- through a --- ---

MANUAL transmission. It transmits the engine OUTPUT to the transmission through a CLUTCH / it is a heavy disc bolted to REAR of the CRANKSHAFT / it smooths out POWER PULSES and STORES ENERGY from POWER stroke For an AUTOMATIC transmission, the flywheel transmits the engine OUTPUT through a TORQUE CONVERTER

the brake pedal is connected to the --- --- ---, fitted under the ---, that has a --- --- fitted to it that --- the --- --- to the --- --- units

MASTER BRAKE CYLINDER, fitted under the HOOD , that has a POWER BOOSTER fitted to it that AMPLIFIES the HYDRAULIC PRESSURE to the WHEEL BRAKE units

compressibility is the --- of the --- --- --- of a --- or --- as a --- to a --- change

MEASURE of the RELATIVE VOLUME CHANGE of a FLUID or SOLID as a RESPONSE to a PRESSURE CHANGE

Mid live axles are considered --- ---, --- --- --- vehicles

MID-ENGINE, REAR-WHEEL DRIVE vehicles

pent-roof cylinder heads... --- -valve, ent roof cylinder head --- engines common today / pent-roof cylinder heads have --- - --- design, but typically w/ --- to --- valves / combustion chamber shaped like a fairly --- --- --- / spark plug typically more centrally located in --- --- --- / addition of multiple intake and/or exhaust valves on the cylinder increases the --- at which intake and exhaust gases can be moved --- and --- of the --- ---

MULTI-valve, pent roof cylinder head DOHC engines common today / pent-roof cylinder heads have CROSS-FLOW design, but typically w/ FOUR TO FIVE valves / comb chamb shaped fairly FLAT RECTANGULAR PYRAMID / spark plug typically more centrally located in COMBUSTION CHAMBER TOP / addition of multiple intake and/or exhaust valves on the cylinder increases the SPEED at which intake and exhaust gases can be moved INTO and OUT of the COMBUSTION CHAMBER

Before any machining can begin after the disassembly and cleaning of the cylinder head, the cylinder head should be ________ to locate any external cracks.

Magnafluxed or dye checked

Main bearings and rod bearings come in various sizes. The most common bearing size is a standard size (std), which means that it fits the same size journal as originally manufactured

Manual transmission uses a --- to --- and --- engine from transmission

Manual transmission uses a CLUTCH to ENGAGE and DISENGAGE engine from transmission

Many current engines also drive the --- --- off the front of the crankshaft.

Many current engines also drive the OIL PUMP off the front of the crankshaft.

Mid-engine vehicles have the engine mounted --- --- --- the --- wheels and provide a more equal --- --- between the --- and --- wheels, but this takes up --- or --- space. - usually reserved for --- --- vehicles

Mid-engine vehicles have the engine mounted IN FRONT OF the REAR wheels and provide a more EQUAL WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION between the FRONT and REAR wheels, but this takes up PASSENGER or CARGO SPACE - usually reserved for PERFORMANCE TYPE VEHICLES

Mid-engine vehicles have the engine mounted ... the --- wheels and provide a more equal --- --- between the --- and --- wheels, but this takes up --- or --- space. - usually reserved for --- --- vehicles

Minivans are generally ----duty vehicles with suspension systems more like --- cars than full-size vans, which use ----duty ----type suspension systems

Minivans are generally LIGHTER-duty vehicles with SUSPENSION systems more like PASSENGER cars than full-size vans, which use HEAVY-duty PICKUP TRUCK-type suspension systems

Minivans can be --- to --- the number of --- for passengers or redesigned so that --- --- space is available

Minivans can be CONFIGURED to MAXIMIZE the number of SEATS for passengers or redesigned so that MAX CARGO SPACE is available

Most aluminum engine blocks use cast iron cylinder sleeves that are cast into the engine block and --- be removed or replaced. The sleeves have grooves on the outside that form ridges; once the cylinder heads are bolted on, these ridges lock the cylinder to the engine block and prevent the cylinder from shifting during engine operation. They also increase the surface area of the sleeve, which assists in the transfer of --- away from the sleeve to the cylinder block and ultimately the --- ---. The movement of combustion heat --- --- the engine block is critical in preventing damage from overheating such as when a piston seizes to the cylinder wall.

Most aluminum engine blocks use cast iron cylinder sleeves that are cast into the engine block and CANNOT be removed or replaced. The sleeves have grooves on the outside that form ridges; once the cylinder heads are bolted on, these ridges lock the cylinder to the engine block and prevent the cylinder from shifting during engine operation. They also increase the surface area of the sleeve, which assists in the transfer of HEAT away from the sleeve to the cylinder block and ultimately the WATER JACKET. The movement of combustion heat AWAY FROM the engine block is critical in preventing damage from overheating such as when a piston seizes to the cylinder wall.

The front Engine Design is Most common in --- vehicles / has engine mounted --- --- ---

Most common in EVERYDAY vehicles / has engine mounted BETWEEN FRONT WHEELS

Most crankshaft seals today are a circular --- -piece style with a sealing ---. Some seals use a small spring, called a --- spring, around the inside of the sealing lip to tension the lip against the sealing surface of the crankshaft or harmonic balancer.

Most crankshaft seals today are a circular ONE -piece style with a sealing LIP. Some seals use a small spring, called a GARTER spring, around the inside of the sealing lip to tension the lip against the sealing surface of the crankshaft or harmonic balancer.

Most crankshafts use induction-hardened journal surfaces to give good wear qualities. Induction hardening is a process for hardening the outer surface of a metal structure by rapid --- and ---. Using the induction hardening process allows the crankshaft to be reground on the main and rod-bearing surfaces without grinding through the hardened layer. Regrinding is used to resize, smooth, and polish the main and rod journals so they can be --- with undersize bearings when the engine is being rebuilt. It is used as an alternative to replacing the entire crankshaft assembly.

Most crankshafts use induction-hardened journal surfaces to give good wear qualities. Induction hardening is a process for hardening the outer surface of a metal structure by rapid HEATING and COOLING. Using the induction hardening process allows the crankshaft to be reground on the main and rod-bearing surfaces without grinding through the hardened layer. Regrinding is used to resize, smooth, and polish the main and rod journals so they can be REUSED with undersize bearings when the engine is being rebuilt. It is used as an alternative to replacing the entire crankshaft assembly.

NATEF accreditation is valid foR --- years, and then the program must go through a --- process

NATEF accreditation is valid for FIVE years, and then the program must go through a REACCREDIDATION process

NATEF is an ---, --- --- under the umbrella of the ---

NATEF is an INDEPENDENT, NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATION under the umbrella of the ASE

the rotary engine has --- intake and exhaust valves like traditional piston engine has

rotary engines have --- ---- pistons and cylinder

NO CONVENTIONAL PISTONS AND CYLINDERS

NATEF stands for...

National Automotive Technicians Education Foundation

Nitriding is a surface-hardening heat treatment that introduces nitrogen into the surface of steel at a temperature range of approximately 930-1020°F (499-549°C). Nitriding creates a surface that is harder than that produced by the induction hardening process, but the hardened layer is not as ---

Internal engine components are/are not a source of toxic dust from a vehicle

Not

Not designing engine around natural angle means --- must have --- cylinder(s) per --- ---, making engine slightly ---

Not designing engine around natural angle means CRANKSHAFT must have ONE cylinder per CRANK THROW, making engine slightly LONGER

the ----number door on a hatchback is a --- that --- from the --- to increase --- area

ODD-NUMBER door is a HATCH that LIFTS UP FROM THE REAR into the LUGGAGE AREA

Manufacturers mount engines in --- of --- engine orientations, --- (--- to ---) and --- (--- to ---), depending on which design best fits the --- and the rest of the ---

ONE of TWO engine orientations. LONGITUDINAL (FRONT TO BACK) or TRANSVERSE (SIDE TO SIDE) depending on which design best fits the VEHICLE and the rest of the DRIVETRAIN

The charging system --- --- --- when --- is ---

OPERATES ELECTRICAL ACCESSORIES when ENGINE is RUNNING

OSHA

Occupational Safety and Health Administration / U.S. government agency created to provide national leadership in occupational safety and health / works to find most effective ways to help prevent worker fatalities and workplace injuries/illnesses / has authority to conduct workplace inspections/if required can fine employers/workplaces if they violate its regulations and procedures

Offset from the crankshaft centerline are the --- ---, also called ---. They are essentially the --- of the crankshaft. The longer the --- of the crankshaft, the longer the --- of the piston and the more --- that the engine can produce

Offset from the crankshaft centerline are the ROD JOURNALS, also called THROWS. They are essentially the LEVERS of the crankshaft. The longer the THROW of the crankshaft, the longer the STROKE of the piston and the more TORQUE that the engine can produce

Oil control rings prevent excessive oil from working --- ---the combustion chambers.

Oil control rings prevent excessive oil from working UP INTO the combustion chambers.

Oil flow maintains an oil cushion between the crankshaft and the bearing as the engine is operating. But when the engine is first started up, especially when it is cold, it takes a few seconds to pump oil to the bearings, which can result in the crankshaft touching the bearing surface for a short time. The oil flow also carries away heat and particles that could cause wear. If the cushion of oil did not exist, the bearing would overheat and fail. Engine manufacturers specify the clearance required between the bearing material and the crankshaft.

Oil flows through an oil gallery in the cylinder block. Each main bearing receives its own oil under pressure from the oil hole in the main bearing saddl |, which connects directly to the oil gallery. Some top bearing inserts have a groove around the middle. The groove provides a space for oil to flow around the journal, which helps provide more lubrication for the bearing. The grooved bearing also helps extend the time that the rod bearing receives pressurized oil, as the oil hole in the crankshaft lines up to the bearing groove for half of the rotation of the crankshaft. Passageways drilled in the crankshaft carry oil from the main bearing journals to the rod journals

Oil flows through an oil gallery in the cylinder block. Each main bearing receives its own oil under pressure from the oil hole in the main bearing saddle, which connects directly to the oil gallery. Some top bearing inserts have a groove around the middle. The groove provides a space for oil to flow around the journal, which helps provide more lubrication for the bearing. The grooved bearing also helps extend the time that the rod bearing receives pressurized oil, as the oil hole in the crankshaft lines up to the bearing groove for half of the rotation of the crankshaft. Passageways drilled in the crankshaft carry oil from the main bearing journals to the rod journals

Oil rings have --- --- separated by a groove around the outer surface of the ring, giving them a --- -shaped cross section that holds a small amount of oil and directs excess oil back to the ---.

Oil rings have TWO RAILS separated by a groove around the outer surface of the ring, giving them a U-shaped cross section that holds a small amount of oil and directs excess oil back to the CRANKCASE.

Why are extra axles on vehicles common? How many extra axles would a vehicle have?

On commercial vehicles, the load carried on one axle is limited by law A heavy vehicle may have six wheels (3 axles) to support it, but only four wheels (two axles) actually driving it / the extra axle for weight support is sometimes called the lazy axle /this is called a 6*2 vehicle, but if the lazy axle is changed to a drive axle, it becomes a 6*4 vehicle / adding an extra steering axle allows even more weight to be carried in some heavy transport vehicles

On many engines, the oil pan houses the oil ---, which is the heart of the engine in that it supplies critical lubrication for the internal moving parts of the engine. The --- oil pump pickup lies near the bottom of the oil pan and is used to screen out any larger particles that may contaminate the oil.

On many engines, the oil pan houses the oil PUMP, which is the heart of the engine in that it supplies critical lubrication for the internal moving parts of the engine. The SCREENED oil pump pickup lies near the bottom of the oil pan and is used to screen out any larger particles that may contaminate the oil.

On most modern engines, the main bearing caps are now a part of the engine ---, also called a --- ---. The use of a --- provides an even stronger design as all main bearing caps are --- and --- each other.

On most modern engines, the main bearing caps are now a part of the engine GIRDLE, also called a BED PLATE. The use of a GIRDLE provides an even stronger design as all main bearing caps are CONNECTED and REINFORCE each other.

Whe should you clean up fire debris

Once the circumstances of the fire have been investigated and your supervisor or the fire department has given you the all clear

One camshaft may be used to actuate all of the --- valves and another to actuate all of the --- valves. When separate intake and exhaust camshafts are used, there is no need for --- ---. Most manufacturers use a lifter called a --- ---, placed right on top of the --- and --- --- to actuate the valve directly from the ---.

One camshaft may be used to actuate all of the INTAKE valves and another to actuate all of the EXHAUST valves. When separate intake and exhaust camshafts are used, there is no need for ROCKER ARMS. Most manufacturers use a lifter called a BUCKET LIFTER, placed right on top of the VALVE and VALVE SPRING to actuate the valve directly from the CAMSHAFT.

Motor vocation is...

One of the most common vocations (job) worldwide

Portable electric tools (general)

Ones that operate at 240 volts are often sources of serious shock and burn accidents - be particularly careful / Always inspect cord for damage and check the security of attached plug before connecting item to power supply / Use 110-volt or lower voltage tools if available All electric tools must be equipped with a ground prong or be double insulated - don't use of not Never use any high-voltage tool in a wet environment

Electrical receptacles

Outlets / there should be sufficient number in work area / don't connect multiple appliances to single receptacle with simple double adapter / should be at least 3' (0.91 m) above floor level to reduce risk of igniting spilled fuel vapors or other flammable liquids

In some cases, the --- capacity is --- in station wagons with extra --- in the very --- of the vehicle

PASSENGER capacity is INCREASED with extra SEATS in the very REAR of the vehicle

PCM

PCM also must know oil temperature to ensure oil viscosity isn't too thick or thin. Based on input from oil temp. sensor, the PCM either allows or disables variable valve timing; the viscosity of oil must be correct for accurate valve timing. The PCM must know the amount of engine load to determine the need for an advance or retard of cam timing / relies on feedback to ensure that the cams are rotating as commanded

cam timing solenoid

PCM is delivered to cam timing solenoid / cam solenoid allows oil pressure to move into cam phaser. / solenoid is turned on and off with a pulse-width modulation (PWM) signal / The longer solenoid device is turned off, the less it opens; the longer it's turned on, the more it opens, so the solenoid can regulate amount, and direction, of oil flow to cam phaser to alter camshaft/valve timing

To calculate engine load...

PCM primarily uses following inputs mass airflow sensor or manifold absolute pressure sensor / throttle ar temp. sensor / engine coolant temp. sensor / crankshaft position sensor

rear-engine designed vehicles are usually reserved for --- --- ---

PERFORMANCE TYPE VEHICLES

What must you use whenever performing tasks in a shop

PPE appropriate for task and that conform to local safety regulations and policies

Who are accidents mainly caused by

People/not properly maintained tools

Automatic Transmissions/Transaxles Perform similar function as --- transmission/transaxles, except --- --- is automatically controlled --- or ---

Perform similar function as MANUAL transmission/transaxles, except GEAR SELECTION is automatically controlled HYDRAULICALLY or ELECTRONICALLY

Section 9,

Physical and chemical properties chemical's characteristics

Piston engines are either --- -ignition (-I) engines or --- -ignition (-I) engines

Piston engines are either SPARK-ignition (SI) engines or COMPRESSION-ignition (CI) engines

Piston engines use a --- to convert the reciprocating movement of the pistons in their cylinder --- into --- motion at the ---. The rotary engine uses a --- motion rather than reciprocating motion

Piston engines use a CRANKSHAFT to convert the reciprocating movement of the pistons in their cylinder BORES into ROTARY motion at the CRANKSHAFT. The rotary engine uses a ROTATING motion rather than reciprocating motion

Piston rings are not a complete ---; they are split and must have a specified piston ring end ---. This ring gap allows the piston rings to be expanded so they can fit over the ring lands when the rings are being --- on the piston

Piston rings are not a complete CIRCLE; they are split and must have a specified piston ring end GAP. This ring gap allows the piston rings to be expanded so they can fit over the ring lands when the rings are being INSTALLED on the piston

Piston rings are thin, metallic, --- -shaped rings set into grooves located around the piston ---; they fill the space between the piston and the cylinder ---.

Piston rings are thin, metallic, C -shaped rings set into grooves located around the piston SKIRT; they fill the space between the piston and the cylinder wall.

Piston rings ride in ring grooves in the piston. The most common arrangement has --- thin compression ring groove(S) and --- --- oil ring groove(S)

Piston rings ride in ring grooves in the piston. The most common arrangement has TWO thin compression ring grooves and ONE LARGER oil ring groove

In a V engine configuration, Pistons in --- banks on --- sides form a deep --- with a common --- at the base of the ---. It is a --- design

Pistons in TWO banks on OPPOSITE sides forming a deep V with a common CRANKSHAFT at the base of the V. It's a COMPACT design

Removal and safety info / recommended storage - Coverings for plastic parts, and plastic bags and containers for parts shipping

Plastic components that can be recycled have recycling symbol: symbol has number inside telling recycling company what product is made of If plastic container has recycle code, then put in the recycle bin. If it doesn't, then put in general waste. Plastic oil containers cannot be recycled.

How to safely use a bench grinder

Position bench grinder in safe area away from others; make sure electrical items are regularly checked; make sure no flammables are nearby; and don't wear loose clothing that can be caught in the bench grinder.

Powertrain system—One of the most --- systems on the vehicle. In fact, it contains several --- --- to get its job done, which is to power the --- --- --- --- as well as to provide for all --- --- --- power.

Powertrain system—One of the most MAJOR systems on the vehicle. In fact, it contains several SMALLER SYSTEMS to get its job done, which is to power the VEHICLE DOWN THE ROAD as well as to provide for all ON-VEHICLE power.

Pressure and volume are --- related; as one rises, the other ---

Pressure and volume are INVERSELY related; as one rises, the other FALLS

What is the best treatment (for eye injury in textbook)

Prevention

Final drive provides a --- --- --- to multiply the --- before applying it to the --- ---

Provides a FINAL GEAR REDUCTION to multiply the TORQUE before applying it to the DRIVE AXLES

Removal and safety info / recommended storage - coolant

Radiator coolant can be toxic to the environment Store in sealed drums in covered area for recycling or collection by licensed operator.

Rear-Wheel Drive is when engine drives --- --- wheels / ----wheel drive vehicle / axles can be --- or contain --- to allow --- movement

Rear-Wheel Drive is when engine drives ONLY REAR wheels / TWO-wheel drive vehicle / axles can be SOLID or contain JOINTS to allow SUSPENSION movement

Removal and safety info / recommended storage - Undeployed airbags

Recommended specific training on airbags before attempting removal. Handle with care; accidental deployment can cause serious harm. If unit is to be scrapped, ensure that it is safely deployed first Store face up in a secure area.

Class B fire extinguisher

Red square

Regardless of how the connecting rod is manufactured, when the rod cap is taken off, it must go back on --- --- connecting rod; it is not ---. It must also be reinstalled in the exact orientation.

Regardless of how the connecting rod is manufactured, when the rod cap is taken off, it must go back on THE SAME connecting rod; it is not INTERCHANGEABLE. It must also be reinstalled in the exact orientation.

Rotation of the crankshaft drives the ---/---, and then the ---, which rotates the wheels. The crankshaft also transmits power to the --- of the crankshaft assembly, which drives the --- --- assembly through a series of belts, chains, and gears. The power to the front of the crankshaft assembly also drives the --- configuration.

Rotation of the crankshaft drives the FLYWHEEL/FLEXPLATE, and then the DRIVETRAIN, which rotates the wheels. The crankshaft also transmits power to the FRONT of the crankshaft assembly, which drives the VALVE TRAIN assembly through a series of belts, chains, and gears. The power to the front of the crankshaft assembly also drives the PULLEY configuration.

a manual transaxle is a --- - --- --- with the ---, --- --- ---, and --- located in --- ---

SELF-CONTAINED UNIT with the TRANSMISSION, FINAL DRIVE GEARS, and DIFFERENTIAL located in ONE CASING

The driveshaft is a --- or ---, fitted with --- ---, that is connected between --- and other --- components to --- --- and ---

SHAFT or TUBE, fitted with UNIVERSAL COUPLINGS, that is connected between TRANSMISSION and other DRIVE-TRAIN components to TRANSMIT TORQUE AND ROTATION

horizontally opposed engines are --- lengthwise than a comparable in-line engine, but --- than a V type

SHORTER lengthwise than a comparable in-line engine, but WIDER than a V type

when all wheels are driving, power isn't necessarily split 50/50 between front and rear wheels / torque is usually split --- to front wheels and --- to rear wheels / some vehicles incorporate sophisticated --- and --- --- systems to maintain effective --- --- to the road under all driving conditions - these systems vary the --- split between front and rear wheels

SIXTY % to front wheels and FORTY% to rear wheels / some vehicles incorporate sophisticated TRACTION AND TORQUE CONTROL systems to maintain effective WHEEL TRACTION to the road under all driving conditions - these systems vary the TORQUE split between front and rear wheels

A shop that specializes in one area, such as air-conditioning (AC), may experience a --- period during certain times of the year

SLOW

Even a --- -powered airplane was produced, although it never became popular.

STEAM

Dead Axles --- --- of vehicle only while allowing the wheels to --- --- on the --- / wheels on it aren't considered --- wheels bc they --- support vehicle's weight

SUPPORT WEIGHT of vehicle only while allowing the wheels to ROTATE FREELY on the AXLE / wheels on it AREN'T considered DRIVE wheels bc they only support vehicle's weight

Dead Axles --- --- of vehicle only while allowing the wheels to --- --- on the --- / wheels on it --- considered --- wheels bc they --- support vehicle's weight

SUPPORT WEIGHT of vehicle only while allowing the wheels to ROTATE FREELY on the axle / wheels on it AREN'T considered DRIVE wheels bc they only support vehicle's weight

SUVs can tow --- --- ---, making them a great vehicle for family outings, as they can pull a --- while still carrying a number of --- and ---

SUVs can tow MODERATELY HEAVY LOADS, making them a great vehicle for family outings, as they can pull a TRAILER while still carrying a number of PASSENGERS and LUGGAGE

SDS

Safety data sheets contain detailed info about hazardous materials to help understand how they should be safely used, any health effects relating to 'em, how to treat person who has been exposed to them, stability and reactivity/material mixing, how to deal with them in fire situation / can be obtained from manufacturer of material / shop should have SDS for each hazardous substance or dangerous product. In the U.S., it's required that workplaces have SDS for every chemical on site / formally called MSDS / usually kept in clearly marked binder / should be regularly updated as chemicals come into the workplace

HCS headings

Section 1, Identification Section 2, Hazard(s) identification Section 3, Composition/information on ingredients Section 4, First-aid measures Section 5, Firefighting measures Section 6, Accidental release measures Section 7, Handling and storage Section 8, Exposure controls/personal protection Section 9, Physical and chemical properties / Section 10, Stability and reactivity Section 10, Stability and reactivity Section 11, Toxicological information Section 12, Ecological information Section 13, Disposal considerations Section 14, Transport information Section 15, Regulatory information Section 16, Other information

Why aren't aren't descriptions given for Sections 12-15 of HCS headings

Since other Agencies regulate this information, OSHA will not be enforcing Sections 12 through 15

SOHC

Single Overhead Cam Engine / valve train works w/ 1 camshaft mounted either between rows of intake and exhaust valves on cross-flow heads, or directly over top of valves on non-cross-flow heads /

So that the battery is continually ----, a charging system, driven by the ---, creates --- energy to feed the and --- --- of the other parts of the --- system.

