12.4 Methods of Training

artificial intelligence

ICAI programs are based on advances in _____ _____, which involves "engineering some aspects of the human thought process" into a computer.

1.) The program should be clearly linked to business strategy and existing HR policies and practices 2.) Core components of the program (objectives, guidelines, training and education, communication strategy, monitoring and evaluation, and coordination) should be designed for effectiveness, rather than expediency 3.) Voluntary participation and flexible guidelines are critical to success

If an organization chooses to develop a formal mentoring program, 3 conditions seem to increase the chances of success. What are these 3 conditions?

a relationship between a junior and senior member of an organization that contributes to the career development of both members

What does Mentoring refer to?

trainees are presented with an organizational situation, assigned a role or character in the situation, and asked to act out the role with one or more other trainees

What does Role-Playing involve?

a trainer in two-way communication with trainees, and the trainees in communication with each other

What does a Discussion involve?

a series of assignments to different positions or departments for a specified period

What does a Job Rotation involve?

the oral presentation of information by a subject matter expert to a group of listeners. The lecture continues to be a popular training technique

What does a Lecture involve?

the trainee is supervised by a department employee, usually a supervisor, who is responsible for orienting, training, and evaluating the trainee

What happens during a Job Rotation?

Preparing the workers is important because they need to know what to expect. Preparation may include providing employees with a training manual, handouts, or other job aids that can be used as references

What involves the 1st step "prepare the worker"?

Presenting the task should be carried out in such a way that a trainee understands and can replicate the task

What involves the 2nd step "present the task"?

Practice time is important for the trainee to master a particular set of skills

What involves the 3rd step "allow practice time"?

a process used to encourage employees to accept responsibility for their own performance, to enable them to achieve and sustain superior performance, and to treat them as partners in working toward organizational goals and effectiveness

What is Coaching?

Techniques that present dynamic sequences of events

What is Dynamic media?

able to discern the learner's capability from the learner's response patterns and by analyzing the learner's errors. ICAI programs are based on advances in artificial intelligence, which involves "engineering some aspects of the human thought process" into a computer

What is Intelligent computer-assisted instruction (ICAI)?

a sequence of instructional procedures used by a trainer to train employees while they work in their assigned jobs

What is Job Instruction Training (JIT)?

Typically involve fixed illustrations that use both words and images

What is Static media?

CAI may not always be the most appropriate training method in training situations that emphasize interpersonal skill building

What is a disadvantage of Computer-aided instruction (CAI)?

Active participation is encouraged, offers trainees an opportunity for feedback, clarification, and sharing points of view

What is an advantage of a Discussion?

It is an efficient way of transmitting factual information to a large audience in a relatively short period of time

What is an advantage of a Lecture?

It is successful in improving trainee effectiveness, as well as in predicting future managerial effectiveness

What is an advantage of an in-basket exercise?

These techniques often lack the realistic complexity and information present in real organizations

What is an disadvantage of an in-basket exercise?

outside

Classroom training approaches are conducted ____ of the normal work setting

2 distinct activities

Coaching is done by performing how many distinct activities?

in-basket

Another type of simulation used in management development programs and assessment centers is the __-_____ exercise

1.) Static media 2.) Dynamic media

Audiovisual media involves what 2 groups?

interpersonal

Behavior modeling is widely used for _____ skill training and is a common component of many management training programs

True

Follow-up studies found Computer-based training (CBT) modeling approach to be effective in teaching information technology modules to college students, as well in teaching students a complex word processing task. True or False?

5 methods

How many Experiential methods are there?

3 approaches

How many approaches to Computer-Based Training (CBT) are there?

4 OJT techniques

How many identifiable OJT techniques are there?

1.) Lecture 2.) Discussion 3.) Audiovisual media 4.) Telecommunications 5.) Experiential methods

How many primary categories of classroom training are there?

4 stages

How many stages are in the mentor relationship?

1.) Prepare the worker 2.) Present the task 3.) Allow practice time 4.) Follow-up

How many steps does the Job Instruction Training (JIT) have?

life; career

Mentoring relationships can be important from both a ____ development and a ____ development perspective

e-learning

Much technology-based training today is referred to as __-_____(electronic learning) and most of it makes use of Internet or intranet technology and systems

recognized; trained

Structured OJT programs are generally conducted by an assigned trainer who is ____, rewarded, and ____ to provide appropriate instructional techniques.

satellite, cable, and fiber optic

The transmission of training programs to different locations via telecommunications has become increasingly feasible through ____, _____, and____ networks.

intelligent tutoring systems

What another name for Intelligent computer-assisted instruction (ICAI)?

1.) The primary advantage CBT is its interactivity 2.) It is well suited to on-demand learners

What are 2 advantages of 'Self-paced/Computer-based Training Media and Methods'?

1.) facilitates the transfer of learning to the job because the trainee has an immediate opportunity to practice the work tasks on the job 2.) reduces training costs because no training facilities are needed

What are 2 advantages of OJT?

1.) Self-discovery 2.) Opportunity to practice interpersonal skills

What are 2 advantages of Role playing?

1.) Increased costs (such as travel and the rental or purchase and maintenance of rooms and equipment) 2.) Dissimilarity to the job setting, making transfer of training more difficult

What are 2 disadvantages of Classroom Training Approaches?

1.) Some trainees may feel intimidated by having to act out a character 2.) The extent to which trainees are able to transfer this learning to their jobs

What are 2 disadvantages of Role playing?

1.) Classroom settings permit the use of a variety of training techniques, such as video/DVD, lecture, discussion, role playing, and simulation 2.) The environment can be designed or controlled to minimize distractions and create a climate conducive to learning 3.) Classroom settings can accommodate larger numbers of trainees than the typical on-the-job setting, allowing for more efficient delivery of training

What are 3 advantages of Classroom Training Approaches?

