12.4 Methods of Training
artificial intelligence
ICAI programs are based on advances in _____ _____, which involves "engineering some aspects of the human thought process" into a computer.
1.) The program should be clearly linked to business strategy and existing HR policies and practices 2.) Core components of the program (objectives, guidelines, training and education, communication strategy, monitoring and evaluation, and coordination) should be designed for effectiveness, rather than expediency 3.) Voluntary participation and flexible guidelines are critical to success
If an organization chooses to develop a formal mentoring program, 3 conditions seem to increase the chances of success. What are these 3 conditions?
a relationship between a junior and senior member of an organization that contributes to the career development of both members
What does Mentoring refer to?
trainees are presented with an organizational situation, assigned a role or character in the situation, and asked to act out the role with one or more other trainees
What does Role-Playing involve?
a trainer in two-way communication with trainees, and the trainees in communication with each other
What does a Discussion involve?
a series of assignments to different positions or departments for a specified period
What does a Job Rotation involve?
the oral presentation of information by a subject matter expert to a group of listeners. The lecture continues to be a popular training technique
What does a Lecture involve?
the trainee is supervised by a department employee, usually a supervisor, who is responsible for orienting, training, and evaluating the trainee
What happens during a Job Rotation?
Preparing the workers is important because they need to know what to expect. Preparation may include providing employees with a training manual, handouts, or other job aids that can be used as references
What involves the 1st step "prepare the worker"?
Presenting the task should be carried out in such a way that a trainee understands and can replicate the task
What involves the 2nd step "present the task"?
Practice time is important for the trainee to master a particular set of skills
What involves the 3rd step "allow practice time"?
a process used to encourage employees to accept responsibility for their own performance, to enable them to achieve and sustain superior performance, and to treat them as partners in working toward organizational goals and effectiveness
What is Coaching?
Techniques that present dynamic sequences of events
What is Dynamic media?
able to discern the learner's capability from the learner's response patterns and by analyzing the learner's errors. ICAI programs are based on advances in artificial intelligence, which involves "engineering some aspects of the human thought process" into a computer
What is Intelligent computer-assisted instruction (ICAI)?
a sequence of instructional procedures used by a trainer to train employees while they work in their assigned jobs
What is Job Instruction Training (JIT)?
Typically involve fixed illustrations that use both words and images
What is Static media?
CAI may not always be the most appropriate training method in training situations that emphasize interpersonal skill building
What is a disadvantage of Computer-aided instruction (CAI)?
Active participation is encouraged, offers trainees an opportunity for feedback, clarification, and sharing points of view
What is an advantage of a Discussion?
It is an efficient way of transmitting factual information to a large audience in a relatively short period of time
What is an advantage of a Lecture?
It is successful in improving trainee effectiveness, as well as in predicting future managerial effectiveness
What is an advantage of an in-basket exercise?
These techniques often lack the realistic complexity and information present in real organizations
What is an disadvantage of an in-basket exercise?
outside
Classroom training approaches are conducted ____ of the normal work setting
2 distinct activities
Coaching is done by performing how many distinct activities?
in-basket
Another type of simulation used in management development programs and assessment centers is the __-_____ exercise
1.) Static media 2.) Dynamic media
Audiovisual media involves what 2 groups?
interpersonal
Behavior modeling is widely used for _____ skill training and is a common component of many management training programs
True
Follow-up studies found Computer-based training (CBT) modeling approach to be effective in teaching information technology modules to college students, as well in teaching students a complex word processing task. True or False?
5 methods
How many Experiential methods are there?
3 approaches
How many approaches to Computer-Based Training (CBT) are there?
4 OJT techniques
How many identifiable OJT techniques are there?
1.) Lecture 2.) Discussion 3.) Audiovisual media 4.) Telecommunications 5.) Experiential methods
How many primary categories of classroom training are there?
4 stages
How many stages are in the mentor relationship?
1.) Prepare the worker 2.) Present the task 3.) Allow practice time 4.) Follow-up
How many steps does the Job Instruction Training (JIT) have?
life; career
Mentoring relationships can be important from both a ____ development and a ____ development perspective
e-learning
Much technology-based training today is referred to as __-_____(electronic learning) and most of it makes use of Internet or intranet technology and systems
recognized; trained
Structured OJT programs are generally conducted by an assigned trainer who is ____, rewarded, and ____ to provide appropriate instructional techniques.
satellite, cable, and fiber optic
The transmission of training programs to different locations via telecommunications has become increasingly feasible through ____, _____, and____ networks.
intelligent tutoring systems
What another name for Intelligent computer-assisted instruction (ICAI)?
1.) The primary advantage CBT is its interactivity 2.) It is well suited to on-demand learners
What are 2 advantages of 'Self-paced/Computer-based Training Media and Methods'?
1.) facilitates the transfer of learning to the job because the trainee has an immediate opportunity to practice the work tasks on the job 2.) reduces training costs because no training facilities are needed
What are 2 advantages of OJT?
1.) Self-discovery 2.) Opportunity to practice interpersonal skills
What are 2 advantages of Role playing?
1.) Increased costs (such as travel and the rental or purchase and maintenance of rooms and equipment) 2.) Dissimilarity to the job setting, making transfer of training more difficult
What are 2 disadvantages of Classroom Training Approaches?
1.) Some trainees may feel intimidated by having to act out a character 2.) The extent to which trainees are able to transfer this learning to their jobs
What are 2 disadvantages of Role playing?
1.) Classroom settings permit the use of a variety of training techniques, such as video/DVD, lecture, discussion, role playing, and simulation 2.) The environment can be designed or controlled to minimize distractions and create a climate conducive to learning 3.) Classroom settings can accommodate larger numbers of trainees than the typical on-the-job setting, allowing for more efficient delivery of training
What are 3 advantages of Classroom Training Approaches?