So that the battery is continually RECHARGED, a charging system, driven by the ENGINE, creates ELECTRICAL energy to feed the battery and RUN ALL of the other parts of the ELECTRICAL system.

Some --- hatch doors have a --- window incorporated; this window offers the owner easy --- to the --- space without opening the entire back door.

Some REAR hatch doors have a HINGED window incorporated; this window offers the owner easy ACCESS to the STORAGE space without opening the entire back door.

Some compression rings and pistons are designed so that combustion pressure can get --- the compression ring and force it out against the cylinder wall during the power stroke, increasing its sealing effectiveness FIGURE 34. This design also allows the compression rings to have a smaller amount of static pressure, which reduces piston ring drag and improves fuel efficiency. It also means that most compression rings have a top and bottom and will not function correctly if installed improperly.

Some compression rings and pistons are designed so that combustion pressure can get BEHIND the compression ring and force it out against the cylinder wall during the power stroke, increasing its sealing effectiveness FIGURE 34. This design also allows the compression rings to have a smaller amount of static pressure, which reduces piston ring drag and improves fuel efficiency. It also means that most compression rings have a top and bottom and will not function correctly if installed improperly.

Some connecting rods and rod bearings have a --- that sprays --- out to lubricate the cylinder wall, wrist pin, and camshaft when the hole lines up with the lubricating hole in the --- ---

Some connecting rods and rod bearings have a HOLE that sprays OIL out to lubricate the cylinder wall, wrist pin, and camshaft when the hole lines up with the lubricating hole in the ROD JOURNAL

Some in-line four-cylinder and 90-degree V6 engines use --- or --- balance shafts to reduce vibrations from engine operation. Their asymmetrical design, or lack of symmetry in cylinder configuration, causes these engines to have an inherent second-order vibration. The second-order vibration is at twice the engine rpm. It cannot be eliminated no matter how well the internal parts are balanced. This vibration is produced because of the even firing of the four-cylinder and the uneven firing of some 90-degree V6 engines. The descending and ascending pistons --- always completely opposed in their acceleration.

Some in-line four-cylinder and 90-degree V6 engines use ONE or TWO balance shafts to reduce vibrations from engine operation. Their asymmetrical design, or lack of symmetry in cylinder configuration, causes these engines to have an inherent second-order vibration. The second-order vibration is at twice the engine rpm. It cannot be eliminated no matter how well the internal parts are balanced. This vibration is produced because of the even firing of the four-cylinder and the uneven firing of some 90-degree V6 engines. The descending and ascending pistons AREN'T always completely opposed in their acceleration.

Removal and safety info / recommended storage - metal

Some metal products can be heavy, so lift with care. All metal components can be recycled; keep waste metal in a separate recycle bin for sale or disposal.

Some pushrod engines use a timing chain tensioner to ensure that the correct --- --- --- is maintained; however, most designs do not use a tensioner. The timing chain tensioner applies --- against the chain; as the chain wears and gets longer, the tensioner takes up --- in the chain. As the timing chain stretches, cam timing may become ---. Slack of the chain affects the positioning of the --- --- in relation to the --- ---. Retarded cam timing in this case can create undesirable engine performance problems.

Some pushrod engines use a timing chain tensioner to ensure that the correct TIMING CHAIN TENSION is maintained; however, most designs do not use a tensioner. The timing chain tensioner applies PRESSURE against the chain; as the chain wears and gets longer, the tensioner takes up PLAY in the chain. As the timing chain stretches, cam timing may become RETARDED. Slack of the chain affects the positioning of the CAM GEAR in relation to the CRANK GEAR. Retarded cam timing in this case can create undesirable engine performance problems.

How do transfer cases split drive between front and rear wheels? - Some use an --- controlled --- --- while others use --- --- / both devices allow a small difference in --- between the front and rear --- when the vehicle is turning, but don't allow any great ---

Some use an ELECTRONICALLY CONTROLLED MULTI PLATE CLUTCH while others use VISCOUS COUPLING / both devices allow a small difference in SPEED between the front and rear AXLES when the vehicle is turning, but don't allow any great DIFFERENCE

Chassis and Brake Technicians

Specialize and work only on chassis and brakes of vehicles -Includes steering and suspension Inspect and diagnose these before performing repairs -Diagnose, repair, and service steering system components and suspension systems -Diagnose faults in steering and suspension systems -Perform wheel alignments and wheel balancing -Diagnose and replace faulty components

Specialty shops are usually --- shops that focus on --- type(s) of service, such as --- service, --- system repair, or --- system diagnosis

Specialty shops are usually INDEPENDENT shops that focus on one type of service, such as TRANSMISSION service, ELECTRICAL system repair, or EMISSION system diagnosis

Sport utility vehicles (SUVs) are popular in --- --- --- because they can easily be used to --- --- --- that would otherwise require --- --- vehicles

Sport utility vehicles (SUVs) are popular in the UNITED STATES because they can easily be used to CARRY OUT FUNCTIONS that would otherwise require several different vehicles

Section 10,

Stability and reactivity lists chemical stability and possibility of hazardous reaction

Station wagons have a large --- --- for easy ---, and the --- seats can usually be --- to increase --- --- even further

Station wagons have a large REAR DOOR for easy ACCESS, and the REAR seats can usually be FOLDED to increase STORAGE CAPACITY even further

Steering system—Allows the vehicle to --- --- while making it easy for the wheels to be --- by the driver, without --- ---.

Steering system—Allows the vehicle to TRACK STRAIGHT while making it easy for the wheels to be STEERED by the driver, without LOSING CONTROL

Removal and safety info / recommended storage - Parts boxes and paperwork

Store in a recycling bin to be taken away for recycling

Removal and safety info / recommended storage - Trim, plastic fittings, and seats

Store racked or binned for reuse, sale, or recycling.

For a vehicle to operate, it requires converting what energy into what energy?

Stored energy into energy that can turn the wheels (mechanical)

Students receive the opportunity to --- at participating dealerships, working alongside a ---. This is a great way for the students to put into practice what they are learning in the training program. The --- and --- benefit from gaining access to --- who are preparing to go to work for them

Students receive the opportunity to INTERN at participating dealerships, working alongside a MENTOR TECHNICIAN. This is a great way for the students to put into practice what they are learning in the training program. The DEALERS and MANUFACTURERS benefit from gaining access to HIGHLY MOTIVATED STUDENTS who are preparing to go to work for them

Suspension system—Keeps the --- in contact with the --- --- while absorbing --- ---. It also --- vehicle body --- and --- during vehicle ---.

Suspension system— Keeps the TIRES in contact with the ROAD SURFACE while absorbing ROAD HARSHNESS. It also REDUCES vehicle body SWAY and DIVE during vehicle MANEUVERS.

AWDs uses a --- differential in the --- --- to allow for difference in --- between --- and --- wheels during cornering

THIRD DIFFERENTIAL in the uses 3rd differential in the TRANSFER CASE to all for DIFFERENCE IN SPEED between FRONT and REAR wheels during cornering

a rotary engine has --- --- events for each rotations of the ---.

THREE COMBUSTION events for each rotations of the ROTOR

TPMS systems— --- tire --- and --- the driver of tires with --- ----.

TPMS systems— MONITORS tire PRESSURE and WARNS the driver of tires with LOW PRESSURE.

4WD has a --- --- to control the drive to the front and rear ---, is attached to --- / the --- --- has has a --- lever between 2/4 wheel drive / some --- --- allow selection of high and low range which changes --- --- to wheels

TRANSFER CASE to control the drive to the front and rear AXLES, is attached to TRANSMISSION / the TRANSFER CASE has has a SELECTOR LEVER between 2/4 wheel drive / some TRANSFER CASES allow selection of high and low range which changes GEAR REAR to wheels

Timing gears rarely jump time, but if the timing chain or belt breaks, serious engine damage could result, depending on if it is a freewheeling engine or an interference engine. - (true or false)

TRUE

An inch-pound is the --- --- applied by a --- --- --- --- with a --- --- --- on the ---

TWISTING FORCE applied by a ONE INCH LONG LEVER with a ONE POUND MASS on the END

A Newton-meter is the --- --- applied by a --- --- --- --- with a force of --- --- applied on the ---

TWISTING FORCE applied by a ONE METER LONG LEVER with a force of ONE NEWTON applied on the END

A foot-pound is the --- --- applied by a --- --- --- long with a --- --- --- on the ---

TWISTING FORCE applied by a lever ONE FOOT LONG with a ONE POUND MASS on the END

torque is the --- --- applied to shaft

TWISTING FORCE applied to a shaft

Horizontally opposed engines have --- banks of cylinders --- degrees apart on --- --- sides of the ---

TWO banks of cylinders ONE-HUNDRED-EIGHTY degrees apart on THE OPPOSITE sides of the CRANKSHAFT

What does the location of the live axle determine?

TYPE OF DRIVE - Whether the vehicle is classified as rear-wheel drive, front-wheel drive, four-wheel drive, or all-wheel drive

Techs that work on refrigerants or AC systems are required to be --- certified. This requires taking a --- and passing the ---. Once certified, technicians are --- able to handle refrigerants and repair AC systems. It is advisable that all students obtain their --- during their training program to --- when they graduate

Techs that work on refrigerants or AC systems are required to be ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (EPA) SECTION 609 certified. This requires taking a TRAINING COURSE and passing the 609 EXAM. Once certified, technicians are LEGALLY able to handle refrigerants and repair AC systems. It is advisable that all students obtain their 609 CERTIFICATION DURING THEIR TRAINING PROGRAM TO SHOW PROSPECTIVE EMPLOYERS when they graduate

The --- is held in the block by main bearing caps which mate to journal saddles, located at the bottom of the engine block. The main bearing cap and the journal saddle create a perfectly --- bore that clamps bearing inserts in place to support the crankshaft ---. The main bearing inserts are secured by main bearing caps and bolts.

The CRANKSHAFT is held in the block by main bearing caps which mate to journal saddles, located at the bottom of the engine block. The main bearing cap and the journal saddle create a perfectly round bore that clamps bearing inserts in place to support the crankshaft JOURNALS. The main bearing inserts are secured by main bearing caps and bolts.

The --- --- is the single largest part of the engine.

The CYLINDER BLOCK is the single largest part of the engine.

The --- combustion engine has almost completely replaced the external combustion engine and has been around for well over a ---

The INTERNAL combustion engine has almost completely replaced the external combustion engine and has been around for well over a CENTURY

What problem can develop as the number of cylinders increases? How do you avoid the problem? - The --- of the engine --- and the --- can become a problem --- and --- wise. To avoid, have more than one --- of cylinders making the engine block and crankshaft --- and more ---

The LENGTH of the engine BLOCK and the CRANKSHAFT can become a problem STRUCTURALLY and SPACE wise. To avoid, have more than one ROW of cylinders making the ending block and crankshaft SHORTER and more RIGID

The --- --- completes the crankcase

The OIL PAN completes the crankcase

The --- --- seals off the bottom of the crankcase and holds oil for the engine lubrication system. It radiates oil heat to the outside ambient air and may include cooling fins (heat sinks) to effectively transfer heat to the airstream flowing below the vehicle. The oil pan bolts onto the --- of the engine block

The OIL PAN seals off the bottom of the crankcase and holds oil for the engine lubrication system. It radiates oil heat to the outside ambient air and may include cooling fins (heat sinks) to effectively transfer heat to the airstream flowing below the vehicle. The oil pan bolts onto the BOTTOM of the engine block

The OHC engine requires a --- timing chain or belt, and in this design --- --- --- tensioners are required. The timing chain in an OHC engine typically has --- --- - --- --- for the chain to slide on and assist the --- with correct tracking and tension of the timing chain. The OHC timing chain must run in --- to ensure that the chain is ---. Without ---, the chain would wear out rapidly.

The OHC engine requires a LONGER timing chain or belt, and in this design ONE OR MORE tensioners are required. The timing chain in an OHC engine typically has HARD PLASTIC-TYPE GUIDES for the chain to slide on and assist the TENSIONER(S) with correct tracking and tension of the timing chain. The OHC timing chain must run in OIL to ensure that the chain is LUBRICATED. Without OIL, the chain would wear out rapidly.

The SRS stands for --- --- ---, and it's intended to provide --- offered by the --- and --- in the event of an accident.

The SRS stands for SUPPLEMENTAL RESTRAINT SYSTEM, and it's intended to provide PROTECTION offered by the SEA-BELT and AIR-BAGS in the event of an accident.

The automotive service industry in the United States is generally not subject to ---. This means that a --- --- have to pass a --- in order to receive a --- in the industry

The automotive service industry in the United States is generally not subject to LICENSURE REQUIREMENTS. This means that a TECHNICIAN DOESN'T have to pass a LICENSURE TEST in order to receive a LICENSE TO WORK in the industry

The --- end of the rod is where the rod bearings are inserted. On most engines, there is a --- in the connecting rod and a --- in the rod cap, although some newer rods don't use ---. If specified, rod bearings have matching tangs on the end; these tangs are inserted in the notch of the rod and the rod cap

The big end of the rod is where the rod bearings are inserted. On most engines, there is a NOTCH in the connecting rod and a NOTCH in the rod cap, although some newer rods don't use NOTCHES. If specified, rod bearings have matching tangs on the end; these tangs are inserted in the notch of the rod and the rod cap

The block deck is the --- of the block and is machined --

The block deck is the TOP of the block and is machined FLAT

crankcase plug (bottom)

The bolt lookin' thingy on bottom of crankcase where you were going to drain oil, but were told not to

The brake master cylinder gets assistance from a --- --- that amplifies the --- pressure to the wheel brake units. The brake units apply brake --- pads to --- --- or --- connected to the wheels. This creates ---, which transforms the vehicle's --- energy into --- energy, slowing the wheel's rotation

The brake master cylinder gets assistance from a POWER BOOSTER that amplifies the hydraulic pressure to the wheel brake units. The brake units apply brake FRICTION pads to METAL DISCS or DRUMS connected to the wheels. This creates FRICTION, which transforms the vehicle's KINETIC energy into HEAT energy, slowing the wheel's rotation

The casting process begins by making --- models of the block. The foam models have voids for the water jackets and cylinders. The models are placed into molds and packed tightly with ---, which fills the voids and supports the foam. The foam has two risers that become the entry and exit points for the molten metal, which is poured into the casting mold from a tub or ladle. This is done without the use of pressure, a process known as gravity pouring. The molten metal instantly burns up the foam model, allowing the space to be filled with the metal. Once the metal cools, the core sand is removed through holes in the sides and ends of the engine block casting, leaving cavities for the --- and --- passages.

The casting process begins by making FOAM models of the block. The foam models have voids for the water jackets and cylinders. The models are placed into molds and packed tightly with SAND, which fills the voids and supports the foam. The foam has two risers that become the entry and exit points for the molten metal, which is poured into the casting mold from a tub or ladle. This is done without the use of pressure, a process known as gravity pouring. The molten metal instantly burns up the foam model, allowing the space to be filled with the metal. Once the metal cools, the core sand is removed through holes in the sides and ends of the engine block casting, leaving cavities for the COOLING and LUBRICATING passages.

The ceramic coating prevents the piston metal from absorbing --- as quickly, which allows the piston to operate at a lower temperature and withstand greater combustion temperatures without deforming. It also increases the efficiency of the engine by retaining more heat in the combustion chamber rather than ---- it through the piston to the cooling system

The ceramic coating prevents the piston metal from absorbing HEAT as quickly, which allows the piston to operate at a lower temperature and withstand greater combustion temperatures without deforming. It also increases the efficiency of the engine by retaining more heat in the combustion chamber rather than TRANSFERRING it through the piston to the cooling system

The clearance between the crankshaft journal and the bearings is crucial and must be within the manufacturer's specifications. If there is too little clearance, the oil will not be able to flow through the clearance in the bearing, which can cause the bearing material to overheat and possibly to seize the journal. If the clearance is too large, the oil pressure will be lowered, and the oil will be squished out of the clearance in the bearing, which allows the journal to come into direct contact with the bearing, creating a knocking noise and accelerated wear.

The compression stroke starts near ---DC when the --- valve(s) closes. The piston moves from ---DC to ---DC. As the piston moves up, the air-fuel mixture is compressed into a smaller and smaller volume. Compression of air caused by the moving piston causes the temperature of the air-fuel charge to ---, making --- easier and the combustion (--- of fuel) more complete and ---.

The compression stroke starts near BDC when the INTAKE valve(s) closes. The piston moves from BDC to TDC. As the piston moves up, the air-fuel mixture is compressed into a smaller and smaller volume. Compression of air caused by the moving piston causes the temperature of the air-fuel charge to RISE, making IGNITION easier and the combustion ( BURNING of fuel) more complete and EFFICIENT

The connecting rod connects the --- to the --- and transfers piston --- and combustion --- to the --- --- ---. The piston end (--- end) of the connecting rod follows the reciprocal movement of the ---, pivoting on a piston pin or "--- ---" attachment.

The connecting rod connects the PISTON to the CRANKSHAFT and transfers piston MOVEMENT and COMBUSTION PRESSURE to the CRANKSHAFT ROD JOURNALS. The piston end ( SMALL end) of the connecting rod follows the reciprocal movement of the ---, pivoting on a piston pin or " WRIST PIN" attachment.

The connecting rod connects the piston to the ---. It has a small end that houses the piston pin and connects it to the piston assembly. The middle of the rod, called the --- ---, transmits the --- flow to the bottom of the rod. At the bottom, or --- end, the connecting rod houses the --- inserts and attaches firmly around the crankshaft

The connecting rod connects the piston to the CRANKSHAFT. It has a small end that houses the piston pin and connects it to the piston assembly. The middle of the rod, called the BEAM AREA, transmits the POWER flow to the bottom of the rod. At the bottom, or BIG end, the connecting rod houses the BEARING inserts and attaches firmly around the crankshaft

The crank throws (also called --- ---) are offset from the --- of the crankshaft; the amount of offset determines the --- stroke. The crankshaft design in some 90-degree V6 engines differs significantly from that of 60-degree V6 engines. In order for a 90-degree V6 to have evenly spaced power pulses, the crankshaft must have connecting rod journals that are ---

The crank throws (also called ROD JOURNALS) are offset from the centerline of the crankshaft; the amount of offset determines the PISTON stroke. The crankshaft design in some 90-degree V6 engines differs significantly from that of 60-degree V6 engines. In order for a 90-degree V6 to have evenly spaced power pulses, the crankshaft must have connecting rod journals that are SPLAYED

The crankshaft also powers the rest of the --- through the flywheel or --- and the accessories from the crankshaft ---

The crankshaft also powers the rest of the DRIVETRAIN through the flywheel or FLEXPLATE and the accessories from the crankshaft PULLEY

The crankshaft converts the reciprocating motion of the pistons into --- motion at the crankshaft. The --- motion is transferred to the engine --- and --- to ultimately (in a --- vehicle) drive the wheels

The crankshaft converts the reciprocating motion of the pistons into ROTARY motion at the crankshaft. The ROTARY motion is transferred to the engine FLYWHEEL and TRANSMISSION to ultimately (in a CONVENTIONAL vehicle) drive the wheels

The crankshaft has --- --- and --- --- --- machined and polished into it. --- --- ---- provide support for the crankshaft in the ---, and the --- --- --- provide a connection point for the connecting rods

The crankshaft has MAIN BEARING JOURNALS and CONNECTING ROD JOURNALS machined and polished into it. MAIN BEARING JOURNALS provide support for the crankshaft in the BLOCK, and the CONNECTING ROD JOURNALS provide a connection point for the connecting rods

The crankshaft now also plays a role in creating the spark for the combustion process. In newer engine models, the crankshaft houses the --- for the crankshaft --- sensor, which is a device that lets the engine computer know the position of the crankshaft in order to help -- the spark and fuel injection events

The crankshaft now also plays a role in creating the spark for the combustion process. In newer engine models, the crankshaft houses the RELUCTOR for the crankshaft POSITION sensor, which is a device that lets the engine computer know the position of the crankshaft in order to help TIME the spark and fuel injection events

The cylinder bore is the --- of the engine ---. The bore is measured across the ---, parallel with the --- ---, which is the machined surface of the block farthest from the ---. Automotive cylinder bores can vary in size from --- than ---" to --- than ---".

The cylinder bore is the DIAMETER of the engine CYLINDER. The bore is measured across the CYLINDER, parallel with the BLOCK DECK, which is the machined surface of the block farthest from the CRANKSHAFT. Automotive cylinder bores can vary in size from LESS than THREE" to MORE than FOUR".

The cylinder head bolts to the --- ---

The cylinder head bolts to the BLOCK DECK

The distance the piston travels from TDC to BDC, or from BDC to TDC, is called the --- stroke. --- stroke is determined by the offset portion of the --- called the ---. --- stroke also varies from --- than ---" to --- than ---".

The distance the piston travels from TDC to BDC, or from BDC to TDC, is called the PISTON stroke. PISTON stroke is determined by the offset portion of the CRANKSHAFT called the THROW. Piston stroke also varies from LESS than THREE" to MORE than FOUR".

The drivetrain layout includes --- main engine mounting positions: ...

The drivetrain layout includes THREE main engine mounting positions: FRONT, MID, and REAR

The egg shape of the cam lobe is designed to lift the --- ---, hold it ---, and let it ---. The camshaft is timed to the rotation of the --- to ensure that the valves open at the correct --- of the piston. Timing the valve opening to the piston position is critical to ensure proper --- --- and --- - --- --- of the engine. The camshaft is turned by ---, a --- ---, or a --- that is driven by ---.

The egg shape of the cam lobe is designed to lift the VALVE OPEN, hold it OPEN, and let it CLOSE. The camshaft is timed to the rotation of the CRANKSHAFT to ensure that the valves open at the correct POSITION of the piston. Timing the valve opening to the piston position is critical to ensure proper power OUTPUT and LOW-EMISSIONS OPERATION of the engine. The camshaft is turned by GEARS, a TOOTHED BELT, or a CHAIN that is driven by SPROCKETS.

voltage

The electrical pressure that causes current to flow in a circuit.