1.) Needs a skilled facilitator to manage the discussion process. 2.) Sufficient time must be available for meaningful discussion to take place. 3.) Trainees need to have a common reference point for meaningful discussion to occur.

What are 3 disadvantages of a Discussion?

1.) printed materials 2.) slides 3.) overhead transparencies.

What are 3 examples of Static media?

1.) The small number of mentor pairs that they can accommodate. 2.) Unintended negative consequences as dissatisfaction with the relationship. 3.) Negative feelings of those not involved in the program.

What are 3 limitations of formal mentoring programs?

1.) Based on the trainee's responses, the computer will present various levels of material until the trainee reaches mastery 2.) CAI's self-pacing feature allows trainees to control the speed of instruction and makes them self-sufficient learners 3.) The logistics of CAI make it more accessible through internal distribution systems, downloading from a central computer, or over the Internet to remote sites, which eliminates travel and per diem costs 4.) CAI offers an instructional or learning management system that automatically tracks student progress and the allocation and use of instructional resources, including terminals, instructors, and classrooms

What are 4 advantages of Computer-aided instruction (CAI)?

1.) Offers illustrations of the concepts students are expected to learn and use 2.) Improves communication skills 3.) Facilitates the linkage between theory and practice 4.) Cases allow students to discuss, share, and debate the merits of different inferences, problems, and alternative courses of action

What are 4 advantages of a Case Study?

1.) The job site may have physical constraints, noise, or other distractions that inhibit learning (many of these problems cannot be changed because of the nature of the job) 2.) Using expensive equipment for training could result in costly damage or disruption of the production schedule 3.) Using OJT while customers are present may inconvenience them and temporarily reduce the quality of service 4.) OJT involving heavy equipment or chemicals may threaten the safety of others who are working in close proximity (precautions should be taken by the trainer to minimize the potential problems from these four areas

What are 4 disadvantages of OJT?

1.) Initiation phase 2.) Protege phase 3.) Breakup stage 4.) Lasting-friendship stage

What are 4 stages in the mentor relationship?

1.) Facilitate the socialization of new members into an organization 2.) Reduce turnover 3.) Minimizes midcareer adjustments 4.) Enhance transfer of beneficial knowledge and values 5.) Facilitates the adjustment to retirement

What are 5 organizational benefits that mentoring can yield?

1.) Critics argue that it can cause groupthink 2.) Focuses too much on the past 3.) Limits the teaching role of the trainer 4.) Reduces the learner's ability to draw generalizations 5.) Reinforces passivity on the part of the learner 6.) Promotes quantity of interaction among students at the expense of quality of interaction

What are 6 disadvantages of a Case Study?

Intranets are computer networks that use Internet technology, software tools, and protocols for finding, managing, creating, and distributing information within one organization

What are Internet and Intranet-based trainings (IBT)?

compact discs (CDs), DVDs, diskettes, videotape, film, and audiocassettes

What are examples of Dynamic media?

1.) Involves analyzing performance and the conditions under which it occurs 2.) Coaching discussions, or face-to-face communication between employee and supervisor both to solve problems and to enable the employee to maintain and improve effective performance

What are the 2 distinct activities performed by coaching?

1.) job instruction training (JIT) 2.) job rotation 3.) coaching 4.) mentoring

What are the 4 identifiable OJT techniques?

1.) Case studies 2.) Games and simulations 3.) Role playing 4.) Behavior modeling 5.) Computer-based training (CBT)

What are the 5 methods of Experiential methods?

1.) Computer-aided instruction (CAI) 2.) Internet and Intranet-based training (IBT) 3.) Intelligent computer-assisted instruction (ICAI)

What are the approaches to Computer-Based Training (CBT)?

intended to develop or refine problem-solving and decision-making skills (tends to focus primarily on business management decisions)

What do Games and Simulations do?

conducting training at a trainee's regular workstation

What do On-The-Job Training (OJT) Methods involve?

helps trainees learn analytical and problem-solving skills by presenting a story about people in an organization who are facing a problem or decision. Cases may be based on actual events involving real people in an organization, or they can be fictional

What do does a Case Study do?

trainees observe a model performing a target behavior correctly. This is followed by a discussion of the key components of the behavior, practicing the target behavior through role playing, and receiving feedback and reinforcement for the behavior they demonstrate.

What does Behavior modeling involve?

1.) electronic workbooks 2.) using the drill-and-practice approach 3.) to compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) presentations of a traditional training program

What does Computer-aided instruction (CAI) include?

1.) Use media to illustrate or demonstrate the training material. 2.) Audiovisual media can bring complex events to life by showing and describing details that are often difficult to communicate in other ways

What is are 2 advantages of an Audiovisual media?

1.) emphasizes one-way communication. 2.) lack of idea sharing among trainees.

What is are 2 disadvantages of a Lecture?

When the protégé goes off on his/her own. If the mentor-protégé has not been successful, this is the final stage

What is the Breakup Stage?

The more powerful and professional recognized mentor recognizes the apprentice as a protégé

What is the Initiation Phase?

The mentor and the protégé have more of a peer relationship

What is the Lasting-friendship Stage?

The apprentice's work is recognized not for its own merit but as the by-product of the mentor's instruction, support and advice

What is the Protege Phase?

On-The-Job Training (OJT)

What is the most common form of training?

CBT can be conducted using a classroom, or via an individual, self-paced format. Increasingly, e-learning, i.e., online distance education is combining elements of instructor-led and self-paced learning

Where can Computer-based training (CBT) be conducted?