1.) Needs a skilled facilitator to manage the discussion process. 2.) Sufficient time must be available for meaningful discussion to take place. 3.) Trainees need to have a common reference point for meaningful discussion to occur.
What are 3 disadvantages of a Discussion?
1.) printed materials 2.) slides 3.) overhead transparencies.
What are 3 examples of Static media?
1.) The small number of mentor pairs that they can accommodate. 2.) Unintended negative consequences as dissatisfaction with the relationship. 3.) Negative feelings of those not involved in the program.
What are 3 limitations of formal mentoring programs?
1.) Based on the trainee's responses, the computer will present various levels of material until the trainee reaches mastery 2.) CAI's self-pacing feature allows trainees to control the speed of instruction and makes them self-sufficient learners 3.) The logistics of CAI make it more accessible through internal distribution systems, downloading from a central computer, or over the Internet to remote sites, which eliminates travel and per diem costs 4.) CAI offers an instructional or learning management system that automatically tracks student progress and the allocation and use of instructional resources, including terminals, instructors, and classrooms
What are 4 advantages of Computer-aided instruction (CAI)?
1.) Offers illustrations of the concepts students are expected to learn and use 2.) Improves communication skills 3.) Facilitates the linkage between theory and practice 4.) Cases allow students to discuss, share, and debate the merits of different inferences, problems, and alternative courses of action
What are 4 advantages of a Case Study?
1.) The job site may have physical constraints, noise, or other distractions that inhibit learning (many of these problems cannot be changed because of the nature of the job) 2.) Using expensive equipment for training could result in costly damage or disruption of the production schedule 3.) Using OJT while customers are present may inconvenience them and temporarily reduce the quality of service 4.) OJT involving heavy equipment or chemicals may threaten the safety of others who are working in close proximity (precautions should be taken by the trainer to minimize the potential problems from these four areas
What are 4 disadvantages of OJT?
1.) Initiation phase 2.) Protege phase 3.) Breakup stage 4.) Lasting-friendship stage
What are 4 stages in the mentor relationship?
1.) Facilitate the socialization of new members into an organization 2.) Reduce turnover 3.) Minimizes midcareer adjustments 4.) Enhance transfer of beneficial knowledge and values 5.) Facilitates the adjustment to retirement
What are 5 organizational benefits that mentoring can yield?
1.) Critics argue that it can cause groupthink 2.) Focuses too much on the past 3.) Limits the teaching role of the trainer 4.) Reduces the learner's ability to draw generalizations 5.) Reinforces passivity on the part of the learner 6.) Promotes quantity of interaction among students at the expense of quality of interaction
What are 6 disadvantages of a Case Study?
Intranets are computer networks that use Internet technology, software tools, and protocols for finding, managing, creating, and distributing information within one organization
What are Internet and Intranet-based trainings (IBT)?
compact discs (CDs), DVDs, diskettes, videotape, film, and audiocassettes
What are examples of Dynamic media?
1.) Involves analyzing performance and the conditions under which it occurs 2.) Coaching discussions, or face-to-face communication between employee and supervisor both to solve problems and to enable the employee to maintain and improve effective performance
What are the 2 distinct activities performed by coaching?
1.) job instruction training (JIT) 2.) job rotation 3.) coaching 4.) mentoring
What are the 4 identifiable OJT techniques?
1.) Case studies 2.) Games and simulations 3.) Role playing 4.) Behavior modeling 5.) Computer-based training (CBT)
What are the 5 methods of Experiential methods?
1.) Computer-aided instruction (CAI) 2.) Internet and Intranet-based training (IBT) 3.) Intelligent computer-assisted instruction (ICAI)
What are the approaches to Computer-Based Training (CBT)?
intended to develop or refine problem-solving and decision-making skills (tends to focus primarily on business management decisions)
What do Games and Simulations do?
conducting training at a trainee's regular workstation
What do On-The-Job Training (OJT) Methods involve?
helps trainees learn analytical and problem-solving skills by presenting a story about people in an organization who are facing a problem or decision. Cases may be based on actual events involving real people in an organization, or they can be fictional
What do does a Case Study do?
trainees observe a model performing a target behavior correctly. This is followed by a discussion of the key components of the behavior, practicing the target behavior through role playing, and receiving feedback and reinforcement for the behavior they demonstrate.
What does Behavior modeling involve?
1.) electronic workbooks 2.) using the drill-and-practice approach 3.) to compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) presentations of a traditional training program
What does Computer-aided instruction (CAI) include?
1.) Use media to illustrate or demonstrate the training material. 2.) Audiovisual media can bring complex events to life by showing and describing details that are often difficult to communicate in other ways
What is are 2 advantages of an Audiovisual media?
1.) emphasizes one-way communication. 2.) lack of idea sharing among trainees.
What is are 2 disadvantages of a Lecture?
When the protégé goes off on his/her own. If the mentor-protégé has not been successful, this is the final stage
What is the Breakup Stage?
The more powerful and professional recognized mentor recognizes the apprentice as a protégé
What is the Initiation Phase?
The mentor and the protégé have more of a peer relationship
What is the Lasting-friendship Stage?
The apprentice's work is recognized not for its own merit but as the by-product of the mentor's instruction, support and advice
What is the Protege Phase?
On-The-Job Training (OJT)
What is the most common form of training?
CBT can be conducted using a classroom, or via an individual, self-paced format. Increasingly, e-learning, i.e., online distance education is combining elements of instructor-led and self-paced learning
Where can Computer-based training (CBT) be conducted?