The electrical system is part of --- --- system on the vehicle, including the --- control system, the --- system, --- systems, --- systems, passenger --- systems, and --- systems

The electrical system is part of EVERY OTHER system on the vehicle, including the POWERTRAIN CONTROL system, the LIGHTING system, ACCESSORY systems, SAFETY systems, passenger COMFORT systems, and ENTERTAINMENT systems

The electrical system is the --- system of the vehicle and is interconnected to --- of the other systems. It includes the ---, which stores a supply of electricity for the purpose of --- the vehicle and --- the electrical accessories such as lights, windshield wipers, and the heater system when the engine --- operating

The electrical system is the NERVE system of the vehicle and is interconnected to ALL of the other systems. It includes the BATTERY, which stores a supply of electricity for the purpose of STARTING the vehicle and OPERATING the electrical accessories such as lights, windshield wipers, and the heater system when the engine ISN'T operating

The engine block is the --- part of the engine; it is the main --- and --- structure for --- of the engine parts

The engine block is the LARGEST part of the engine; it is the main SUPPORTING and ALIGNING structure for ALL of the engine parts

The engine continues to --- while the ignition key is in the --- position.

The engine continues to RUN while the ignition key is in the RUN position.

The engine lubrication system also begins in the engine --- assembly, with a system of oil passages that feed oil to the main and rod bearings, cam bearings, and cylinder heads. Oil pressure is developed by an attached oil pump, and the resistance to flow of the oil is provided by the tight spaces the oil is pumped into. The oil pump may be attached on either the front or the bottom of the block, generally near the --- . The oil pump may be driven directly by the crankshaft or by a gear off the camshaft. A mounting surface for attachment of the oil filter is usually near the oil pump.

The engine lubrication system also begins in the engine BLOCK assembly, with a system of oil passages that feed oil to the main and rod bearings, cam bearings, and cylinder heads. Oil pressure is developed by an attached oil pump, and the resistance to flow of the oil is provided by the tight spaces the oil is pumped into. The oil pump may be attached on either the front or the bottom of the block, generally near the crankshaft CRANKSHAFT. The oil pump may be driven directly by the crankshaft or by a gear off the camshaft. A mounting surface for attachment of the oil filter is usually near the oil pump.

The engine's so-called bottom end is where the ---, ---, --- --- --- ---, and --- --- reside. The ---, --- ---, ---, and --- --- make up the rotating assembly.

The engine's so-called bottom end is where the CRANKSHAFT, BEARINGS, CONNECTING RODS PISTON ASSEMBLIES, and OIL PUMP reside. The CRANKSHAFT, CONNECTING RODS, FLYWHEEL, and HARMONIC BALANCER make up the rotating assembly.

The exhaust manifold is the --- side of the engine's breathing apparatus. With a crossflow head, the exhaust manifold bolts to the --- --- across from the --- --- and is designed to carry exhaust gases out of the engine and deliver them to the --- system.

The exhaust manifold is the OUTPUT side of the engine's breathing apparatus. With a CROSSFLOW head, the exhaust manifold bolts to the CYLINDER HEAD across from the INTAKE MANIFOLD and is designed to carry exhaust gases out of the engine and deliver them to the EXHAUST system.

The exhaust valve controls the flow of --- --- --- --- the combustion chamber and ---

The exhaust valve controls the flow of EXHAUST GASES OUT OF the combustion chamber and CYLINDER

The exposed intake port area usually must be --- than the exhaust port area to make it easier for the piston to pull --- into the engine on the --- stroke

The exposed intake port area usually must be LARGER than the exhaust port area to make it easier for the piston to pull AIR into the engine on the INTAKE stroke

The flexplate is lighter than a conventional flywheel because the weight of the torque converter performs the function of the flywheel. Because the torque converter is quite heavy, the flexplate can be constructed to be much lighter and thinner than a flywheel

The flywheel --- carries the ring gear. The teeth on the ring gear mesh with the started teeth and are used to crank over the engine. The ring gear is typically attached to the flywheel by an interference fit, so no bolts or welds are used to hold it on. The ring gear is installed by heating it up until it has expanded enough to fit over the edge of the flywheel. Once it cools, it shrinks enough to firmly lock it in place. The face of the flywheel is machined smooth and flat and acts as one of the friction surfaces for the clutch.

The flywheel RIM carries the ring gear. The teeth on the ring gear mesh with the started teeth and are used to crank over the engine. The ring gear is typically attached to the flywheel by an interference fit, so no bolts or welds are used to hold it on. The ring gear is installed by heating it up until it has expanded enough to fit over the edge of the flywheel. Once it cools, it shrinks enough to firmly lock it in place. The face of the flywheel is machined smooth and flat and acts as one of the friction surfaces for the clutch.

The flywheel is a --- --- that stores --- --- from each --- stroke and helps keep the --- turning through --- - --- strokes. Vehicles with manual transmissions have a --- assembly attached to the flywheel. Vehicles with automatic transmissions use a --- and --- --- assembly.

The flywheel is a WEIGHTED ASSEMBLY that stores KINETIC ENERGY from each POWER stroke and helps keep the CRANKSHAFT turning through NON-POWER strokes. Vehicles with manual transmissions have a CLUTCH assembly attached to the flywheel. Vehicles with automatic transmissions use a FLEXPLATE and TORQUE CONVERTER assembly.

The flywheel is a heavy metal disc that bolts to the --- of the crankshaft of all engines equipped with a manual transmission/transaxle

The flywheel is a heavy metal disc that bolts to the REAR of the crankshaft of all engines equipped with a manual transmission/transaxle

The harder the driver presses on the brake pedal, the --- the brakes are applied and the --- the vehicle slows down

The harder the driver presses on the brake pedal, the FIRMER the brakes are applied and the QUICKER the vehicle slows down

The harmonic balancer is also known as the crankshaft ---. It is located on the --- of the crankshaft assembly, and its function is to reduce --- from the crankshaft and piston assembly. When the crankshaft deflects or twists slightly (vibrates) from the power pulses, the harmonic balancer absorbs the vibrations and reduces their severity. Minimizing vibration is critical in preventing damage to the crankshaft. Excessive torsional vibration can cause a crankshaft to break in two

The harmonic balancer is also known as the crankshaft DAMPER. It is located on the FRONT of the crankshaft assembly, and its function is to reduce VIBRATION from the crankshaft and piston assembly. When the crankshaft deflects or twists slightly (vibrates) from the power pulses, the harmonic balancer absorbs the vibrations and reduces their severity. Minimizing vibration is critical in preventing damage to the crankshaft. Excessive torsional vibration can cause a crankshaft to break in two

The intake manifold is part of the --- --- (---) system of the engine package. It sits between the --- --- and the --- ---. On a V-type engine, it usually is located between the --- ---. For an inline engine, it bolts to the --- of the ---. Intake manifolds deliver air (air with --- on --- or --- --- -injected engines) to the --- ---.

The intake manifold is part of the AIR INTAKE (INDUCTION) system of the engine package. It sits between the THROTTLE BODY and the CYLINDER HEADS. On a V-type engine, it usually is located between the CYLINDER HEADS. For an inline engine, it bolts to the SIDE of the HEAD. Intake manifolds deliver air (air with FUEL on CARBURETED or THROTTLE-BODY INJECTED engines) to the CYLINDER HEAD.

The intake stroke starts with the --- valve closed, the --- valve(s) opening, and the piston moving from ---DC to --DC. As the piston moves down, the volume above the top of the piston ---. This makes pressure inside the cylinder --- than the pressure outside the cylinder. Higher --- air pressure forces --- (usually with ---) --- --- cylinder. As the piston reaches ---DC, the --- valve(s) closes, and the intake stroke ends.

The intake stroke starts with the EXHAUST valve closed, the INTAKE valve(s) opening, and the piston moving from TDC to BDC. As the piston moves down, the volume above the top of the piston INCREASES. This makes pressure inside the cylinder LOWER than the pressure outside the cylinder. Higher OUTSIDE air pressure forces AIR (usually with FUEL) INTO THE cylinder. As the piston reaches BDC, the INTAKE valve(s) closes, and the intake stroke ends.

The intake valve controls the flow of --- and/or --- --- the combustion chamber

The intake valve controls the flow of AIR and/or FUEL INTO the combustion chamber

The internal combustion engine (ICE) can be classified in two ways: as a --- piston engine or as a --- engine

The internal combustion engine (ICE) can be classified in two ways: as a RECIPROCATING piston engine or as a ROTARY engine

The job of the piston is to extract the --- energy from the burning fuel and convert it into --- energy, which can be used to power the vehicle

The job of the piston is to extract the THERMAL energy from the burning fuel and convert it into MECHANICAL energy, which can be used to power the vehicle

The lighter weight vehicle designs meant --- cost in both --- and ---. Another benefit of being lighter was that the vehicles became more...

The lighter weight vehicle designs meant LESS cost in both MATERIAL and LABOR. Another benefit of being lighter was that the vehicles became more FUEL EFFICIENT

The lowest portion of the block is called the --- because it houses the ---.

The lowest portion of the block is called the CRANKCASE because it houses the CRANKSHAFT.

The main bearing journals are positioned in a straight line down the --- of the crankshaft and are used to --- the crankshaft assembly into the lower part of the engine block. The main journals are ground to manufacturer specifications from the crank core (the rough, unfinished crankshaft assembly that has just left the foundry or forging area) or billet. The center of the main journals is referred to as the --- of the crankshaft.

The main bearing journals are positioned in a straight line down the CENTER of the crankshaft and are used to POSITION the crankshaft assembly into the lower part of the engine block. The main journals are ground to manufacturer specifications from the crank core (the rough, unfinished crankshaft assembly that has just left the foundry or forging area) or billet. The center of the main journals is referred to as the CENTERLINE of the crankshaft.

The more --- the air-fuel mixture has, the more --- it exerts on the --- and the more --- the --- can do. This principle takes place during the --- stroke and pushes the piston down the --- container

The more ENERGY the air-fuel mixture has, the more FORCE it exerts on the PISTON and the more WORK the PISTON can do. This principle takes place during the POWER stroke and pushes the piston down the SEALED container

The oil control ring is designed to leave a --- of lubricating oil less than a --- of an inch thick on the cylinder wall. It can be a --- -piece ring that depends on its own tension to hold it against the cylinder walls, or it can be a three-piece ring with two side rails and an expander, which provide the tension for the side rails. These holes allow oil return to the ---, and in some pistons they also direct oil to the wrist pin. This movement of oil helps with the --- process

The oil control ring is designed to leave a FILM of lubricating oil less than a THOUSANDTH of an inch thick on the cylinder wall. It can be a ONE-piece ring that depends on its own tension to hold it against the cylinder walls, or it can be a three-piece ring with two side rails and an expander, which provide the tension for the side rails. These holes allow oil return to the CRANKCASE, and in some pistons they also direct oil to the wrist pin. This movement of oil helps with the COOLING process

The oil ring expander is made of thin steel with a series of crimps, or folds, in the metal that give it an outward spring force. The expander has a top and a bottom groove that hold the solid side rails and together make up the oil control ring. The side rails depend on the expander to --- them against the cylinder ---.

The opposite of the piston end of the connecting rod attaches to the crankshaft --- AKA --- --- through the use of a --- --- --- that bolts to the end of the --- --- body. The connecting rod and cap are machined to allow the --- of the connecting rod ---.

The opposite of the piston end of the connecting rod attaches to the crankshaft THROW AKA ROD JOURNAL through the use of a REMOVABLE ROD CAP that bolts to the end of the CONNECTING ROD body. The connecting rod and cap are machined to allow the FIT of the connecting rod BEARING.

The piston ring end gaps should be staggered around the piston when the piston rings are installed. Staggering prevents a straight path for the compression or gases to escape. If the path is too straight and smooth, the speed of gas escape is far too rapid, increasing the --- gases.

The piston rings are typically --- lubricated by the oil released onto the cylinder wall from the oil leaking out of the --- --- ---. Rings can be ---, ---, ---, or --- on the ring surface.

The piston rings are typically SPLASH lubricated by the oil released onto the cylinder wall from the oil leaking out of the CONNECTING ROD BEARING. Rings can be SQUARE, TAPERED, FLAT, or SLANTED on the ring surface.

The piston skirt is the area around the --- of the piston that slides against the engine cylinder walls and helps keep the piston --- in the cylinder. The skirt has two thrust faces --- degrees to the piston pin. These skirt thrust faces are usually longer than the piston pin sides of the skirt, so there is more surface area for the piston and cylinder wall to spread the load over. Also, the --- cutouts of the skirt prevent the crankshaft counterweight from hitting the piston skirt when the piston moves down the cylinder. (--- ---) Some skirt designs also include a small groove called the --- --- that allows piston expansion.

The piston skirt is the area around the SIDE of the piston that slides against the engine cylinder walls and helps keep the piston STRAIGHT in the cylinder. The skirt has two thrust faces NINETY degrees to the piston pin. These skirt thrust faces are usually longer than the piston pin sides of the skirt, so there is more surface area for the piston and cylinder wall to spread the load over. Also, the CURVED cutouts of the skirt prevent the crankshaft counterweight from hitting the piston skirt when the piston moves down the cylinder. (PISTON SLAP) Some skirt designs also include a small groove called the EXPANSION SLOT that allows piston expansion.

The power stroke occurs as extreme force moves the piston from ---DC to ---DC, with --- valve(S) remaining ---. The --- valve(s) starts to --- near ---DC.

The power stroke occurs as extreme force moves the piston from TDC to BDC, with BOTH valves remaining CLOSED. The EXHAUST valve(s) starts to open near BDC.

The proper bearing crush is designed into the bearing when they are made by allowing the bearing insert to slightly protrude from the parting line of the bearing support and cap. When the cap is tightened properly, the bearing inserts are forced very tightly into the bore, which helps hold them in place

The rocker's sliding motion across the valve stem and center pivot results in friction, and friction creates loss of power and wear. To remedy this, --- --- and a --- may be added to the end of the rocker where it contacts the valve stem, and --- --- are added to the --- --- where the fulcrum is. This system greatly reduces friction and results in a more powerful and reliable valve train.

The rocker's sliding motion across the valve stem and center pivot results in friction, and friction creates loss of power and wear. To remedy this, NEEDLE BEARINGS and a ROLLER may be added to the end of the rocker where it contacts the valve stem, and NEEDLE BEARINGS are added to the PIVOT POINT where the fulcrum is. This system greatly reduces friction and results in a more powerful and reliable valve train.

What is armature?

The rotating coil or coils of a dynamo or electric motor.

The rotation of the ---, moves the pistons up and down, drawing --- and --- into the cylinder, which is ignited when the piston reaches the --- of the cylinder. Once the cylinders start to fire off, the engine runs by ---

The rotation of the CRANKSHAFT moves the pistons up and down, drawing AIR and FUEL into the cylinder, which is ignited when the piston reaches the TOP of the cylinder. Once the cylinders start to fire off, the engine runs by ITSELF

The shape of the top of the piston depends on the shape of its --- --- and its --- ---

The shape of the top of the piston depends on the shape of its COMBUSTION CHAMBER and its COMPRESSION RATIO

The so-called top end of the engine is where the --- --- and the --- --- reside. The cylinder head(s) contains the --- --- and --- train; if of the --- - --- - --- configuration (--- ---), it also contains the ---.

The so-called top end is where the CYLINDER HEADS and COMBUSTION CHAMBERS reside. The cylinder head(s) contains the OVERHEAD VALVES and VALVE TRAIN; if of the CAM-IN-HEAD configuration (OVERHEAD CAM), it also contains the CAMSHAFT.

The steering system connects the --- --- to the road wheels so the driver can point the vehicle in the intended direction of travel. --- --- systems assist the driver in steering the vehicle's --- and use either an ----driven --- or --- --- to --- the system.

The steering system connects the STEERING WHEEL to the road wheels so the driver can point the vehicle in the intended direction of travel. POWER STEERING systems assist the driver in steering the vehicle's WHEELS and use either an ENGINE-driven PUMP or ELECTRIC MOTOR to power the system.

The timing chain camshaft drive used in a --- - --- - --- engine is very different from that used in the OHC engine. The pushrod engine typically uses a --- behind a --- --- --- located on the --- of the engine. This type of timing --- is fairly --- because the camshaft is --- to the ---.

The timing chain camshaft drive used in a CAM-IN-BLOCK engine is very different from that used in the OHC engine. The pushrod engine typically uses a CHAIN behind a TIMING CHAIN COVER located on the FRONT of the engine. This type of timing CHAIN is fairly SHORT because the camshaft is CLOSE to the CRANKSHAFT.

The timing chain drive is --- than a belt, but the belt --- last as long as the timing chain, and if exposed to fluids or dirt --- wear out more quickly. The timing chain must have a constant supply of --- --- to --- the chain to keep it from wearing out quickly.

The timing chain drive is LOUDER than a belt, but the belt WON'T last as long as the timing chain, and if exposed to fluids or dirt WILL wear out even more quickly. The timing chain must have a constant supply of ENGINE OIL to lubricate the chain to keep it from wearing out quickly.

The top of the piston forms the bottom of the engine's --- ---. The compression ratio can be changed by using a piston with a different head design or a cylinder head with a different chamber size. This is because the sizes of the piston head and chamber affect the ratio between the cylinder's --- at BDC and the --- at TDC within the combustion chamber

The top of the piston forms the bottom of the engine's COMBUSTION CHAMBER. The compression ratio can be changed by using a piston with a different head design or a cylinder head with a different chamber size. This is because the sizes of the piston head and chamber affect the ratio between the cylinder's VOLUME at BDC and the VOLUME at TDC within the combustion chamber

The top of the piston may be ---, ---, --- shaped, or --- , and it can have --- to --- valve --- areas. Valve relief areas are used to prevent pistons from --- the valves, or vice versa

The top of the piston may be FLAT, CONCAVE, DOME shaped, or RECESSED , and it can have ONE to FIVE valve relief areas. Valve relief areas are used to prevent pistons from HITTING the valves, or vice versa

The torque converter is bolted to the flexplate. The flexplate often has a --- gear welded to its edge because of the flexplate's light weight. If an interference fit were used, the flexplate would warp under the pressure created by the fit. Some manufacturers weld the ring gear to the outside of the torque converter and use a smaller diameter flexplate.

The torque converter is bolted to the flexplate. The flexplate often has a RING gear welded to its edge because of the flexplate's light weight. If an interference fit were used, the flexplate would warp under the pressure created by the fit. Some manufacturers weld the ring gear to the outside of the torque converter and use a smaller diameter flexplate.

The unibody design was first used in --- and then spread to automobiles. It became popular with vehicle --- because with less of a --- component, it was quicker to --- and --- in weight

The unibody design was first used in AIRCRAFT and then spread to automobiles. It became popular with vehicle MANUFACTURERS because with less of a CHASSIS component, it was quicker to MANUFACTURE and LIGHTER in weight

The upper section of the engine block contains the --- and ---. The lower section of the engine block forms the ---, which supports the --- ---, ---, --- (some engines), and balance shafts (some engines).

The upper section of the engine block contains the CYLINDERS and PISTONS. The lower section of the engine block forms the CRANKCASE, which supports the MAIN BEARINGS, crankshaft, camshaft (some engines), and balance shafts (some engines).

The valve head is --- shaped, and the top of the valve head faces the --- ---. A --- --- on the --- of the valve head is the valve face. The valve face --- on a hardened --- --- in the cylinder head. Located between the valve head and the valve face is a --- surface on the --- --- of the valve head, called the valve margin.

The valve head is DISC shaped, and the top of the valve head faces the COMBUSTION CHAMBER. A MACHINED SURFACE on the BACK of the valve head is the valve face. The valve face SEALS on a hardened VALVE SEAT in the cylinder head. Located between the valve head and the valve face is a FLAT surface on the OUTER EDGE of the valve head, called the valve margin.

The valve margin helps to prevent the --- --- from melting under the heat and pressure of combustion.

The valve margin helps to prevent the VALVE HEAD from melting under the heat and pressure of combustion.

The valve train is driven by the ---, which in turn is driven by a --- or --- (depending on the engine design) driven by the ---

The valve train is driven by the CAMSHAFT, which in turn is driven by a CHAIN or BELT (depending on the engine design) driven by the CRANKSHAFT

The vehicle suspension system --- the body above the wheels through flexible --- and --- --- that allow the wheels to follow uneven roads while --- the passengers from the --- and ---. It also maintains the --- of the wheels so the vehicle drives in a stable and predictable manner

The vehicle suspension system SUSPENDS the body above the wheels through flexible SPRINGS and PIVOTING LINKS that allow the wheels to follow uneven roads while INSULATING the passengers from the BUMPS and DIPS. It also maintains the ORIENTATION of the wheels so the vehicle drives in a stable and predictable manner

The vehicle's internal combustion engine is an engineering marvel that combines --- with --- to create a combustible mixture, which is compressed by the --- and ignited by a --- --- in the engine ---. The burning, --- gases create --- pressure, which rapidly pushes the pistons down the cylinders and spins the ---.

The vehicle's internal combustion engine is an engineering marvel that combines FUEL with AIR to create a combustible mixture, which is compressed by the PISTONS and ignited by a SPARK PLUG in the engine CYLINDERS. The burning, EXPANDING gases create high pressure, which rapidly pushes the pistons down the cylinders and spins the CRANKSHAFT.

The vehicle's transmission takes the --- from the --- and --- it by running it through a number of different --- ---, which allow the vehicle to --- quickly away from a --- or --- effortlessly down the highway

The vehicle's transmission takes the TORQUE from the ENGINE and MULTIPLIES it by running it through a number of different GEAR RATIOS, which allow the vehicle to PULL quickly away from a STOP or CRUISE effortlessly down the highway

The wrist pin (aka --- pin) attaches the --- to the --- --- and fits into a --- -piece bushing in the --- end of the rod

The wrist pin (aka PISTON pin) attaches the PISTON to the CONNECTING ROD and fits into a ONE-piece bushing in the SMALL end of the rod

Transmission Specialist

There is a need for a transmission specialist due to: The increasing complexity of modern transmissions Requirements for specialized service equipment to repair them Diagnose, overhaul, and repair transmission Work on manual and automatic transmissions Work on both light vehicle and heavy vehicle transmissions Specialize in: Heavy and light vehicle transmissions Earth-moving transmissions Automatic transmissions May work on other components of drive train Test-drive vehicles and listen to customer concerns Use hand tools that heavy vehicle technicians use and specialized equipment Measure and check systems

There must also be side clearance between the compression rings and the ring lands (just parts of piston in between the rings). The clearance prevents the piston ring from becoming --- in the groove when it expands due to combustion heat. The ring must also have back clearance inside the piston groove to accommodate heat expansion of the piston

There must also be side clearance between the compression rings and the ring lands FIGURE 32. The clearance prevents the piston ring from becoming STUCK in the groove when it expands due to combustion heat. The ring must also have back clearance inside the piston groove to accommodate heat expansion of the piston

Thermodynamics is generally defined as the branch of --- science that deals with --- and its relation to other forms of energy

Thermodynamics is generally defined as the branch of PHYSICAL science that deals with HEAT and its relation to other forms of energy

Before performing a vehicle service, what should you do

Think carefully about what/how you do / about things that may go wrong / think through steps / don't take most shortcuts / familiarize self with evacuation routes and decide which one to take

The unibody design --- the --- into a --- --- with the chassis so that the vehicle --- became part of the vehicle --- rather than just an --- skin

This design INTEGRATES the BODYWORK into a SINGLE UNIT with the chassis so that the vehicle BODY became part of the vehicle STRUCTURE rather than just an EXTERNAL skin

TLV

Threshold limit value / maximum allowable concentration of a given material in the air one is breathing

Timing of combustion is totally reliant on when the --- --- across the --- of the --- ---

Timing of combustion is totally reliant on when the SPARK JUMPS across the ELECTRODES of the SPARK PLUG

To become an AYES program, the school has to be --- --- and then be --- by AYES against another set of --- related to the commitments of carrying out the AYES ---

To become an AYES program, the school has to be NATEF CERTIFIED and then be EVALUATED by AYES against another set of STANDARDS related to the commitments of carrying out the AYES TRAINING MODEL

To diagnose and repair emission failures on vehicles in some localities, technicians must be certified by the appropriate agency. In many cases, the technician must have --- certification or have --- and --- a course specifically for ---, as administered by the ---

To diagnose and repair emission failures on vehicles in some localities, technicians must be certified by the appropriate agency. In many cases, the technician must have ASE ADVANCED ENGINE PERFORMANCE certification or have TAKEN and PASSED a course specifically for EMISSION SPECIALISTS, as administered by the AGENCY

To earn ASE certification, technicians are required to pass --- ASE certification tests and have --- year(s) of --- as a technician

To earn ASE certification, technicians are required to pass ONE OR MORE ASE certification tests and have TWO years of QUALIFYING WORK EXPERIENCE as a technician

painted lines

To prevent accidents,machinery guard or a painted yellow line on floor usually borders dangerous equipment

Adequate ventilation

To prevent an excess of toxic gas buildup / needed with a method of directly venting vehicle's exhaust to outside. It may only take a minute or two for a poorly running vehicle to fill the shop with enough carbon monoxide to affect people's health. Chemical vapors are also a hazard and need to be vented outside

What is your employer responsible for involving safety

To provide safe work environment

double insulated

Tools or appliances designed in way that no single failure can result in a dangerous voltage coming into contact with the outer casing of the device.

Section 11,

Toxicological information includes routes of exposure; related symptoms, acute and chronic effects; numerical measures of toxicity

How is energy stored in the majority of vehicles? How are newer vehicles doing this?

Traditionally stored in chemical form of gasoline/diesel fuel, but newer vehicles are using natural gas, alcohol, biodiesel, hydrogen, and battery acid as their stored chemical energy source

Traditionally, pickups had --- cab(s) with --- doors, which --- the number of passengers they could carry. Today's pickups have options for --- cabs or ------- versions to carry ---passengers

Traditionally, pickups had ONE cab(s) with TWO doors, which LIMITED the number of passengers they could carry. Today's pickups have options for EXTENDED cabs or FOUR-DOOR versions to carry MORE passengers

Transmission system—Extends the --- --- by increasing the engine's --- or ---.

Transmission system— Extends the OPERATING RANGE by increasing the engine's TORQUE or SPEED.

torque is the...

Twisting force

What is a 4*2 vehicle?

Two-wheel drive meaning there are 4 wheels, but only 2 drive wheels

basic types of valve seals

Umbrella-style valve stem seals / O-ring valve stem seal / positive valve stem seal

What are the common areas that an engine compartment remote release lever would be located?

Under the dash, in the glove compartment / or on a doorjamb

GHS

United Nations Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals / GHS requires all employers to train their employees in the new chemical labeling requirements and the new format for the safety data sheets

Live Axles use engine's --- to --- --- (drive vehicle) and at the same time --- the --- of the vehicle / wheels and axles on it are also called --- wheels and --- axles bc they --- the vehicle

Use engine's TORQUE to TURN WHEELS (drive vehicle) and at the same time SUPPORT the WEIGHT of the vehicle / wheels and axles on it are also called DRIVE wheels and DRIVE axles bc they PROPEL the vehicle

Usually, a total of --- piston rings are used. The upper --- ring(S) are --- rings, which prevent --- ---, called --- ---, from leaking past the pistons into the ---. The lower piston --- ring(S) = --- --- --- ring that keeps lubricating oil on the --- --- and out of the --- ---r.

Usually, a total of THREE piston rings are used. The upper TWO rings are COMPRESSION rings, which prevent COMBUSTION PRESSURE, called BLOWBY GAS, from leaking past the pistons into the CRANKCASE. The lower piston ONE ring is an OIL CONTROL RING that keeps lubricating oil on the CYLINDER WALL and out of the COMBUSTION CHAMBER.

Usually, pickups have a --- - duty chassis and --- components than a passenger car to support --- loads

Usually, pickups have a HEAVIER-DUTY CHASSIS and SUSPENSION components than a passenger car to SUPPORT GREATER loads

cylinder head contains the ---, etc.

VALVES

Drivetrains are designed in different layouts based on the --- --- and --- ---

VEHICLE APPLICATION and MANUFACTURER'S PREFERENCES

Valve clearance is the amount of --- between the --- --- or --- --- and the --- ---, or the --- and the ---- if it is a bucket-style OHC engine

Valve clearance is the amount of SLACK between the ROCKER ARM or CAM FOLLOWER and the VALVE STEM, or the CAM and the LIFTER if it is a bucket-style OHC engine

valve spring closed pressure

Valve spring specification / measure of amount of pressure spring exerts on valve to close it tightly against valve seat / dependent on type of engine valve train / measured in pounds or kilograms

Valves and --- in the engine's cylinder head(s) provide a means of --- the combustion chamber

Valves and PORTS in the engine's cylinder head(s) provide a means of SEALING the combustion chamber

part time 4WD means Vehicle is usually driven in ----wheel drive and switched to ----time when needed by engaging a --- --- which --- the --- --- together and directs --- through them to both ---

Vehicle is usually driven in TWO-wheel drive and switched to FULL-time when needed by engaging TRANSFER CASE which LOCKS DRIVE SHAFTS together and directs TORQUE through them to both AXLES

how are vehicles described by axle configurations

Vehicles can be described by the num. of axles and driven wheels

Engine configuration/examples

Way engine cylinders are arranged ex. V, Flat, In-line

When not actuated (---), the valves, under pressure from the --- ---, rest on seats of hardened material such as ---®. Valves need a system to make them open and close. Control of the valves is accomplished through the use of --- on a common ---

When not actuated ( CLOSED), the valves, under pressure from the VALVE SPRINGS, rest on seats of hardened material such as STELLITE®. Valves need a system to make them open and close. Control of the valves is accomplished through the use of CAMS on a common SHAFT

When the driver initiates the starting process by turning the ignition key to --- (or using a --- key), --- is sent from the --- to a variety of vehicle ---, including energizing of the --- pump, which --- the --- system in preparation for the engine to ---

When the driver initiates the starting process by turning the ignition key to RUN (or using a SMART key), POWER is sent from the BATTERY to a variety of vehicle CIRCUITS, including energizing of the FUEL pump, which PRESSURIZES the FUEL system in preparation for the engine to START

When the key is moved just a bit further to the --- position (or the --- --- is activated), the --- --- is energized and --- over the engine by turning the ---

When the key is moved just a bit further to the CRANK position (or the START BUTTON is activated), the STARTER MOTOR is energized and CRANKS over the engine by turning the CRANKSHAFT

When the mass --- on the rubber, or if the rubber is brittle and cracked, the harmonic balancer cannot provide the needed dampening effect and needs to be replaced with a new or remanufactured one.

When the mass SLIPS on the rubber, or if the rubber is brittle and cracked, the harmonic balancer cannot provide the needed dampening effect and needs to be replaced with a new or remanufactured one.

When the piston in a cylinder is at the position farthest away from the crankshaft, it is said to be at --- --- --- (---DC). When the piston in the cylinder is at a position closest to the crankshaft, it is said to be at --- --- --- (---DC)

When the piston in a cylinder is at the position farthest away from the crankshaft, it is said to be at TOP DEAD CENTER (TDC). When the piston in the cylinder is at a position closest to the crankshaft, it is said to be at BOTTOM DEAD CENTER (BDC)

The location of the live axle determines whether the vehicle is --- as --- --- ---, --- --- ---, --- --- ---, or --- --- ---

Whether the vehicle is classified as REAR-WHEEL DRIVE, FRONT-WHEEL DRIVE, FOUR-WHEEL DRIVE, or ALL-WHEEL DRIVE

How are work areas defined

With painted lines showing the hazardous zone around certain machines and areas / stay outside lines if not working with machine

Examples of PPE/who should you ask if not sure what to wear

Work clothing - coveralls/steel-capped footwear Eye Protection - safety glasses and face masks Ear protection - earmuffs/earplugs Hand Protection - Gloves/barrier cream Respiratory Equipment - face masks/valved respirators Your Supervisor

Class D fire extinguisher

Yellow pentagram (star)

Can some cars have no chassis?

Yes, some high-peformance racing cars

You might be wondering why bearings would be called undersized when in reality they are thicker than a standard-sized bearing. The reason is that the crankshaft journal is typically machined to give it a new wear surface; as a result, the journal becomes undersized. The matching bearings are then referred to as undersized bearings.

in the case of using electric- or vacuum-operated solenoids to release the latch, the driver pushes a --- that sends an --- or --- ---- to the --- ---, which releases the door

a SWITCH that sends an ELECTRIC- or VACUUM-SIGNAL to the RELEASE MECHANISM, which releases the door

ability to control the advance and retard of the cam timing is...

a huge benefit to engine performance

welding a fuel tank...

a job for specialists bc empty fuel tank can still contain fuel vapor and therefore would be even more dangerous than one full of liquid fuel / don't attempt to do yourself

Dealerships are affiliated w/...

a specific vehicle manufacturer

a transaxle is a --- - --- unit with the ---, --- --- ---, and --- located in one casing. It is usually used on ----engine, ----wheel drive vehicles or ----engine, ----wheel drive vehicles

a transaxle is a s SELF-CONTAINED unit with the TRANSMISSION, FINAL DRIVE GEARS, and DIFFERENTIAL all located in one casing. It is usually used on FRONT-engine, FRONT-wheel drive vehicles or REAR-engine, REAR-wheel drive vehicles

accessory drive pulleys are bolted to the --- hub of the harmonic balancer. In modern vehicles, there typically is one pulley and one serpentine drive belt attached to the balancer to operate the various accessories. The pulley and belt transfer the power output needed for various systems in the vehicle. Older vehicles generally contained multiple pulleys and belts to operate systems that are now powered electronically or through other means.

accessory drive pulleys are bolted to the FRONT hub of the harmonic balancer. In modern vehicles, there typically is one pulley and one serpentine drive belt attached to the balancer to operate the various accessories. The pulley and belt transfer the power output needed for various systems in the vehicle. Older vehicles generally contained multiple pulleys and belts to operate systems that are now powered electronically or through other means.

the torque converter acts as a --- --- to --- --- from --- to --- ---

acts as a HYDRAULIC COUPLING to TRANSFER DRIVE from ENGINE to AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION

cam phasers

actuators / advanced or retarded through the use of cam phasers / typically takes place of standard cam gear or pulley and uses engine oil pressure to move camshafts (advance and/or retard) when commanded by powertrain control module (PCM) / If oil pressure is held constant, cam phaser will hold cam timing constant / uses mechanical stop to limit maximum valve timing advance or retard.

duration specifications

advertised duration and duration at 0.050" lift

Service consultants (---) work with both --- and ---

advisors / customers / technicians

If we keep intake valve open after BDC

air continues to rush in because of the inertia of airflow

soft plugs

aka core plugs / plug the holes left over from the casting process / used to be freeze plug, but inaccurate / never designed to prevent damage by popping out during a freeze

camshaft profiles

aka grind / different camshaft profiles create different engine operating characteristics / Valve lift, duration, lobe separation, and overlap are features determined by the grind (profile) of the camshaft

wafers

aka spacers/pucks / replaced to obtain proper valve clearance between camshaft and valve stem / come in different thicknesses to achieve correct valve clearance.

Chassis/brake techs can perform wheel ---/---

alignments/balancing

valve stem seals

allow only enough oil pass to lubricate valve guide / some older engines do not have exhaust valve stem seals / used on both the intake and exhaust valves / fit around valve stem and usually seal to top of valve guide /

A viscous coupling device allows a --- difference in --- between --- and --- --- when the vehicle is ---, but don't allow any --- difference

allows a SMALL DIFFERENCE in SPEED between FRONT and REAR AXLES when the vehicle is TURNING, but don't allow any GREAT difference

V engine allows for about --- the power --- as an in-line engine of the same length

allows for about TWICE the power OUTPUT as an in-line engine of the same length

Manual Transmission allows for number of different --- --- which match engine's --- and power --- to the desired road speed

allows for number of different GEAR RATIOS which match engine's SPEED and POWER OUTPUT to the desired road SPEED

Keeping peak temp. below 2500°F (1371.1°C) ...

allows for the elimination of the exhaust gas recirculation valve on some vehicles

principle of air flow

allows the intake valve to be left open even when the piston is starting back up in the cylinder

Manual Transmission allows vehicle to sart at low --- with high --- to the wheels to get the vehicle moving, and as --- --- are changed, the vehicle attains --- road --- with --- engine ----

allows vehicle to START at low SPEEDS with high TORQUE to the wheels to get the vehicle moving, and as GEAR RATIOS are changed, the vehicle attains HIGHER ROAD SPEED with LOWER ENGINE SPEED

If the cylinder head uses a bolt-on _____ cap as a bearing, then a machinist can remachine the bore to its original size, but the camshaft will sit just a bit lower in the head, which can affect valve timing.

aluminum

Always do what before attempting to fight a fire unless fire is very small

always sound the alarm

duration

amount of time valve stays open, given in degrees of rotation of the crankshaft / longer valve held open, more time there is for air to enter the cylinder / Higher-duration camshafts usually used in engines that operate at higher rpm / specification engineers use when designing cam lobe

lift

amount valve will open. The more valve lifts off seat, the more air can get into/out of engine / how far cam lobe will lift the lifter, cam follower, or bucket lifter / greater the lift, further the valve opens, and easier it is for air to enter cylinder / greater the lift, faster the valve has to move from closed to open, and harder the valve springs have to work at closing valve / amount lifter or cam follower moves with cam

the differential gear set is an arrangement of gears between --- --- that allows for difference in --- of each ---/--- when cornering

an arrangement of gears between TWO AXLES that allows for difference in SPEED of each WHEEL/AZLE when CORNERING

an engine's maximum horsepower occurs at a --- rpm than the peak torque rpm. At some point in the rpm range, the torque on the --- drops so low that the --- can no longer do additional work, and the horsepower actually starts to ---

an engine's maximum horsepower occurs at a HIGHER rpm than the peak torque rpm. At some point in the rpm range, the torque on the CRANKSHAFT drops so low that the CRANKSHAFT can no longer do additional work, and the horsepower actually starts to decrease

toxic dust

any dust that may contain fine particles that could be harmful to humans or the environment / If you are unsure as to the toxicity of any particular dust, then you should always treat it as toxic and take the precautions identified in the SDS or shop procedures / good idea to avoid all dust if possible, whether it is classified as toxic or not

hazardous material

any material that poses unreasonable risk of damage/injury to persons, property, or the environment (no specifics) if not properly controlled / can be solids, liquids, or gases/ most techs use them daily

hazard

anything that could hurt you or someone else, and most workplaces have them

never weld...

anywhere near a gas tank or any kind of fuel line

Work environment / safe work environment

anywhere you work / plays an important role in making the workplace safer contains well-organized shop layout, use of shop policies and procedures, safe equipment, safety equipment, safety training, employees who work safely, good supervision, and a workplace culture that supports safe work practices

assembly line

approach made assembly much more efficient, increasing num. of vehicles that could be built in a shift to lower production costs

Removal and safety info / recommended storage - Air conditioning gases/refrigerant

approved evacuation and collection equipment required approved storage containers - reused or recycled

valve moves back and forth inside guide----

approximately 21 times a second at 2500 rpm, so lubrication is critical to reduce wear on guide and stem

brake and clutch dust...

are potential toxic dusts that automotive shops must manage. The dust is made up of very fine particles that can easily spread and contaminate an area

combustion chamber

area of an engine in which the air-fuel mixture is burnt. It consists of the bottom of the cylinder head and the top of the piston / inside engine / generally formed into cylinder head by casting process, movable floor is piston top / its efficiency determined by design including shape, valve positioning, and piston top shape

ram effect (intake stroke)

as column of air flows into combustion chamber (intake stroke), it creates inertia, which keeps air flowing until inertial energy is spent / intake valve begins open slightly before TDC / exhaust valve still open past TDC (overlap), w/ exhaust gases rushing out; this helps provide scavenging effect / All airflow happening in engine, whether in or out, is helped by the column inertia effect

as the pistons continue to move up and down, they rotate the ---, turning the --- or --- which is bolted to the crankshaft.

as the pistons continue to move up and down, they rotate the CRANKSHAFT, turning the FLYWHEEL or FLEX-PLATE which is bolted to the crankshaft.

breather hose

attached to crankcase / by air cleaner base / thicker rubber black tube

screws

attention to top

axles can be --- or contain --- to allow movement of ---

axles can be SOLID or contain JOINTS to allow movement of SUSPENSION

axles can be --- or contain --- to allow movement of suspension

axles can be SOLID or contain JOINTS to allow movement of SUSPENSION

hatchback --- seats usually --- down to --- --- area

back seats fold down to increase luggage area

service managers may enter the position with --- and --- in --- management

backgrounds / college degrees / business

The cylinder head components are... bare cylinder head ---- - at ----, this is the base onto which all other --- are --- / --- valves / --- valves / valve --- / valve --- / valve --- / valve --- --- / --- --- / --- / --- / --- ---

bare cylinder head CASTING- at CORE, base onto which all other PARTS are ATTACHED / INTAKE valves / EXHAUST valves / valve SPRINGS / valve RETAINER / valve KEEPERS / valve STEM SEALS / ROCKER ARMS / PLUGS / CAMSHAFT / CAM SEALS

cylinder head components

bare cylinder head casting- at core, base onto which all other parts are attached / intake valves / exhaust valves / valve springs / valve retainer / valve keepers / valve stem seals / rocker arm / plugs / camshaft / cam seals

cylinder head components bv

cam lobe profile

base circle takes up about half of the entire profile / nose is the highest point of cam lobe and determines how far valve opens / cam duration built in and can't usually be changed while engine is running

Early vehicles were....

basic machines started by manually operating a crank handle

early vehicles were...

basic machines started by manually operating a crank handle / needed continual fixing and managing

oval combustion chamber

bathtub / oval shaped, like an inverted antique bathtub / valves are mounted vertically and are side by side, making the valve train simple in its design / On some newer designs, surface of head overlaps piston and forms 2 squish areas: large area near the spark plug and smaller one on opposite side

why do exhaust valves heat up faster than intake

bc open when gases expelled from exhaust and gases flow around it, and cool intake charge flows around intake valve on intake stroke

materials used clean clean up fuel should...

be allowed to dry in the open air, not held in front of a heater element or other ignition source

generally speaking, petroleum products can...

be mixed together

contact cement

been used on valve cover gaskets, fuel pump gaskets, and intake and exhaust manifold gaskets

vehicles with rear-engine design have the engine mounted --- or --- the -- wheels

between of behind the rear wheels

muffler guard

black grate with "HOT" marked on it

Class K fire extinguisher

black hexagon

Fire blankets / water eliminate what element in fire to extinguish

blanket - oxygen / water - heat

In the unibody design, the bodywork is in --- unit(s) with the --- so that the vehicle --- became part of the vehicle --- rather than just an --- ---

bodywork is in ONE UNIT with the chassis so that the vehicle BODY became part of the vehicle STRUCTURE rather than just an EXTERNAL SKIN

Technician A says that variable valve timing allows the engine to operate more efficiently and with more power over a larger range than with a standard fixed-valve timing engine. Technician B says that the use of variable valve timing (VVT) enables some manufacturers to eliminate exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) valves. Who is correct?

both

breather assembly

breather cover / breather spring, disc, and screen

interference angle

built-in differences in angles between valve seat and valve face to provide quick bedding-in of valve face to valve seat on new engines; usually must be machined between about ½-1 degree from each other for sealing purposes /

by the 19--s, most --- switched to vehicle --- that either --- or --- integrated the bodywork into a single --- with the chassis so that the vehicle --- became part of the vehicle --- rather than just an external skin

by the 1960s, most MANUFACTURERS switched to vehicle DESIGNS that either PARTIALLY or WHOLLY integrated the BODYWORK into a SINGLE UNIT with the chassis so that the vehicle BODY became part of the vehicle STRUCTURE rather than just an external skin

How can a good shop layout be achieved

by thinking about how the work is to be done, how equipment is used, and what traffic movements, both pedestrian and vehicular, occur within the shop

How does switching between cam lobes happen - 2bs way

by using 2 cam lobes, but only one cam follower for each valve - cam lobes free to slide sideways to line up with cam follower / pair of solenoids operate plungers, which drop down into slotted ramps to push cam lobes in one direction or/other / cam lobes held at either extreme by spring-loaded detent assembly / Each plunger only remains in slot for about half a revolution of camshaft, just enough to push lobes to one side/other. Each plunger used to push lobes 1 direction.

a convertible is commonly known as a --- in Europe

cabriolet

non-cross flow heads

cam may be positioned right over top of valves and operate them through a bucket lifter, which may also have built-in lash adjuster / design makes for very compact valve train, although it calls for a more extensive cam drive as well as the need for enhanced oiling at top of engine for the camshaft, lifters, and followers

cam-in-block engines use --- to transfer the camshaft's --- motion to the --- by way of --- --- on top of the cylinder head. ---, or "---," ride on the camshaft lobes to actuate the ---, --- ---, and ---.

cam-in-block engines use PUSHRODS to transfer the camshaft's LIFTING motion to the VALVES by way of ROCKER ARMS on top of the cylinder head. TAPPETS, or " LIFTERS," ride on the camshaft lobes to actuate the PUSHRODS, ROCKER ARMS, and VALVE.

In an OHC type of engine, if the OHC cylinder head's deck surface is warped, it is likely that the ____ is also warped.

camshaft bore

valve seals

can allow oil seep down stems and puddle in port, causing puff of blue smoke during start-up / In engine with proper valve guide clearance, oil leakage reduced, but not eliminated

Transaxles can also be used on some sports cars with --- ---, --- --- ---, with the transaxle connected to the --- by a ---

can also be used on some sports cars with FRONT-ENGINE, REAR-WHEEL DRIVE, with the transaxle connected to the ENGINE by a DRIVESHAFT

method of preventing lifter from rotating in the lifter bore

can be accomplished by connecting 2 adjacent lifters together with a pivoting link, or it could use a pin on the side of the lifter that rides in a groove in the lifter bore of the block or head

flat tappet valve lifters

can be solid or hydraulic / has nearly flat surface riding directly on camshaft lobe / slightly offset to one side of cam lobe causing lifter to rotate as it rides up lobe, instead of sliding up lobe - rotating action reduces friction and spreads out wear over face of the lifter

Convertible can convert from --- top to --- top / roof can be ---, ---, or --- ---

can convert from ENCLOSED TOP top to OPEN top / roof can be REMOVED, RETRACTED, or FOLDED AWAY

Convertible

can convert from enclosed top to open top / roof can be removed, retracted, or folded away / most have mechanism driven by electric motors to retract or raise the roof / roof is usually a flexible fabric (like canvas or vinyl), but HARDTOP convertibles can have roof of a series of folding steel or fiberglass panels

coupes can have --- roofs or can be --- style

can have fixed roofs or can be in convertible styles

The V engine can typically be found in ----, ----, ----, and --- cylinder configurations. --- the num. of cylinders go on each side of the V

can typically be found in SIX-, EIGHT-, TEN-, and ONE HUNDRED-TWENTY cylinder configurations. HALF the num. of cylinders go on each side of the V

Generally, sodium-filled valves ...

can't be repaired and must be replaced when problems occur

Generally, sodium-filled valves....

cannot be repaired or ground and must be replaced if problems occur

cast rocker arms

cast in a die with molten metal / Metal alloys can be used, making cast, forged, or billet rocker arms that are more durable than their non-alloy counterparts / generally used in sports cars and other high-performance vehicles

valve tensile failure

causes valve to stretch be pulled apart by action of the valve spring / when first occurs, it generally causes valve stem to stretch, resulting in cylinder misfire due to loss of compression from valve not fully closing. In extreme case, it causes head to separate from stem and drop into combustion chamber, causing catastrophic engine damage

Always what before opening fuel system

check the manufacturer's procedure for depressurizing the fuel system / remove fuel safely if there is a possibility of fuel spillage while working on a vehicle / remove fuel only in a well-ventilated, level space, preferably outside in the open air / Make sure all potential sources of ignition have been removed from the area, and disconnect the battery on the vehicle /

Before using sealant...

check vehicle manufacturer's service information to be sure product can be used with your application

To keep the levels of dirt and dust to a minimum...

clean it up immediately after the task is complete. The vigorous action of sweeping causes the dirt and dust to rise; therefore, when sweeping the floor, use a soft broom that pushes, rather than flicks, the dirt and dust forward / Create smaller piles and dispose of them frequently / you can also use a water hose

ram effect

column inertia / Increased valve overlap and lift increase top-end rpm power due to ram effect / greater at high rpm so more air can be pushed into engine if valve is held open later in four-stroke cycle allowing timing to be tailored for distinct engine purpose (peak torque rpm range)

At cranking speeds, there isn't much -----------, so having ----- for a long time reduces engine intake vacuum and makes engine difficult to start bc --------/ w/ no ---------, leaving --------- during initial portion of --- stroke effective compression.

column inertia / valve open / intake air moves back out past intake valve as piston travels up on compression stroke / column inertia / intake valve open / compression / lowers

COMBINATION OF --- ---, --- ---, AND --- OF --- DEFINES THE DRIVE TRAIN LAYOUT

combo of ENGINE POSITION, ENGINE ORIENTATION, and TYPE OF DRIVE defines drivetrain layout

cylinder head design... combustion chamber inside --- / today's are designed to improve --- and --- of fuel mix, helping mix, and preventing --- --- from settling on --- --- surfaces

combustion chamber inside ENGINE / today's are designed to improve SWIRL and TURBULENCE of fuel mix, helping mix, and preventing FUEL DROPLETS from settling on COMBUSTION CHAMBER surfaces

cylinder head design

combustion chamber inside engine / today's are designed to improve swirl and turbulence of fuel mix, helping mix, and preventing fuel droplets from settling on com cham surfaces

hemispherical cylinder head look and history... combustion chamber that's --- in shape with valves in --- - --- arrangement and spark plug near --- of cylinder head directly --- top of piston / been around since approximately 1901 / Pipe, a belgian caremaker, made many early designs in 1905 / In early 1960s, Chrysler Corporation trademarked name Hemi™, which is perhaps most widely known h.c.c engine created

combustion chamber that's SEMICIRCLE in shape with valves in CROSS-FLOW arrangement and spark plug near CENTER of cylinder head directly OVER top of piston / been around since approximately 1901 / Pipe, a belgian caremaker, made many early designs in 1905 / In early 1960s, Chrysler Corporation trademarked name Hemi™, which is perhaps most widely known h.c.c engine created

hemispherical cylinder head look and history

combustion chamber that's semicircle in shape with valves in cross-flow arrangement and spark plug near center of cylinder head directly over top of piston / been around since approximately 1901 / Pipe, a belgian caremaker, made many early designs in 1905 / In early 1960s, Chrysler Corporation trademarked name Hemi™, which is perhaps most widely known h.c.c engine created

pushrod ends

come in several different styles: ball to ball, ball to cup, and ball to adjustable tip

service managing requires well-established skills in...

communicating, motivating, and creating positive work environments

electrical techs work with --- to --- on --- systems like...

computer controlled engine management systems / service, identify, and repair faults / electronically controlled vehicle systems / fuel injection, ignition, anti-lock braking, cruise control, and automatic transmission

GDI timing

computer has control of the amount and timing of the injection sequence / varies based on a variety of engine conditions, such as engine load, speed, and temperature /

driveability techs work with --- to...

computer-controlled engine management systems / service, identify, and repair faults on electronically controlled vehicle systems like fuel injection, ignition, and electronic stability control.

Driveability techs reflash PCMs by using...

computerized equipment on a wide variety of vehicles; use updates supplied by the manufacturer to ensure that vehicles run at peak performance and within acceptable emissions limits

scavenging effect

condition caused by moving columns of air, which create a low-pressure area behind them, resulting in pulling force used to pull remaining burned gases from combustion chamber / Valve timing affects the amount of scavenging effect an engine has

valve float

condition occurring when valves moving so fast that spring tension is not great enough to fully seat valves as designed / valves can't be closed (sealed) by valve springs as fast as needed before next stroke / can allow piston to hit open valve on some engines

air cleaner cover latch

connects air cleaner cover to base and paper element

The driveshaft connects output from --- to --- via --- through a --- --- assembly that divides up the --- to the powered ---

connects output from TRANSMISSION to WHEELS via AXLES through a FINAL DRIVE assembly that divides up the DRIVE to the powered WHEELS

Rear Live Axle (with front engine, rear-wheel drive) vehicles are considered --- --- -- to --- vehicle along

considered REAR-WHEEL DRIVE to PUSH vehicle along

Rear Live Axle (with rear engine, rear-wheel drive) vehicles are considered --- to --- vehicle along

considered REAR-WHEEL DRIVE to PUSH vehicle along

hydraulic valve lifters

constructed as a centrally located plunger inside a hollow cylindrical body / Engine oil fills inside of lifter body, pushing plunger up until all play in valve train is removed / are self-adjusting, so can automatically accommodate changes caused by wear or temp. fluctuations / more frequently used today bc they're quieter and require no periodic maintenance

solid lifter

constructed as a hollow cast iron cylinder, capped on both ends / function by transferring action of cam lobe to pushrod / no means for changing length of solid lifter, unlike in oil-filled plunger action of hydraulic lifter, so they can't self-adjust to changes caused by wear or thermal conditions. As a result, all adjustments must be performed manually / require frequent valve adjustments / typically noisier than hydraulic lifters / can be made lighter than hydraulic lifter, so can be used at higher engine rpm without contributing to valve float.

The unibody design is constructed of a large number of --- --- --- --- that are precisely formed in presses and spot-welded together into a structural unit

constructed of a large number of STEEL SHEET METAL PANELS that are precisely formed in presses and spot-welded together into a structural unit

When dealing with a potentially hazardous product, you should...

consult the SDS to learn how to use that product safely / If you are using more than one product, make sure you consult all the SDS for those products. Be aware that certain combinations of products can be more dangerous than any of them separately

brake and clutch linings

contain asbestos / Always wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water after performing repair tasks on brake and clutch components

used engine oil is a hazardous material...

containing many impurities that can damage your skin / Coming into frequent or prolonged contact with used engine oil can cause dermatitis and other skin disorders, including some forms of cancer / Avoid direct contact as much as possible by always using PPE

spill response kit

contains absorbent material and barrier dams to contain moderate-sized spills

iable cam timing

controlled by the PCM / several inputs used to ensure that ECM is able to control timing accurately / inputs are same inputs used by PCM to control fuel delivery and ignition system timing

convertible roof is actually a --- fabric (like --- or ---), but hardtop convertibles can have a roof of a series of --- --- or --- ---

convertible roof is actually a FLEXIBLE fabric (like CANVAS or VINYL), but hardtop convertibles can have a roof of a series of FOLDING STEEL or FIBERGLASS PANELS

For a vehicle to operate, it first requires a means of --- --- energy into --- energy that can --- the wheels

converting chemical energy into mechanical energy that can turn the wheels

Removal and safety info / recommended storage - brake fluid

corrosive and highly toxic to the environment - Drain into pan or tray. Store in a drum in a covered area for collection by a licensed operator.

when vehicle/transfer case is disengaged, it's...

coupled to only one drive shaft.

What should you do if there are punctures or cuts to eye

cover eye with sterile gauze, if available, and seek medical assistance

valve timing

critical to proper operation of ICE / Many performance gains can be made by changing valve timing, but it all depends on what rpm range power is desired to be / affects amount of scavenging effect engine has / controlled by physical shape and position of cam lobes on camshaft / In past applications, engine designer would have to decide which valve timing best served engine operating range then design camshaft for that purpose.

hemispherical cylinder head functions

cross-flow cylinder head / air-fuel mixture enters on one side, and exhaust gases exit out the other side / Positioning valves with spark plug just off center of combustion chamber leaves more room for relatively large valves and ports, helping engine breathe / air-fuel mixture starts to burn at the plug and then continues burning outward in all directions - flame front called flame propagation / limited to 2 valves per cylinder

Service consultants book --- into the shop, fill out ---, price ---, ---, and keep track of ---

customer work / repair orders / repairs / invoice / work being performed on customer vehicles

The role of a service manager is very --- and challenging

demanding and challenging

valve sizes....

depend on engine

concentricity

describes valve seat where valve seat and valve stem share a common center. In this design, valve can seal against seat no matter how rotated

fire blankets

designed to smother a small fire / ideal for use in situations where a fire extinguisher could cause damage without running the risk of getting powder / very useful in putting out a fire on a person / can be thrown around the person, smothering any fire / use instructions on the packaging / make sure you return the blanket for use or, if necessary, replace it with a new one

designing engine around the natural angle means the engine can have --- length bc each --- --- can be shared by --- cylinder(s)

designing engine around the natural angle means the engine can have SHORTER length bc each CRANKSHAFT THROW can be shared by TWO cylinders

asbestos

despite having very good heat properties, it's toxic. Asbestos dust causes lung cancer. Complications from breathing the dust may not show until decades after exposure

primer hose

detached from carburator

valve train configuration

determined by manufacturer, so in variety

cam lobe

determines when each valve opens, how far opens, and how long stays open - all determined by cam lobe profile / raised portion on camshaft; used to lift lifter and open valve on usually round shaft / can be moved forward or backward in relation to crankshaft position to make events happen sooner/later in piston stroke

Peak engine torque

developed at peak volumetric efficiency.

Torque is developed in --- when --- of air/fuel mix causes --- --- to --- a piston --- a cylinder and apply --- --- to ---

developed in ENGINE when COMBUSTION of air/fuel mix causes HIGH PRESSURE to PUSH piston DOWN cylinder and apply TWISTING FORCE to CRANKSHAFT

torque is developed in engine when --- of air/fuel mix causes --- --- to push piston --- cylinder and apply twisting force to ---

developed in engine when COMBUSTION of air/fuel mix causes HIGH PRESSURE to push piston DOWN cylinder and apply twisting force to CRANKSHAFT

atomizer

device for emitting water, perfume, or other liquids as a fine spray

driveability tech...(general)

diagnose and identify mechanical and electrical faults that affect performance and emissions of vehicles

Separate brake techs...(general)

diagnose and repair faults, replace or overhaul brake systems, and test the components of disc, drum, and power brake systems used on all types of vehicles

light line techs... (general)

diagnose and replace mechanical and electrical components of motor vehicles, like gaskets, belts, hoses, timing belts, water pumps, radiators, alternators, and starters

transmission specialist...(general)

diagnose, overhaul, and repair transmission units

heavy line techs may ---- parts and assemblies

diagnose, overhaul, repair, or replace

Separate Chassis techs... (general)

diagnose, repair, and service steering system components and suspension systems on all types of vehicles

Electrical Technicians...(general)

diagnose, replace, maintain, identify faults with, and repair electrical wiring and computer-based equipment in vehicles

sealants design

diff sealants for diff applications / applications in which sealants can't be used /

valves

diff. sizes / experience enormous stress even in normal conditions / opening and closing controlled by camshaft lobe and valve spring / control flow of air and fuel into and out of cylinder /

lobe lift

difference between base circle and nose

the service manager typically reports --- to the ---

directly / business owner

light line technicians may be required to...

discuss problems with vehicle owners, operate special test equipment, and test-drive vehicles to identify faults

lube techs may be required to assist other types of techs with...

dismantling or removing engine assemblies, transmissions, steering mechanisms, and other components; repairing or replacing worn/defective parts; and reassembling mechanical components

piston stroke

distance piston travels through engine cylinder from top dead center to bottom dead center and vice versa

the differential gear set divides --- to ---

divides TORQUE to AXLES

What are shop policies and procedures

documents that outline how tasks and activities in shop are to be conducted and managed / ensure that shop operates according to OSHA and EPA rules / written to guide shop practice; help ensure compliance with laws, statutes, and regulations; and reduce the risk of injury

Electrical/Driveability tech

does job of both techs

Vehicle openings

doors / engine compartment / hood / hatch and tailgate openings / fuel door / sometimes battery access cover

doors and gates

doorway is a physical barrier that can be locked and sealed to separate a hazardous environment from the rest of the shop or a general work area from an office or specialist work area

drive from transmission is transmitted to rest of ---

drive from transmission is transmitted to rest of DRIVE TRAIN

When 4WD is disengaged, most part-time 4WD vehicles...

drive the rear wheels

transmission specialists may also work on other components of the ---, including the ----

drivetrain / driveshaft and differentials

During the intake stroke, a drop in --- occurs as the piston moves down the cylinder during the --- stroke / --- --- pushes --- and --- through the --- ----, filling the void where the piston was

drop in PRESSURE occurs as the piston moves down the cylinder during the INTAKE stroke / ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE pushes AIR and GAS through the INTAKE MANIFOLD, filling the void where the piston was

intake stroke

drop in pressure occurs as the piston moves down the cylinder during the intake stroke / Atmospheric pressure pushes air and gas through the intake manifold, filling the void where the piston was

advertised duration

duration specification / measures duration from where lifter first starts to move

duration at 0.050"

duration specification / measures duration starting when lifter hits 0.050" / better indicator of camshaft profile and how it affects engine operation / bc by 0.050", cam is well into its lift profile

for transaxle-equipped vehicles, each drive shaft has --- --- to allow for suspension and steering movement

each DRIVE SHAFT has MOVABLE JOINTS to allow for SUSPENSION and STEERING movement

OHC engines

each valve has 1 rocker arm and 1 lobe on camshaft / rocker arm comes in diff rocker arm ratios depending on engine design / use camshaft followers instead of rocker arms / intake valves usually on 1 side of cylinder head and exhaust valves on other side, with camshaft sitting between them / Rocker arms or cam followers would be between camshaft and valves on each side of camshaft

in vehicle drive at 2500 rpm...

each valve opens and closes at around 21 times per sec.

in vehicle drive at 6000 rpm...

each valve opens and closes at around 50 times per sec.

camshaft lobe

eccentric "egg-shaped" portion of camshaft that pushes on valve lifter or camshaft follower / controls valve opening and closing / shape affects power characteristics of engine / If cam is single cam with exhaust and intake lobes, then both intake and exh are affected by rotating camshaft to advanced or retarded position / pushes the rocker arm up on one end, and the other end pushes the valve down to open

lip seal

effective at sealing low pressures, but differential speed between opposing surfaces can be substantial / As lip-type seal wears, garter spring holds tension on seal, keeping it against part it's sealing

electrical techs also install --- components such as --- as well as accessories such as ---

electrical components / alternators and starter motors / radios, air conditioners, driving lamps, and anti-theft systems

light line techs also test/repair ---

electrical systems such as lighting, instrumentation, vehicle sensors, and engine management systems

Often, drivability technicians use...

electronic test equipment, scan tools, pressure transducers, exhaust gas analyzers, lab scopes, meters, and circuit wiring diagrams to locate electrical, fuel, and emission systems faults

a sedan has a(n) --- body

enclosed

The shop foreman is responsible for --- at all times to avoid ---

enforcing safety procedures / accidental injuries to technicians or damage to vehicles

In front live axle vehicles, engine & transaxle are at --- & can be mounted --- (--- --- ---) with engine parallel to --- --- ---, or --- with the engine in line with the --- of vehicle

engine & transaxle are at the FRONT & can be mounted TRANSVERSELY (SIDE TO SIDE) with engine PARALLEL to FRONT LIVE AXLE, or LONGITUDINALLY with the engine in line with the CENTERLINE of vehicle

With mid live axles, engine is --- --- driver, but --- --- --- drive --- axle

engine is BEHIND THE driver, but IN FRONT REAR drive LIVE axle

engine manufacturers have developed a balance shaft with counterweights spaced so as to cancel out the inherent vibrations. The balance shafts are mounted in the engine ---, either below the crankshaft, next to the crankshaft, or above the crankshaft, depending on design. The shafts are typically driven at twice the engine rpm, usually by a chain, gear, or belt from the crankshaft. The weights on the shaft are timed to cancel the second-order vibrations in the engine

engine manufacturers have developed a balance shaft with counterweights spaced so as to cancel out the inherent vibrations. The balance shafts are mounted in the engine BLOCK, either below the crankshaft, next to the crankshaft, or above the crankshaft, depending on design. The shafts are typically driven at twice the engine rpm, usually by a chain, gear, or belt from the crankshaft. The weights on the shaft are timed to cancel the second-order vibrations in the engine

In naturally aspirated engine...

engine relies totally on atmospheric pressure to push air into cylinder

shop foreman oversee techs work to...

ensure that customers receive quality repair work

there is a push to extend maintenance intervals as...

even further as new lubricants, materials, and machining processes are being developed

Any oil burned in the combustion chamber or exhaust system will result in...

excessive oil consumption, which appears as a bluish-white exhaust smoke

EGR

exhaust gas recirculation

exhaust valves

exhaust gases exit comb chamb through these/ exhaust gases pushed out by piston, creating greater force on exhaust gases than atmospheric pressure pushing air into cylinder / oil can be pulled past ex valve stem during deceleration like intake valve /

ram effect (exhaust stroke)

exhaust valve begins to open shortly before piston reaches BDC allowing remaining pressure in cylinder to escape before piston starts moving back up / allows time for exhaust valve to open far enough so at higher rpm, there's time to fully evacuate cylinder / When piston travels back to TDC, exhaust gases pushed rapidly out of cylinder, causing column effect in exhaust system

expansion slots can be cut --- into the piston skirt ro control piston expansion. As the piston expands, the slots are slowly closed. The third method uses a horizontal slot cut directly beneath the piston head . The slot acts like a --- or retardant, preventing heat from traveling down from the top of the piston

expansion slots can cut VERTICALLY into the piston skirt to control piston expansion. As the piston expands, the slots are slowly closed. The third method uses a horizontal slot cut directly beneath the piston head . The slot acts like a DAM or retardant, preventing heat from traveling down from the top of the piston

the extra --- in the roof of a station wagon increases ---

extra LENGTH in the roof increases LUGGAGE CAPACITY

How to identify hazardous environments

familiarize self with shop layout / study warning signs / identify exit / plan escape route / know designated gathering point / check for air quality and ventilation / check location and types of shop fire extinguishers and know when/how to use / identify flammable hazards and storage / check hoses and fittings on air compressor and air guns for any damage or excessive wear / Identify caustic chemicals and acids associated with activities in your shop

electrical techs test and replace --- such as...

faulty charging system components, starter motors, and related items / batteries

electrical techs also repair and replace ---, often using ---

faulty ignition components, electrical wiring, fuses, and lamps and switches / solder equipment when repairing electrical components

what you should do before using hazardous material

find SDS for that particular material / Always check that revision date you are reading is most recent update / Note chemical and trade names for material, its manufacturer, and the emergency telephone number to call / Find out why this material is potentially hazardous / Find out what will happen to you if you suffer overexposure to the material, either through breathing it or by coming into physical contact with it. This helps you to take safety precautions / Note the flash point for this material so that you know at what temperature it may catch fire / note what kind of fire extinguisher you would use to fight a fire involving this material / Study the reactivity for this material to identify the physical conditions or other materials that you should avoid when using this material / Find out what special precautions you should take / Be sure to refresh your knowledge of your SDS from time to time

what should you do to understand shop ruled

find general shop rules/procedures book / look through index / discuss contents with supervisor / ask questions

Service consultants...(general)

first point of contact for customer and provide advice and assistance to customers concerning their vehicles

identifying waste

first to determine what products are waste and what can be reused or recycled / second is to identify what type of material the waste is then determine what type of disposal is needed

O-rings design / placement

fit in shallow grooves cut in head around cylinders and passageways to seal compression and fluids / crushed in place when head bolts are torqued into place / fit in grooves, so very effective, but expensive way to seal heads / rounded ring of rubber or plastic

Umbrella-style valve stem seals

fit tightly around top of valve stems and ride up/down w/ valves / umbrella larger diameter than valve guide, so oil drips off umbrella outside of guide - hence seal prevents excessive oil from leaking into guide / generally found on older (1980s-) American-built V8 engines / not typically in modern engines

L-head

flat head / four-stroke ice with both intake and exhaust valves in one side of engine block, which are operated by lifters actuated by single camshaft / sometimes called flat head because there no valves in head

what does versatile mean

flexible and adjustable

viscous coupling is for --- --- in --- ---

for splitting drive in transfer cases

The most popular adhesive to hold gasket in place...

form of contact cement coming in either aerosol can or squeeze tube / capable of adhering to diff surfaces, like felt, cork, metal, paper, rubber, and asbestos gaskets

fuel line

from carburetor

flame front

front edge of the burning air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber / has less distance to travel in HCC which gives rapid and effective comb.

Front live axle is considered...

front wheel drive

fuel mixture is ignited by --- system which causes hot gas to ---, pushing each --- down into the --- which in turn causes the --- to rotate

fuel mixture is ignited by IGNITION system which causes hot gas to EXPAND, pushing each PISTON down into the CYLINDER which in turn causes the CRANKSHAFT to rotate

What three elements must be present at same time for fire to occur

fuel/oxygen/heat

inert gas

gas that will not react chemically / doesn't burn

anisotropic

gasket designed to conduct heat laterally to transfer heat from combustion chamber to coolant faster / normally constructed with a steel core

heat deflector gasket

gasket on outside of carburetor

with the further development of larger, more reliable ---, automobiles became the predominant mode of personal transportation

gasoline engines

Some heavy line technicians are more --- and work on a --- range of vehicles, whereas others specialize in --- areas by working on --- brand makes and models

generalized / broad / particular / specific

In-line engines are generally --- complicated to --- and --- bc they don't have to --- --- with a second --- of cylinders meaning there is --- --- in the engine --- so it is a useful design when little --- space is available

generally LESS complicated to DESIGN and MANUFACTURE bc they don't have to SHARE COMPONENTS with a second BANK of cylinders. Meaning there is EXTRAV ROOM in the engine COMPARTMENT so it is a useful design when little VERTICAL space is available

gaskets made by/of...

generally designed to be single use / can be made of soft materials like cork, paper, or various of rubbers / can be made of soft alloys and metals like brass, copper, aluminum, and stainless steel - such materials may be used individually or in some cases as blends to produce required functional material / with use reduction of asbestos, enhanced gasket materials have been developed / modern gaskets must be made of more robust materials, like vulcanized rubber or EPDM / manufacturers are producing improved material combinations such as nitrile-cork blends to deal with the extreme demands placed on modern engines

generally rotary engines have --- than --- rotor(s) with --- being most common / design provides very --- --- unit

generally have MORE than ONE rotor with TWO being most common / design provides very COMPACT POWER UNIT

control module

generic term identifying electronic unit that controls 1+ electrical systems in vehicle; also called control unit

exhaust studs

go through heat deflector gasket and onto the carburetor

drive cup

golden cup with but inside

aluminum alloy

good for light weight / conducts heat away from the combustion chamber more rapidly than cast iron / with an aluminum-alloy head, the heat of combustion can be conducted to the coolant faster, reducing the chance of localized hot spots / engine efficiency is reduced when heat is removed too quickly from combustion chamber, so aluminum cylinder heads may be designed with smaller water jackets to prevent them from overcooling the engine

Policy

guiding principle that sets shop direction ex. OSHA document for the shop that describes how the shop complies with legislation, such as a sign

transmission specialists use many of the --- tools that --- techs use and also use specialized --- to ---

hand / heavy line techs / equipment / measure tolerances, check electrical circuits, and check hydraulic pressures (check systems)

When servicing vehicles, lube technicians are required to use...

hand and air tools

Shop safety equipment

handrails / machinery guards / painted lines / sound-insulated rooms / adequate ventilation / doors and gates / temporary barriers

If exhaust valve is held open later, then it will ---- into the ------, which can result in exhaust gases being -------the engine. This ---- the incoming air-fuel mixture with inert exhaust gas to help reduce -------

hang open / intake stroke / pulled back into / dilutes / oxides of nitrogen emissions

valve keepers are ----- to withstand ---- action of --------

hardened to withstand pounding action of valve opening and closing

ball-to-cup pushrod

has smooth, rounded ball at one end that sits in a cup on valve lifter and a cup at other end into which a smooth, rounded ball end of rocker arm assembly fits.

gasoline-proof hardening sealants

have little to no "give" once dry and only used in extreme situations like to help hold a cracked component together when new component isn't available

piston engines have longer ---and produce --- emissions than rotary engines. They are used in the --- --- of automotive engines

have longer LIFE and produce FEWER emissions than rotary engine / used by VAST MAJORITY of automotive engines

dual camshafts

having allows intake and exhaust valve timing to be controlled separately from each other, which can reduce emissions, increase power, and increase engine efficiency or mileage

HCS

hazard communication system / As of June 1, 2015, the HCS requires new SDS to be in a uniform format, and include the section numbers, the headings, and associated information under certain headings

he drivetrain encompasses the major assemblies that drive the vehicle down the road, including the ---, ---/---, ---, ---, and ---

he drivetrain encompasses the MAJOR ASSEMBLIES that POWER the vehicle down the road, including the ENGINE, TRANSMISSION/TRANSAXLE, DIFFERENTIAl, AXLES, and WHEELS

when someone else gets chemical in eyes...you should...

he typically needs assistance in reaching the eyewash station by taking his arm and leading him to it / encourage him to use his fingers to pull his eyelids open and rinse eyes for 15 minutes / call for medical assistance while he is washing

________ orfices control the flow of coolant between the engine block and the cylinder head.

head gasket

gasket and heat shield kit

heat deflector gasket / heat shield on carburetor

Formal and informal safety inspections should be...

held regularly

catalytic converter

help control exhaust emissions through chemical reaction / require high temperatures to operate efficiently / less effective when exhaust gases are cool / can never substitute good ventilation or exhaust extraction equipment / even if working at 100% efficiency, exhaust would contain lots of of carbon dioxide and very low amounts of oxygen, neither of which conditions can sustain life

sealing beads

help eliminate leak paths / in MLS

barrier type hand lotion

helps protect your hands and makes cleaning them much easier

cylinder head shapes

hemispherical cylinder head and combustion chamber / pent-roof cylinder heads / oval cylinder head and combustion chamber / wedge cylinder head and combustion chamber / gas direct injection cylinder head

HEPA

high-efficiency particulate dust collection system/ used to be approved for cleanup of hazardous dust is no longer approved bc it's not easy to set up, use, and store / used a HEPA filter to trap very small particles / these types of hazardous dust collection systems are no longer approved

Risks of using a bench grinder

high-velocity particle could damage eyesight; grinding wheel breaking apart, damaging eyesight or causing cuts and abrasion; electrocution if electrical parts are faulty; risk to your hands from heat or high-velocity particles; a risk to your hearing due to excessive noise; a risk of fire if flammables are present, and a risk of entrapment of clothing or body parts through rotating machinery

Exits should be...

highlighted with possibly illuminated signs / never chained, closed, or obstructed

Many shop foreman are responsible for --- new workers and provide regular ---

hiring and training / performance reviews

valve guides

hollow metal passageways in cylinder head in which stem of valve rides / allows valve to move only up and down while holding in same position side to side / must be able to retain lubrication for valve stem to live long / can allow oil seep down stems and puddle in the port, causing puff of blue smoke during start-up

horsepower is the rate (in --- and ---) at which ---is produced

horsepower is the rate (in TIME and DISTANCE) at which TORQUE is produced

With government air quality standards constantly rising, achieving a cleaner burn for an internal combustion engine means...

hotter burn, higher pressure, and thus a more intense combustion process / Valves, valve seats, pistons, and cylinders all have to meet increased demands.

When servicing vehicles, lube technicians are required to raise vehicles using...

hydraulic hoists or jacks

vehicle brakes operate on principle of ---

hydraulic pressure

What must you be able to do with any waste products after completing a job

identify what do do with them / how and where to safely dispose them

It's not a matter of ____ but ____ a shop is going to have a fire

if / when

stem wear

if bad enough, can cause intermittent loss of compression and misfires. Also, oil will be drawn down intake valve guides, causing oil to enter intake airstream / oil will also seep down exhaust port when engine is off, or be drawn past exhaust valve stem during engine deceleration

what basic systems do old and new vehicles have

ignition, cooling, engine, drive train, suspension, and lubrication

basic vehicle systems

ignition, cooling, engine, drivetrain, suspension, and lubrication

ll flammable items should be kept where

in an approved fireproof storage container or cabinet, with firefighting equipment close at hand

paper element / foam precleaner

in between air cleaner cover and base

valve guide clearance

in engine with proper valve guide clearance, oil leakage is reduced, but not eliminated /

pushrod engines

in many, valves positioned in line on 1 side of cylinder head and pushrods on other side of head, with rocker arms between them / To aid in mounting and aligning all rocker arms, the r.a. may be mounted on common rocker shaft

garter spring

in oil seal / applies small, constant pressure to keep sealing lip in contact with rotating part it is sealing

Always keep flammable liquids...

in spill-proof containers (gas cans can automatically close when not in use

airborne dust

in the shop can also cause breathing problems such as asthma and throat infections / ever cause dust from vehicle components to be blown into the air. It can stay floating for many hours, meaning that other people will breathe the dust unknowingly

aftermarket performance camshaft

includes specifications card used during engine assembly to ensure correct timing

Section 16, Other information

includes the date of preparation or last revision

Be careful not to mix ___ fluids bc...

incompatible / ex. used engine oil and used coolant bc Doing so makes the hazardous materials very much more expensive to dispose of (bc you don't want high disposal cost)

OHV engines

incorporate pushrods / each valve has one lifter, one pushrod, one rocker arm, and one lobe on the camshaft dedicated to its opening and closing

air-fuel mix turbulence is... increased in the ---, aka ---, area, which is the area between the --- head at --- dead center and the --- head / the name comes from the --- of the air-fuel mixture into a small "---." / piston --- the air-fuel mixture and forces it with great --- out of the --- area, creating turbulence, which helps to thoroughly --- --- fuel and --- air / it takes certain amount of --- to maintain good turbulence

increased in the QUENCH, AKA SQUISH, area, which is the area between the PISTON head at TOP dead center and the CYLINDER head / name comes from the SQUISHING of the air-fuel mixture into a small "CHARGE." / piston SQUEEZES the air-fuel mixture and forces it with great SPEED out of SQUISH area, creating turbulence, which helps to thoroughly mix HEAVIER fuel and LIGHTER air / takes certain amount of SPEED to maintain good turbulence

air-fuel mix turbulence

increased in the quench, or squish, area, which is the area between the piston head at top dead center and the cylinder head / name comes from the squishing of the air-fuel mixture into a small "charge." / piston squeezes the air-fuel mixture and forces it with great speed out of squish area, creating turbulence, which helps to thoroughly mix heavier fuel and lighter air / takes certain amount of speed to maintain good turbulence

air-fuel mix swirl was initially created by the --- and --- of the --- port.

initially created by the SHAPE and ANGLE of the INTAKE port.

air-fuel mix swirl

initially created by the shape and angle of the intake port.

Common sources of toxic dust

inside drum brakes and manual transmission bell housings

light line techs --- vehicles and may issue --- or list the --- required before a certificate can be issued

inspect / state safety certificates / work

chassis/brake techs --- the vehicle --- systems. In many cases, this also includes performing --- once

inspects, diagnoses, and services / braking, steering, and suspension / wheel alignments / any repairs have been made

Instead of intake and exhaust valves, rotary engines have intake and exhaust --- that are --- and --- by rotating rotor in the chamber / design --- num. of parts and makes it --- complicated than piston engine

intake and exhaust PORTS that are COVERED and UNCOVERED by rotating rotor in the chamber / design REDUCES num. of parts and makes it LESS complicated than piston engine

valve overlap

intake and exhaust valves are open at same time / High-performance engines have more degrees of valve overlap than street engines bc longer cam duration / In reality, even standard camshaft grinds (valve timing) include some valve overlap at TDC / in traditional engine designs, camshaft design and valve timing are compromise for street engine use

why intake valve more likely to pass oil through guide than ex valve

intake port has low manifold pressure (vacuum) bc intake stroke, especially during deceleration when coasting downhill

What does vehicle design primarily depend on? What else are they designed for?

intended function of vehicle. To accommodate aesthetics and safety.

What 2 concepts did Ford apply to car production

interchangeability/assembly line

service consultants are the --- between the --- and the ---, so good --- and --- skills are essential

interface / technician / customer / communication and organization

fuel vapor

invisible / 3 to 4 times heavier than air / can spread unseen across wide area, filling any low spots like service pits / source of ignition can be distance from the original spill and still ignite it / Fuel can vaporize from paper towels or rags used to wipe up liquid spill / Don't ignore the presence of fuel vapors / If you smell gasoline or other flammable vapor, stop work and investigate the source (may mean stopping others)

fuel vapor

invisible and three to four times heavier than air, it can spread unseen across a wide area, filling any low spots such as service pits / source of ignition can be quite some distance from the original spill and still ignite it / Fuel can even vaporize from paper towels or rags used to wipe up liquid spill / Do not ignore the presence of fuel vapors / If you smell gasoline or other flammable vapor, stop work and investigate the source (may mean stopping others)

Class D fires

involve combustible metals such as sodium, titanium, and magnesium

Class K fires

involve cooking oil or fat

Class C fires

involve electrical equipment

Class B fires

involve flammable liquids or gaseous fuels

Class A fires

involve ordinary combustibles such as wood, paper, or cloth

bc inert gas doesn't burn...

it causes combustion gases to burn more slowly, which reduces peak combustion temperature - Keeping peak temp. below 2500°F (1371.1°C) reduces amount of oxides of nitrogen, or NOx

As air flows into the cylinder...

it gains velocity in the intake manifold, which creates a column of air that has inertia and keeps the airflow moving, or racing, into the cylinder

Who is acknowledged to have invented modern automobile / around what time

karl Benz around 1885

cam seals

keep oil from leaking past rotating camshaft

What must you do regarding local, state, and federal environmental regulation

keep up to date with local laws and regulations regarding environmental issues / log on to local state websites to check the latest laws and regulations such as the EPA's up-to-date website with lists all laws and regulations, compliance measures, and enforcement tactics, and additional laws that are enforced by your local state environmental agencies

How to ensure safety

know the rules and steps/listen carefully to safety info/ask for clarification, help, or instructions/ be on lookout for unsafe equipment or shop practices/wear correct PPE/stay aware of what's happening around u / think about what doing, how doing, how it affects others / know what to do in case of emergency

What should you do to have electrical safety

know where electrical shutoffs or panels for shop are located / have All circuit breakers and fuses clearly labeled / keep circuit breaker and/or electrical panel covers closed to keep in good condition / prevent unauthorized access, and prevent accidental contact with the electricity supply / don't block or obstruct access to electrical panel

How is a hood held open

large springs on the hinges / pressurized gas strut assemblies / on prop rod

Because dealership technicians are working on the --- vehicles, they are --- of technology

latest / right at the cutting edge

Often, separate brake technicians replace ---, and ensure that ---

leaky brake cylinders, machine rotors, and drums, when necessary / brake systems are filled with correct brake fluid, are bled or flushed, and are functioning properly

Do what if you can't fight fire safely

leave area while you wait for backup

rocker arm

lever actuates valve by pivoting near center and pushing on valve stem tip to open valve, resulting in a change of the direction of movement / can be used on OHV or OHC engines

cam lobe specifications

lift / valve duration

transmission specialists may work on both --- vehicle and --- vehicle transmissions or may specialize in either --- vehicle or ---- transmissions

light/heavy / light/heavy truck

plugs

like seals, used to block off passages where oil and coolant flow / primarily used to block holes used in original casting and machining of head

valve seal or camshaft seals are..

lip-type dynamic oil seal

Used engine oil and fluids

liquids that have been drained from the vehicle, usually during servicing operations / often contain dangerous chemicals and impurities such as heavy metals that need to be safely recycled or disposed of in an environmentally friendly way / There are laws and regulations that control the way in which they are to be handled and disposed / shop will have policies and procedures that describe how you should handle and dispose them / Follow your local, state, and federal regulations when disposing of waste fluids

Procedure

list of the steps required to get the same result each time a task or activity is performed ex. document that describes the steps required to safely use the vehicle hoist.

Section 8, Exposure controls/personal protection

lists OSHA's permissible exposure limits (PELs); threshold limit values (TLVs); appropriate engineering controls; personal protective equipment (PPE)

early versions of the automobile were...

little more than hand-built horse carriages converted into automobiles with engines / tended to lack uniformity, making them expensive to buy and maintain, and not very reliable / considered a novelty only wealthy could afford

What are the names of the axle configurations

live axle and dead axle

Regulations on how to dispose of waste fluids are set by which level of government

local / state / federal

cam lobe centerline

location of cam lobe in relation to TDC of engine in degrees

valve stem

long shaft-like portion of valve assembly allowing valve to move freely inside valve guide and contains valve groove(s) into which keeper's inserted

pushrod

long, often hollow, metal tube that transfers force from valve lifter to rocker arm assembly

pushrods

long, often hollow, metal tube that transfers force from valve lifter to rocker arm assembly, but designs vary / ex is diff length than intake

torx screws

look at head

torx driver

look at tip

lower --- --- mean higher --- transmitted

lower GEAR RATIOS mean higher TORQUE transmitted

lube techs carry out...

lubrication, fluid inspection, fluid service, and tire rotations

valve seat inserts

made of metal rings that match shape of valve face to form strong & complete seal / usually made of an iron alloy because the alloy is stronger than iron itself and provides a more durable surface /

exhaust valves manufacturing

made of nickel-based alloys to help withstand extreme heat / if too hot, can melt, or will deform sealing surface of face as it slams closed, resulting in burned valve and loss of compression / some manufactured have hollow stems 1/2 filled w/ sodium during manufacturing process to help transfer heat away from valve head

driveability techs carry out...

maintenance activities, replace parts, and repair both electrical wiring and computer-based equipment in vehicles

In many cases, customers bring their new vehicles back to the dealership for --- work while the vehicle is in warranty, and then may seek out --- after that

maintenance and repair / warranty / other shops

dealership techs perform --- on vehicles sold by ---

maintenance, service, and warranty repairs / that manufacturer

valve cooling

majority of the valve cooling happens when hot valve face sits in cooler valve seat in head / some cooling takes place through stem and across into valve guide

when using an atomizer with solvents and cleaners...

make sure there is adequate ventilation. Wear appropriate breathing apparatus and eye protection

caution when using RTV silicone is to...

make sure to use oxygen sensor-safe RTV on engines equipped with oxygen sensors bc regular RTV gases will be drawn through PCV system and burned in combustion chamber / resulting burned silicone gases then coat surface of oxygen sensor, rendering it inoperative.

transmission specialists work on various types of...

manual and automatic transmissions

Because the dealership is affiliated with the ---, dealership technicians generally have --- to the --- as well as the --- when they encounter a difficult --- situation.

manufacturer / instant access / manufacturer's service info / manufacturer's service representatives / diagnostic

Most dealerships send their technicians to --- classes --- so that they will know how to maintain, diagnose, and repair their vehicles

manufacturer training / regularly / maintain, diagnose, and repair

Usually in engines that operate at high rpm...

manufacturer uses multiple springs to close valve to increase spring pressure and prevent valve float

roller rocker arms

many manufacturers use roller rocker arms on their engines to push fuel efficiency / Roller rocker arms use rolling pivots at valve end and center of rocker arm / rolling action at pivot points reduces friction and wear on rocker arm / reduced friction gives small increase in fuel efficiency and performance

What is vehicle body design used for by manufacturers?

marketing tool to entice buyers to purchase popular vehicles

Some independent shops may --- their work and specialize in a --- system of the vehicle.

may LIMIT their work and specialize in a PARTICULAR system of the vehicle, such as brakes and alignment.

in case of canted valves, the rocker arms...

may be individually mounted to the cylinder head

bucket (style) lifters features/location/parts

may have built-in lash adjuster or be mechanically adjusted / design makes adjusting and servicing valves more difficult bc camshaft usually must be removed to gain access / used if camshaft is on top of and centered over valves / have lifter assembly mounted on top of valve and hollowed out (bucket-like) / hollow portion placed upside down over top of valve stem and provides a wear surface between camshaft and valve stem

valve spring open pressure

measure of amount of pressure valve spring is exerting to overcome inertia of valve train as valve reaches fully opened position / dependent on type of engine valve train / measured in pounds or kilograms

most convertibles have a --- driven by --- --- to retract or raise the roof

mechanism driven by electric motors

valve spring

metal coil spring that pushes valves to fully closed positions after being opened as cam lobe returns to its base circle/ compresses when cam lobe pushes valve open

crankcase bracket

metal piece that's square with rounded bended parts

often, electrical technicians use --- to diagnose electrical faults

meters, oscilloscopes, test instruments, and circuit wiring diagrams

mid-engine design locates weight of engine near the --- of vehicle allowing --- --- ---, --- --- ---, and --- ---

mid-engine design locates weight of engine near CENTER of vehicle allowing LOW HOOD PROFILE, BALANCED WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION, and GOOD HANDLING

inspection sheet

might be used weekly or monthly to formally evaluate the shop, and informal inspections might be held daily to catch issues that are of a more immediate nature / Never ignore or put off a safety issue

fuel retriever

minimizes the chance of sudden large spills occurring / container you are draining fuel into / approved fuel storage container / must be large enough to contain all of the fuel in the system being drained

Stellite

mixture of chromium and cobalt that can hold up to higher heat.

coil bind

more lift creates more pressure on valve train components due to pushing valve further and compressing valve spring further and too much lift can cause coil bind / occurs when coils of spring touch each other / causes the spring or the camshaft and lifter to wear excessively or break /

modern vehicles have...

more sophisticated and reliable / travel much greater distances between maintenance appointments than predecessors

what are pros Of new vehicles

more specific, reliable, can travel farther without maintenance

muffler

more square / has 2 circles sticking out of it and a metal rim

air cleaner cover

more squarish

the lip-type dynamic oil seal

most widely used seal for rotating parts / uses a garter spring to help keep lip of seal in contact with shaft / seal with precisely shaped dynamic rubber lip held in contact with moving shaft by garter spring

"Body-on-frame" is the term used when a vehicle body is...

mounted on a rigid frame or chassis

flame propagation

movement of the flame from spark plug/through combustion chamber during combustion process

MLS

multi-layer steel (MLS) head gasket / wide range of benefits like strategically placed sealing beads, extra strong layers to provide superior combustion sealing, and stainless steel material that maintains shape despite thermal expansion and scrubbing between engine block and the cylinder head

What should you use in place of single receptacle with simple double adapter

multi-outlet safety strip with a built-in overload cutout feature

pent-roof cylinder heads

multi-valve, pent roof cylinder head DOHC engines common today / pent-roof cylinder heads have cross-flow design, but typically w/ 4-5 valves / comb chamb shaped fairly flat rectangular pyramid / spark plug typically more centrally located in comb chamb top / addition of multiple intake and/or exhaust valves on the cylinder increases the speed at which intake and exhaust gases can be moved into and out of the combustion chamber

To increase applied force over distance, ------ must be used

multiple or moveable pulley system / theory relies on the concept of mechanical advantage

mechanical advantage

multiplication of applied force through use of mechanical device / process using device to get more output force than amount of input force, with trade-off being that input distance is proportionately longer than output distance

valve head

mushroomed portion of valve containing face and margin

overall valve requirements

must be able to... take high temps. bc comb. temp and ex gases / resist spring pressure trying to pull valve apart and combustion pressure trying to force it into valve seat /

To lift engine block off floor, you.... To keep block suspended in air...

must pull down on rope with a force greater than weight of engine block / your exerted force must equal the weight of the block - mechanical advantage of this system is 1

natural angle of a V engine can be found by --- --- degrees (-- --- of the --- which equals one complete cycle) by the number of ---

natural angle of a V engine can be found by DIVIDING 720 degrees (TWO ROTATIONS of the CRANKSHAFT which equals one complete cycle) by the number of CYLINDERS

how must cleaning supplies be located/placed

need to be strategically located so it is easy to keep the shop clean and orderly

The dealership sells --- and ---vehicles

new and used

what can extend maintenance intervals and what is expected interval milees now/in future/ in early vehicles

new oils, severity of operating conditions / now- 7500mi-10000mi/ future - 25000mi / early vehicles - 1000mi

most-late models

newer vehicles / require hardened seats in both intake and exhaust ports due to extreme temperatures and pressures that newer engines must handle /

Is it possible to remove all hazards

Some applications require...

non-hardening gasket sealant so sealant will "give" when metal parts expand and contract under normal heating and cooling cycles

integral valve guide

non-replaceable valve guide bc constructed as part of cyl head / cast into cylinder head when cyl head is formed / machined into casting /

Most service information gives both a ---- and a ---- maintenance schedule

normal-duty / severe-duty

Using compressed air to clean dust is...

not acceptable / If you do have to work with dust, never use compressed air to blow it from components or parts, and always use PPE such as face masks, eye protection, and gloves

adhesive sealants...

not typically used on newer vehicle models

cam lobe separation

num. of degrees between centerline of intake lobe and centerline of exhaust lobe; this w/cam duration determines amount of valve overlap / Generally speaking, wider separation, better camshaft for building power at lower rpm / Narrowing separation builds power at higher rpm. / smaller number of degrees of lobe separation, the more valve overlap there is / specifications measured in crankshaft degrees, not in camshaft degrees

speed control bracket

oddly shaped metal in by flywheel

Lube technicians change...

oil and filters

To seal the rotating parts of an engine...

oil seals are needed

once a vehicle starts moving, it can maintain speed with --- torque or engine ---

once a vehicle starts moving, it can maintain speed with LESS torque or engine SPEED

OHV valve arrangements

one exhaust valve to a five-valve arrangement / three-valve arrangement usually has two intake valves and one exhaust valve / four-valve arrangement usually has two intake and two exhaust valves / five-valve arrangement usually has three intake and two exhaust valves

electronic module valve timing through use of camshafts w 2 lobes per valve

one mild lobe for low rpm, and one aggressive lobe for high rpm

lifter face-to-camshaft lobe contact is...

one of the highest load areas in the engine

In vehicles other than convertibles, how much of the room area is convertible?

only a smaller section is convertible - LIKE IN T-TOPS

Extension cord

only use ones that: made of flexible wiring / fitted with a ground wire / neoprene-covered, as this material resists oil damage

air-operated tools

operate on air-pressure so can't shock u / safer to use in a wet environment

valve train

operates off camshaft / all parts used in opening and closing valves / move air and fuel through engine / all parts between drive of camshaft and valves / all components driven from camshaft drive, including lifters, pushrods, rocker arms or cam followers, valves, valve springs, valve keepers, and valve retainers

closing ramp

opposite of opening ramp and allows valve to close properly / starts at the nose and ends at the base circle

MSDS

original MSDS had 8 sections while safety data sheets are required to have 16 sections that provide additional details and make it easier to find specific data when needed

Where can gases accumulate as mentioned in book

over service pits

OHV engine

overhead valve engine / valves in cyl head assembly over top of piston / valves operated by camshaft in cylinder block / 1 valve located on each camshaft lobe as camshaft rotates, lifter rises and transfers motion to pushrod, then pushrod moves rocker arm which pivots near center and pushes valve open / relatively simple design that is inexpensive to build / each valve has 1 lifter, 1 pushrod, 1 rocker arm, and 1 lobe on camshaft dedicated to its opening and closing

Light line techs May be required to use...

oxyacetylene and electric welders

Which elements are usually removed to extinguish fire

oxygen or heat

inertia causes air molecules to... pack together more tightly, especially at higher engine rpm, creating a ram-air effect

pack together more tightly, especially at higher engine rpm, creating a ram-air effect

valve seat

part of cylinder head which a valve seals (mates with face of valve) when valve is closed / either ground or cut (machined) into proper shape and concentricity so valve face and seat seal tightly /

camshaft

part of engine that activates valve train by using lobes riding against lifters / offsetting and using cam followers allows easier access to valves / only fitted in OHC and DOHC / provides force to open valves / shaft with offset eccentrics, called cam lobes / ground for specific applications / may/may not be symmetrical, meaning opening and closing ramps may/may not be identical

The cylinder head is the part of the engine that is bolted to the --- --- and caps off the top of the --- --- / integral to all ICE --- --- / contains --- --- / controls fuel mix --- / allows --- / forces pistons down --- stroke / contains --- valve / design has a huge influence on the engine's --- and --- ---. It can be made of --- --- or --- --- / most made of --- --- / never designed to withstand --- with --- in the cooling passages

part of the engine that is bolted to the ENGINE BLOCK and caps off the top of the COMBUSTION CHAMBER / integral to all ICE OPERATION EVENTS / contains SPARK PLUG / controls fuel mix ENTRY / allows COMPRESSION / forces pistons down POWER stroke / contains EXHAUST valve / design has a huge influence on the engine's EFFICIENCY and POWER OUTPUT. It can be made of CAST IRON or ALUMINUM / most made of ALUMINUM ALLOY / never designed to withstand FREEZING with WATER in the cooling passages

cylinder head

part of the engine that is bolted to the engine block and caps off the top of the combustion chamber / integral to all ICE operation events / contains spark plug / controls fuel mix entry / allows compression / forces pistons down power stroke / contains exhaust valve / design has a huge influence on the engine's efficiency and power output can be made of cast iron or aluminum alloy / most of alum alloy / never designed to withstand freezing with water in the cooling passages

Heavy line technicians may also specialize in --- vehicle systems, such as ...

particular / engines, transmissions, or final drives.

what is interchangeability

parts don't have to be custom built to match a particular car / Each part made to same specification so it would fit properly with related parts

water jacket

passageway for coolant to flow inside the engine block that is formed when the block is cast

What do common types of body designs cater to?

passenger and light commercial use

volumetric efficiency

percentage of amount of air actually inducted at given engine speed at full throttle compared to internal engine displacement. For normally aspirated engine (w/out supercharging or turbocharging), engine's volumetric efficiency may peak around 85%. / By adding more than one intake or exhaust valve, volumetric efficiency can be increased while keeping speed of air-fuel mix high, leading to greater power output

bucket-style lifters functions

perform same job as all lifters: transmit movement from cam lobe to valve tip / may be hydraulic or mechanical / To adjust valve clearance in the mechanical lifter, you must change the wafer installed on top of the bucket /

camshaft follower

performs the same basic function as a rocker arm: It opens a valve / has a pivot on one end and a slider or roller near the center that directly contacts the camshaft lobe

During the magnafluxing process, after applying the powder, a(n) ______ creates a magnetic field that causes a high concentration of magnetic flux at the surface cracks, which attract the iron powder when applied.

permanent magnet / electromagnet

Service management requires a high level of --- and ---, exceptional --- skills, excellent --- qualities, and a high level of --- knowledge

personal commitment and focus / people / leadership / business

electronic module valve timing through use of phasers

phasers adjust position of one or both camshafts hydraulically while engine is operating

Fire extinguishers are marked with...

pictograms depicting the types of fires that the extinguisher is approved to fight

brake wash station

piece of equipment / safely cleans brake dust from drum and disc brake components / there are tools many tools developed to clean toxic dust from vehicle components / uses an aqueous solution to wet down and wash the dust into a collection basin. The basin needs periodic maintenance to properly dispose of the accumulated sludge / probably the simplest way to effectively deal with hazardous dust because it is easy to set up, use, and store

In a VR engine, pistons are in --- bank(s), but form a --- --- within it

pistons are in ONE BANK, but form a SHALLOW V within it

In a VR engine, pistons are in one bank(s), but form a --- --- within it

pistons are in ONE bank, but form a SHALLOW V within it

valve face

portion of that actually seals off port / commonly ground to about 45 degree angle to provide positive seal during combustion process / may be coated in a material called Stellite™ /

valve margin

portion of valve between face and head / gets thinner as valve face is machined during valve job / if too thin, burns in short time / measure margin and compare to specification before use

valve tip

portion of valve stem coming in direct contact with rocker arm, cam follower, or bucket lifter, which opens valve

to safely clean brake dust...

position brake wash station under bottom of backing plate / When cleaning drum brakes, remove brake drum and check for presence of dust and brake fluid. When cleaning clutch, position wash station underneath the bell housing / turn on wash station pump, and paint the solution over the components to wet and clean the components and remove the dust/ Periodically dispose residue in approved manner

rotary engines are very --- for size

powerful

What are PCMs?

powertrain control modules

O-rings function

preferred in high-performance engines / used to seal components / sometimes used instead of gaskets / can be used to seal stationary and slowly rotating or sliding shafts and seals surfaces / generally effective at sealing high pressures where differential speed between opposing surfaces is minimal / has no mechanism for self-adjustment / Once worn, sealing ability is compromised

Atmospheric pressure is the pressure of --- surrounding everything caused by --- and the --- of air. The higher from sea level, the --- the atmospheric pressure / average atmospheric pressure at sea level is 14.7 pounds per square inch (psi), or 101 kilopascals (kPa)

pressure of AIR surrounding everything caused by GRAVITY and the WEIGHT of air. The higher from sea level, the LOWER the atmospheric pressure / average atmospheric pressure at sea level is 14.7 pounds per square inch (psi), or 101 kilopascals (kPa

atmospheric pressure

pressure of air surrounding everything caused by gravity and the weight of air. The higher from sea level, the lower the atmospheric pressure / average atmospheric pressure at sea level is 14.7 pounds per square inch (psi), or 101 kilopascals (kPa)

valve stem seal

prevent oil from entering the engine combustion chamber / pressed onto the valve guide / allows valve stem to be wiped almost clean of oil on opening trip, keeping minimum amount of oil pulled down between valve stem and guide, for lubrication purposes

machinery guards / yellow lines

prevent people from accidentally walking into the operating equipment or indicate that a safe distance should be kept from the equipment

insufficient spring pressure...

problematic bc causes valve float, which can allow piston to hit open valve on some engines

bedding-in

process of valve wearing into valve seat and creating positive seal around whole diameter during the initial breaking-in of engine / provides long-lasting, leakproof seal

driveability techs may be required to --- PCMs

program or reprogram (reflash)

"street cams," 3-quarter race, and full race cams have...

progressively more lift and duration, all tailored to meet operating conditions of engine

ground prong

prong for return path for electrical current in a dedicated wire

What is PPE

proper Personal Protective Equipment - safety footwear/gloves/clothing/protective eyewear/hearing protection

valve rotator in exhaust spring retainers...

provide rotation function to slightly rotate exhaust valve in one direction or other each time opened, thus preventing hot spots and carbon buildup, and evening out wear on valve face and valves / found only on exhaust valves bc intake valve is cooled by incoming fuel and air

retarded cam timing

provides greater engine torque when large amounts of air are flowing into the engine at higher rpm

PWM signal

pulse-width modulation signal / variable rapid (in milliseconds) time-based on/off switching of a DC signal / used to control outputs such as fuel injectors, shift solenoids, torque converter clutches, and even interior vehicle lighting

One of the ways to make engines run cleaner is to...

raise the temperature at which they operate / Today's cleaner engines run 30-40°F (-1.11-4.44°C) hotter than 30 years ago

rocker arm ratio

ratio refers to amount of movement on valve side of rocker arm in comparison with that on opposite side / most common ratios are 1.5:1, 1.6:1, and 1.7:1 / allow manufacturers to use smaller lift camshafts - camshaft with smaller lobes than needed to generate a specified amount of lift can be used because rocker arm ratio magnifies camshaft's lift

rear engine means --- hood line and possibly better --- / --- weight over rear can improve ---, but at expense of --- --- on front wheels

rear engine means LOWER hood line and possibly better AERODYNAMICS / INCREASED weight over rear can improve TRACTION, but at expense of LESS TRACTION on front wheels

hatchback --- seat will often be --- to provide --- in case --- is needed for a passenger

rear seat will often be SPLIT to provide FLEXIBILITY in case ONLY ONE SIDE IS NEEDED FOR PASSENGER

rear-drive changes the direction of the --- by --- degrees from the --- of the vehicle out to the --- through the ---

rear-drive changes the direction of the DRIVE by NINETY degrees from the CENTER of the vehicle out to the WHEELS through the AXLES

rear-drive changes the direction of the drive by --- degrees from the --- of the vehicle out to the --- through the ---

rear-drive changes the direction of the DRIVE by NINETY degrees from the CENTER of the vehicle out to the WHEELS through the AXLES

heavy line techs --- repaired or replaced parts or assemblies

reassemble, test, clean, and adjust

roller tip valve lifter

reduces this friction / can be solid or hydraulic / roller rolls along lobe with less friction / roller must remain in rolling contact with cam lobe, so lifter must incorporate a method of preventing it from rotating in the lifter bore / As camshaft turns, roller rolls over surface of camshaft / lobes push followers away, transmitting movement to valve and pushing it down (open)

how to know how you should dispose waste

refer to the waste disposal table posted in the shop to determine where each item of waste should go

Service consultants build customer --- in order to provide a ---

relations / high level of customer support

body-on-frame was the preferred way of building passenger vehicles because it allowed manufacturers to... release new models of vehicles with different --- styles without having to retool most of the --- and --- components

release new models of vehicles with different body styles without having to retool most of the mechanical and structural components

newest cam phaser

relies on an electric motor-driven phaser to vary the cam timing / more accurate, bc it doesn't rely on oil being a consistent viscosity or squeaky clean

what does secret of firefighting involve

removal of at least one of elements needed for fire to occur

Fuel spills can occur when

remove and replace fuel filters with pressurized fuel in them and the hoses. Disconnecting the hoses without properly releasing the fuel pressure causes liquid to spray / during removal of a fuel pump or tank sender unit (commonly on inside of fuel tank)

air cleaner base gasket

removed from carburetor / taller than heat deflector gasket / behind heat shield (not directly)

integral valve guide repair

repaired by reaming it oversize and installing thin wall bronze liner / Once installed, inside of liner is burnished by forcing a specially sized ball bearing through it / machinist can by using head shop to machine valve guide (boring out) oversize and then installing thick wall guide, which can be made of iron or bronze / guide then machined to proper size / must be repaired when valve guide has worn past service limits

After diagnosis, separate chassis techs ---. This work could include...

replace faulty components / replacing bushings and servicing wheel bearings, or checking and replacing shock absorbers or steering joints and knuckles.

When you carry out a major service, you may have to...

replace the engine oil and oil filter, coolant, and automatic transmission oil

non-integral valve guide

replaceable valve guide / manufactured separately from cyl head and press fit into specially machined hole in cyl head that was formed as head was cast / can be removed and replaced, as needed, when excessively worn / typically made of cast iron or bronze / has interference fit to cylinder head and usually driven into place by using valve guide driver and air hammer or small sledge hammer

valve stems

require small amount of running clearance as well as small amount of lubrication / possible for excessive amount of oil to leak past valve stems into intake and exhaust ports

Early Hemispherical Combustion Chamber drawbacks

required complex valve train design that included two rocker arm shafts per head, with uneven rocker arm lengths - was overcome by using OHC design

gasket functions

required to seal / One of the ways to make engines run cleaner is to raise the temperature at which they operate / modern gaskets must be made of more robust materials, like vulcanized rubber or EPDM / form seal by being compressed between stationary parts where liquid or gases could pass / Some gasket materials are designed to swell once they are put into service, thus increasing sealing ability / can't be used around a rotating part, like where camshaft protrudes through front of cylinder head, bc they would quickly wear out and leak.

heavy line techs must be able to...

research service info and use the info to help determine cause of problem and make appropriate repairs

light line techs need to be able to

research service info, interpret wiring diagrams, and use info to diagnose and make repairs

service managers...(general)

responsible for functioning of entire service department

valve spring retainer works w/ valve keepers to...

retain valve in cyl head / used along w/ valve keepers to hold spring in place on stem

a coupe has a more --- than a sedan bc less doors

rigid

cam lobe ramp

rise of lobe from base circle to top of lobe, which is where valve starts to lift - on side opposite of where it starts to close / degrees of rotation valve remains open and cam lobe separation are specifications measured in crankshaft degrees, not in camshaft degrees

cast iron or bronze

robust materials that can withstand process of being pressed or driven into cylinder head as well as provide durable surface for valve stem

cross-flow heads

rocker arms pivoting near center, or cam followers pivoting on one end, ride on each cam lobe and directly operate each valve / Some systems incorporate hydraulic lash adjusters right in the rocker arms or in the cam follower pivot so valve train will be self-adjusting

carburetor linkage

rod and spring linkages connected to throttle lever

One of most popular types of sealants for gasket sealing is...

room temp vulcanizing (RTV) silicone

RTV

room temperature vulcanizing silicone / adhesive able to set, or "vulcanize," at room temperature / when applied, has consistency of a gel, and as it sets, becomes rubbery / should only be applied thick enough to fill gaps with small amount

rotary engines use a --- --- that --- inside an --- shaped ---

rotary engines use a TRIANGULAR ROTOR that TURNS inside OVAL SHAPED HOUSING

oil seals

round seals made of rubber or rubber-type compound of silicone, EPDM, or another durable, flexible material, placed in metal housing / typically driven into machined bore around rotating part / metal spring, called a garter spring, is wrapped circularly around the inside of the seal / must be replaced when removed or when component is replaced

base circle (of the cam lobe)

rounded bottom part of camshaft (off the lobe/egg shape) where valves remain closed or at rest / When lifter is on base circle, valve is closed / where lifters rest when valves are closed

Evacuation Routes

safe way of escaping danger and gathering in a prearranged safe place where everyone can be accounted for in the event of an emergency / have more than 1 in case of blocking / often marked with colored lines painted or taped on floors

ball-to-adjustable screw pushrod

same as the ball-to-ball pushrod except there's a screw thread and lock nut near the end closest to the rocker arm that, when turned, lengthens or shortens the pushrod

head gaskets

seal and contain the pressures of combustion within the engine, between cylinder head and the engine block / seal oil and coolant passages between engine block and cylinder head / Special facing materials added to both sides of gasket core to provide comprehensive seal under varying expansion conditions / On some engines, head gasket provides or adjusts proper clearances between piston and cylinder head by thickness of the gasket / many have added silicone-based outer coating on both sides of material layers to provide additional cold sealing ability during start-up and warm-up

O-ring valve stem seal

seal used where valve spring retainer attaches to valve stem to seal juncture and prevent excessive oil from leaking into the valve guide / fit on top of valve in groove just below valve spring keepers / seals oil from leaking between valve stem and valve retainer / used primarily on General Motors V8 engines from the 1980s- / not typically in modern engines

sealants and gaskets

sealants are almost never applied to head gaskets / To aid gasket sealing, there are many different brands and types of sealants

valve seat recession

seats slowly wear away and sink deeper into head

air cleaner base

secured by nuts and screws to cylinder head and crankcase

hatchbacks combine some benefits of both --- and ---

sedans and station wagons

aftermarket

segment of trade that supplies parts, services, and repair for vehicles outside of original equipment manufacturer (OEM) or dealer network

4WD is slightly different from all-wheel drive. In a 4WD vehicle, the driver can...

select between two-wheel drive and four-wheel drive.

hydraulic bucket lifters

self-adjusting in the same manner as a standard hydraulic lifter and therefore do not require periodic maintenance

handrails

separate walkways and pedestrian traffic from work areas / provide physical barrier directing pedestrian traffic and offering protection from vehicle movements

A service consultant can progress to become a...

service manager

Service or maintenance intervals also influenced by...

severity of operating conditions; the more severe conditions, the more frequent required maintenance

profile

shape

breather cover

shape of gasket

Sign Text

sign sometimes has explanatory text for additional safety info / Some signs are designed to convey personal safety message.

a station wagon is similar to a ---, but not as ---

similar to a VAN, but not as TALL

intake port

size and shape in the cylinder head can affect engine output by affecting the speed of the air flowing through the port / A. Small port = good low rpm torque. B. Large port = good high rpm torque /

exhaust port

size and shape in the cylinder head can affect engine output by affecting the speed of the air flowing through the port / A. Small port = good low rpm torque. B. Large port = good high rpm torque / typically is lightly pressurized while the engine is operating under load, so oil cannot be pulled in as easily

What should you do before/while fighting fires

size up fire before trying to fight with fire extinguisher / identify what material is burning, extent of the fire, and likelihood of spreading / make sure you won't be electrocuted/ If fire indoors, stand between fire and nearest safe exit / If fire outside, stand facing fire, with wind on back, so smoke and heat blown away from you / If possible, get assistant to guide and inform you of fire progress / make sure you can escape / When certain that fire is out, report to your supervisor / report what actions you took to put out the fire

hose clamp

slides off carburetor

studs

small tubes going through some parts to hold them

ball-to-ball pushrod

smooth and rounded at each end / One end fits into a "cup" or dished-out piece in valve lifter, and other fits into a cup in rocker arm assembly

some --- --- --- cars today have ---, ---, and --- body shells molded from --- materials like --- --- ---, to provide --- strength.

some HIGH-PERFORMANCE RACING cars today have LIGHT, STIFF, and STABLE body shells molded from LIGHTWEIGHT materials like CARBON FIBER REINFORCED PLASTICS, to provide STRUCTURAL strength.

DOHC engine

some engine designers use a phaser on exhaust camshaft only - phaser used with this engine is typically not intended for increased engine power, but for better exhaust gas recirculation

DOHC phasers

some engine designers use a phaser on exhaust camshaft only - phaser used with this engine is typically not intended for increased engine power, but for better exhaust gas recirculation / phaser can be installed only on the intake camshaft for greater engine power, or it can be installed on both the intake and the exhaust camshafts

spark plugs

some engines use 2 in combustion chamber - not common

exhaust valve spring retainers

some have built-in valve rotator

fire rings

some head gaskets incorporate these stainless steel rings to help contain heat and pressure within the cylinder / steel rings built into the cylinder head gasket / provide extra sealing on the top of the cylinder to help seal in the high-combustion pressures

some methods that allow, and help to control, piston expansion involve using --- --- or ---, expansion slots in the skirt of the piston, or slots called --- --- that restrict movement of the heat

some methods that allow, and help to control, piston expansion involve using STEEL STRUTS or RIBS, expansion slots in the skirt of the piston, or slots called heat dams that restrict movement of the heat

Separate Chassis techs diagnose faults in steering and suspension systems by...

speaking with the vehicle owner and test-driving the vehicle, noting performance and comparing that to their knowledge of how components and systems function

Separate brake techs diagnose faults in brake systems by ---. This info is used...

speaking with vehicle's owner and driving vehicle and noting its performance, or by reading data from vehicle's computer control system / along with technician's knowledge of brake systems to properly diagnose and service vehicle

chassis and brake techs...(general)

specialize and work primarily on the chassis and brakes of vehicles, which include steering and suspension

keeper groove

specific notch in valve stem into which keeper fits securely

sport utility vehicles act like both a --- and a --- in that they have a ----duty chassis so they can --- --- loads (---, ---, or ---)

sport utility vehicles act like both a FULL-SIZE VAN and a PICKUP in that they have a HEAVIER-DUTY chassis so they can CARRY HEAVIER loads (PASSENGERS, LUGGAGE, OR CARGO)

Mid live axles are usually used in --- ---

sports cars

timing gear

sprocket attached to the crankshaft assembly and the camshaft assembly

If too much RTV used, it will...

squeeze out from between surfaces and form large globs on inside of engine that can break off and plug up oil pump screen, starving engine of oil

In high-performance applications, the intake and exhaust valves can be made of...

stainless steel or titanium, both of which are suited to extreme conditions

fluorescent droplight

stays much cooler than incandescent lights / still can shatter / should be fully enclosed in a clear, insulating case / may also contain mercury, which becomes dispersed when the bulb is shattered, creating a hazardous-materials situation

steel struts or ribs can be built into the piston assembly to control piston expansion. Their sole purpose is to control expansion by slowing --- --- and --- the piston. However, they cause more piston weight

steel struts or ribs can be built into the piston assembly to control piston expansion. Their sole purpose is to control expansion by slowing HEAT FLOW and STIFFENING the piston. However, they cause more piston weight

intake studs

studs that carburetor sat on

The service manager often --- many people, has to deal with customer ---, and is accountable for the --- of the shop

supervises / complaints / overall performance

shop foreman is the...

supervisor in a shop

throttle lever

switch holding carburetor linkage

What does each shop have for their policies and procedures

system making sure they are regularly reviewed and updated to ensure that new policies and procedures are developed and old ones are modified in case something's changed

lubrication system

system of parts that work together to deliver lubricating oil to the various moving parts of the engine

"just-in-time" manufacturing

system where vehicle manufacturers schedule vehicles they'll be producing in order they need built / info is fed to suppliers days or weeks before assembly / supplier produces specified parts and unit assemblies needed by manufacturer and delivers shortly before assembly and in proper order / parts then go in assembly lines so they show up for particular vehicle at right time and place, meaning manufacturer doesn't have to store large quantities of parts waiting for vehicles to be ordered.

column air-flow

takes certain amount of speed to maintain good air-flow / If airflow is too slow, fuel will fall out of the air and not much ram air effect will be available. If airflow is too fast, the airflow will be restricted, which reduces the total amount of air-fuel mixture that can enter the combustion chamber / A. Small port = good low rpm torque. B. Large port = good high rpm torque

valve keepers

tapered devices keep valve spring's retainer attached to valve stem / valve retaining devices / usually semicircle / wedge-shaped pieces that lock into groove or grooves near top of valve stem to keep valve spring retainer and spring retained on valve while in head / aka valve locks / usually split taper matching valve retainer taper / protruding ridge or rings fitting into groove on valve stem

wedge combustion chamber

tapers away from the spark plug, which is at the thick end of the wedge / valves typically arranged in a straight line positioned along tapered angle, which puts them at an angle to the top of the piston / has smaller combustion chamber surface area than other types of cylinder heads, meaning less boundary area where fuel can't burn as easily, lowering hydrocarbon (unburned fuel) emissions / flame is directed toward small end of wedge, damage caused by detonation is reduced / wedge design speeds up the velocity of the flame front

shop foreman oversee the work of ---, --- with customers and ---, handle the various --- duties involved with operating a business

techs and staff / communicate / external suppliers / administrative

Temporary barriers

temporary screen or barrier around the work area to protect other shop users from welding flash or injury / for day-to-day operation of a shop

light line techs -----repaired or replaced parts or assemblies, using...

test, clean, and adjust / various instruments to make sure the parts are working properly

transmission specialists --- vehicles and listen to --- concerns

test-drive / customer

In a rotary engine, the --- carries air-fuel mixture around the ---, which are between --- of the rotor and the --- ---, to --- air/fuel mix. --- --- ignite the mix like a conventional engine

the ROTOR carries air-fuel mixture around the CHAMBERS, which are between TIPS of the rotor and the CHAMBER WALL, to COMPRESS air/fuel mix. SPARK PLUGS ignite the mix like a conventional engine

If removing fuel lines or fuel filters...

the fuel system must be depressurized to prevent fuel spraying when the hoses are disconnected / Check the service manual for details on how best to depressurize or drain the fuel from the vehicle you are working on.

flywheel brake spring

the gold spring removed with pliers

The most widely used seal for rotating parts is...

the lip-type dynamic oil seal

the sedan traditionally has a --- roof, but there are --- versions that have --- doors

the sedan traditionally has a FIXED ROOF, but there are SOFT-TOP versions that only have TWO doors

Choosing which material and design to use depends on...

the substance to be sealed, the pressures and temperatures involved, and the materials the mating surfaces to be sealed are made of / best way to determine which gasket material is appropriate for an engine is to refer to manufacturer's service information

valve spring retainer

thick washer-shaped piece of metal positioned near top of valve stem / holds top of valve spring to keep pressure on valve while in cylinder head / tapered center hole keeping valve spring compressed between it and cylinder head and provides mating surface for valve keepers / usually made from steel / aluminum and titanium used in some high-performance engines

head gasket

thin metal sheet, often made of layers of different materials, with holes cut for piston openings and passageways for oil and coolant / seals cylinder head assembly to engine block / clamped between cylinder head and engine block with head bolts or studs / keeps combustion pressure, coolant, and oil inside proper areas / also distributes air and fuel into the engine's cylinders

In addition, lube technicians may have to complete ---- or paperwork.

time cards / scheduled maintenance paperwork

What are shop signs designed to do / what does each sign have

to give adequate warning of an unsafe situation / 4 components - signal word/background color/text/pictorial message

to promote --- and demonstrate a ---, many technicians become --- certified

to promote PROFESSIONALISM and demonstrate a LEVEL OF COMPETENCE, many technicians become ASE certified

torque in crankshaft is used to --- --- in --- which --- --- in --- --- --- which --- --- which --- --- to drive

torque in crankshaft is used to TWIST GEARS in TRANSMISSION which TWISTS GEARS in FINAL DRIVE ASSEMBLY which TWISTS AXLES which TWISTS WHEELS to drive

Torque in the crankshaft is used to twist --- in the --- which twists --- in --- --- assembly which twists --- which twists --- and tires to drive

torque in crankshaft is used to twist GEARS in TRANSMISSION which twists GEARS in FINAL DRIVE assembly which twists AXLES which twists WHEELS and tires to drive

torque is transmitted through the clutch to transmission or transaxle which contain sets of gears to increase or decrease torque allowing the vehicle to have more pulling power in low gears and higher road speed in higher gears

traditional chassis gives vehicle --- and a platform on which to --- the ---, the ---, the ---, ---, and all other --- components. The --- would also be --- onto this frame

traditional chassis gives vehicle STRUCTURAL STRENGTH and a platform on which to MOUNT the ENGINE, the WHEELS, the TRANSMISSION, SUSPENSION, and all otheR MECHANICAL components. The BODY would also be BOLTED onto this frame

A roadster is... traditionally - a --- with no permanent --- --- or side --- today - name most often used to describe any --- --- ---

traditionally - a VEHICLE with no permanent ROOF COVERING or side WINDOWS today - name most often used to describe any CONVERTIBLE SPORTS CAR

What is a roadster?

traditionally - a vehicle with no permanent roof covering or side windows today - name most often used to describe any convertible sports car

traditionally, a coupe has --- seats, buts can have --- seats in back

traditionally has 2 SEATS, but can have 2 SMALLER SEATS in back

In most vehicles, the engine is bolted firmly to either a --- or ---

transmission or transaxle

With the increasing complexity of modern transmissions, and the requirement for even more specialized service equipment to repair them, comes the need for...

transmission specialists

Pickups are aka...

trucks

sedans have a --- in --- for storage

trunk lid in rear

coupes can have a ---, but they can be a bit ---

trunk, but they can be a bit small

twisted gear cam phaser

twisted gear arrangement and a return spring / When oil pressure pushes against gear mechanism, cam rotates and advances / When oil pressure is released, return spring brings cam back to fully retarded position / At rest, these types may be fully retarded or fully advanced

diode

two-lead electronic component that allows current flow in one direction only

valve seat manufacturing

typically made of hardened steel to withstand extreme temps and pressures encountered during engine operation / must be compatible with today's gasoline / Use of today's unleaded gasoline in engine with non-hardened valve seats will cause seats to slowly wear away and sink deeper into head

GDI design

typically of the multi-valve pent-roof design with the spark plug centrally located and the fuel injector offset to one side / some manufacturers have been able to remove the throttle plate and control engine speed and power by controlling the fuel by itself, reducing engine's pumping losses of trying to pull air past throttle plate

chassis are...(general)

underlying supporting structure - like skeleton - on which additional components are mounted

Heavy line techs...(general)

undertake major engine, transmission, and differential overhaul/repair

unibody design, or --- design, is constructed of a --- --- of --- --- --- that are precisely formed in --- and -------together into a --- ---.

unibody design, or SINGLE SHELL design, is constructed of a LARGE NUMBER of STEEL SHEET METAL PANELS that are precisely formed in PRESSES and SPOT-WELDED together into a STRUCTURAL UNIT.

driveability techs use --- for peak...

updates supplied by manufacturers / performance

Automatic Transmissions/Transaxles use a ---, instead of a ---, which acts as a --- --- to transfer --- from engine to transmission

use TORQUE CONVERTER, instead of a CLUTCH, which acts as a hydraulic coupling to transfer drive from engine to transmission

forged rocker arms

use localized pressing forces to form a rocker arm from steel or a steel alloy / forging process enables metal to withstand extreme pressure, heat, and wear / used in high-torque, high-horsepower applications such as race cars and hot rods

thermostat housings

use o-rings instead of gaskets

Driveshafts are used by --- vehicles with engine at the --- and --- wheels in the --- to --- --- from the --- to the --- ---

used by CONVENTIONAL vehicles with engine at the FRONT and DRIVING wheels in the REAR to TRANSMIT TORQUE from the TRANSMISSION to the FINAL DRIVE

The driveshaft is used by --- vehicles with engine in the --- and driving wheels in the --- to transmit --- from --- to --- ---

used by CONVENTIONAL vehicles with engine in the FRONT and driving wheels in the REAR to transmit TORQUE from TRANSMISSION to FINAL DRIVE

Torque is used by technicians to --- bolts and nuts which sometimes have a specific torque to be --- to (can be done with special ---)

used by technicians to TIGHTEN bolts and nuts which sometimes have a specific torque to be TIGHTENED to (can be done with special wrench)

torque is used by technicians to tighten bolts and nuts which sometimes have a --- --- to be tightened to (can be done with special wrench)

used by technicians to tighten bolts and nuts which sometimes have a SPECIFIC TORQUE to be tightened to (can be done with special wrench)

poppet valve

used by vast majority of automotive engines / mushroom valve / called this because it "pops" up and down to open and seal its port / fits into a port in cylinder head / valve face makes a gas-tight seal against the valve seat / intake valve opens and closes intake port allowing air and fuel to enter combustion chamber and to seal it during compression, power, and exhaust strokes / exhaust valve covers exhaust port during intake, compression, and power strokes.

tetraethyl lead

used in gas before 70s / inexpensively boosts octane / Lead also lubricated valve seats by providing cushioning effect allowing valve seats to be machined into base cast iron material and still give good life / when installation of catalytic converters was mandated for emission control purposes in mid-70s, lead couldn't be used in fuel anymore bc lead would contaminate and kill converter. situation required use of hardened valve seats, which resist wearing out quickly.

Positive valve stem seals

used in today's engines / fits tightly on top of valve guide as valve stem moves up/down inside seal / most effective bc it forms positive seal between guide and valve stem / have small groove cut into top of seal that rides on stem - design keeps small amount of oil against valve stem and only allows very small film of oil past to lubricate guide / more positive seal than an umbrella or O-ring seal

spar plug

used to be connected to cylinder head

valve arrangement (old)

used to be positioned valve head face up and in engine block on one side of cylinder - L-head (flat head)

narrow-diameter hoses

used to bypass anti-spillage devices in the filler neck

torque is used to...

used to drive vehicle down road

eyewashers

used to flush the eyes with clean water or sterile liquid in the event that you get foreign liquid or particles in your eye / two main types are disposable eyewash packs and eyewash stations / Some emergency or deluge showers also have an eyewash station built in / shouldn't be used for punctures or cuts to eye / for flushing chemicals or debris from the surface of the eyes

sealants functions

used to seal two surfaces in stationary contact with each other, like between gasket and sealing surface of part being sealed / could be between 2 mating surfaces w/out gasket between them / .

theoretical valve timing

used when explaining operation of a four-stroke engine and assumes that valves open and close instantly at TDC and BDC / in reality, valves open sooner or later

advanced timing

useful when engine needs high torque during lower engine rpm operations

valve seat machining

uses a special hardened cutter to cut proper angles into seat

vane-type phaser

uses vanes like those in a vane-type oil pump to move camshaft / Oil pressure moves into phaser and pushes on 1 side of vane to advance cam timing / When oil pressure is switched to other side of vane, camshaft is retarded

valve springs

usually coil springs / return valves to fully closed positions and hold close / controls valve opening and closing / closes and holds valve against seat / valve can have 1+ per valve / 2 springs can close valve faster than 1 spring can.

Manual transaxles are usually used on --- ---, --- --- --- vehicles or --- ---, --- --- --- vehicles, but can be used in some --- cars with --- ---, --- --- --- with transaxle connected to the engine by a --- ---

usually used on FRONT-ENGINE, FRONT-WHEEL DRIVE vehicles or REAR-ENGINE, REAR-WHEEL DRIVE vehicles, but can be used in some SPORTS cars with FRONT-ENGINE, REAR-WHEEL DRIVE with transaxle connected to the engine by a DRIVE SHAFT

Sound-insulated rooms

usually used when operating equipment makes a lot of noise, ex. chassis dynamometer. vehicle operating on a dynamometer produces a lot of noise from tires, exhaust, and engine. To protect other shop users from the noise, the dynamometer is usually placed in a sound-insulated room, keeping shop noise to a minimum

Shop safety inspections

valuable ways to identify unsafe equipment, materials, or activities so they can be corrected / can be formalized by using inspection sheets to check specific items, or they can be general walk-arounds where you consciously look for and document problems

canted valves

valve arrangement in cylinder head where valves are at angle to cylinder bore / Canting valves can make straighter path for air flow into/out of intake and exhaust ports / used in hemispherical-shaped and some wedge-shaped combustion chambers

Racing engines are designed with greater

valve lift, longer valve duration, and increased valve overlap in order to maximize the effect of column inertia encountered at higher rpm

part riding against cam lobe is...

valve lifter

tappet

valve lifter / device that transfers motion from cam lobe to pushrod or directly acts on valve and spring, depending on whether cam is in engine block or cylinder head / rides on camshaft lobe / transmits movement of lobe to pushrod / can be solid, requiring periodic adjustment, or hydraulic, which are self-adjusting

On turbocharged or supercharged engines, minimal ------ is typically used, as...

valve overlap / air forced into the engine by the turbo or supercharger would be forced out of the exhaust during overlap reducing efficiency

valve spring specifications

valve spring closed pressure / valve spring open pressure / spring installed height

spring installed height

valve spring specification / how tall spring is when everything is assembled in cylinder head / important bc spring length affects amount of pressure spring exerts on valve train

on variable valve timing engines...

valve timing can be modified to provide best operating conditions for engine speed, power, efficiency, and emissions / electronic module or separate cam lobes for each valve for variable valve timing / vvt primarily in OHC engines

on fixed valve timing engines...

valve timing is a mechanical setting, and once set, cannot be changed w/ physically changing timing components in some way / technician sets timing components to factory marks factory on crank and cam gears - critical that timing marks are correctly aligned when installing time components

valve components

valve tip / keeper groove / valve stem / valve head / valve face / valve margin

Newer engines have computer controlled -------that can adjust ------- while engine is operated

valve trains / valve timing

valve arrangement (modern)

valves in cylinder head above pistons (OHV)

OHV

valves located in cylinder head above pistons / several valve arrangements

liquid fuel

vaporizes rapidly, especially when spilled, and the vapor is extremely easy to ignite

valve designs

variations to suit the unique features of the engine into which they are installed / Some engines, like those in heavy construction vehicles, need valves with strength and longevity to handle long, grueling work / Other engines, such as those in a race car, require valves that are lightweight and capable of withstanding high stress situations, usually for shorter longevity

gasket adhesive

variety of different chemicals are available to hold gaskets in place during assembly and to aid in sealing /

Service managers may have worked their way up through the...

various roles within a shop ex. light vehicle tech or service consultant

heavy line techs use --- to make sure the parts are working properly

various test and measuring instruments and tools

maintenance requirements of early vehicles were what compared to modern vehicles/why

vastly different because newer vehicles have highly technical requirements

What is an access door

vehicle opening such like engine compartment releases

In a Rear Live Axle (with front engine, rear-wheel drive), the vehicle would use a drive shaft fitted in --- of vehicle to --- --- from transmission to final drive

vehicle would use a DRIVESHAFT fitted in CENTERLINE of vehicle to TRANSMIT TORQUE from transmission to final drive

How should an (exhaust) extraction system be set up

vehicle's exhaust pipe to exhaust extraction system hose that ventilates fumes to outside air / extraction system should be vented to where fumes won't be drawn back indoors, to place well away from other people and other premises

hatchbacks are --- (flexible and adjustable)

versatile

non-hardening gasket sealants

very forgiving with gasket surfaces that are less than perfect / sealant will "give" when metal parts expand and contract under normal heating and cooling cycles

lube techs inspect what while carrying out duties?

visual inspection includes... looking for any other service needs like worn belts, hoses, and suspension system parts

Separate brake techs --- brake units for --- and --- components as required

visually inspect / wear, damage, or possible failure / repair or replace

when washing work clothes...

wash work clothes separately from other clothes so that toxic dust does not transfer from one garment to another

When using water hose to clean dust...

wastewater must be caught in a settling pit and not run into a storm water drain. Many shops also have floor scrubbers that use a water/soap solution to clean the floor. These shops usually vacuum up the dirty water and store it in a tank until it can be disposed of properly / domestic vacuums can't be used

Because of inertia and the amount of time it takes the valves to fully open and close...

we have to begin the opening times earlier and delay the closing time, thus we begin intake stroke by opening intake valve as piston is still moving up and exhaust valve is still slightly open, but closing

When using solvents, always...

wear protective gloves / familiarize self with SDS for information about its correct use and applicable hazards

opening ramp

what opens the valve / starts at the base circle and ends at the nose

wheel brake units apply --- --- -- to --- --- or --- connected to the ---, creating --- and slowing wheel rotation. The harder the --- --- is the pushed down, the harder the brake is applied

wheel brake units apply BRAKE FRICTION PADS to METAL DISCS OR DRUMS connected to the WHEELS, creating FRICTION and slowing wheel rotation. The harder the BRAKE PEDAL is the pushed down, the harder the brake is applied

cam specifications

when comparing them, it's important to know duration specification listings

when engine is in front, weight is --- --- of --- --- --- throughout vehicle, putting more weight on --- --- wheels

when engine is in front, weight is SPREAD OUT of DRIVE-TRAIN ASSEMBLIES throughout vehicle, putting more weight on REAR DRIVE WHEELS wheels

when engine is in rear, it drives the wheels through ---

when engine is in rear, it drives the wheels through TRANSAXLE

when molecules are tightly packed together, they produce far more --- -- during combustion than when they are not.

when molecules are tightly packed together, they produce far more EXPANSION PRESSURE during combustion than when they are not.

valve seat grinding

when seat is ground to proper angle with special grinding stone.

When is an exhaust extraction hose needed

whenever a vehicle is running indoors

intake valves

where fuel mix enters comb. chamb. / made of steel mixed with chromium or silicon to make more resistant to corrosion, and manganese and nickel to improve strength / has to withstand / spring pressure and combustion pressure / does not get as hot as the exhaust valve does / valve face may / must withstand spring pressure and comb press. / doesn't get hot as ex valve /

ground wire

wire for return path for electrical current in vehicle chassis, other metal of the vehicle, or dedicated wire

valve-to-piston clearance

with too much lift, not enough v-to-p clearance / Too much valve lift can cause valve to hit piston and ruin engine

overlap specifications

won't be given if you have DOHC engine because exhaust and intake lobes run on separate shafts

The chassis was originally made of --- and soon changed to --- --- --- which is easier to --- and --- ---

wood then to steel which is easier to manufacture and longer lasting

What are you responsible for involving safety

work safely / make sure not to put others at risk by acting unsafe

lube technicians are responsible for keeping their ----- clean and organized

workspace, tools, and equipment

When inspecting a cylinder head, crusty flakes of material are found inside the combustion chambers, indicating:

worn valve guides or piston rings

Always call fire department if...

you cannot extinguish a fire quickly and safely

when inspecting an airline

you should disconnect the air gun from the air line

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Management Ch 15, Principles of management. Ch15, Chapter 15 MGMT, MGT 300: Chapter 15, 3000 15.1-15.4, MGT 301 Chapter 15 SmartBook

Ch. 23 -25 BIOL 4003

AGEC 330 Final KP