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he function of aregulator transcription factor can be modualted by covalent modifications such as teh attachment of
a phosphate group
A transcription factor can have multiple *
domains
suppressed genes
methylated cpg islands
A domain that has a v similar structure in many diff proteins
motif
Activator proteins stimulate mediator to make what modifications on RNA pol 2?
phosphorylation
maintenance methylation
preserves the methylated condition in future cells; methylation of hemimethylated DNA following DNA replication
DNA sequences that are analogous to the operator sites found near bacterial promoerters are called...
regulatory elements or regulatory sequences
the CREB protein binds to DNA at a sequence called the cAMP **
reponse element
Coactivators usually contain a * domain that promotes the activation of RNA polymerase
transactivation
Active genes
unmethylated cpg islands
when a fully methylated DNA segment of DNA is replciated, the newly made daughter strand contains ** and is called **
unmethylated cytosines; hemimethylated
Nucleosomes can change (3)
(1) change in histones to variants w/ specialized roles (2) covalent modifications to the amino-terminal tails of histones (3) change in location
Transcriptional activtation of euk genes involves (3)
(1) changes in nucleosome locations (2) changes in histone composition within nucleosomes (3) changes in histone modifications
transcrip factors that affect the ability of RNA pol to begin the transcrip process may work by (2)
(1) regulating the bidning o the trascrip complex to the core promoter (2) controlling the switch from the initiation to the elongation stage of transcription
DNA methyltransferase
attaches a methyl group to the 5 position of the cytosine b ase
CREB protein is a RTF that activates an increase in
cAMP
Mediator phosphorylates the *-terminus of RNA pol II, stimulation progression to the * stage of transcri
carboxyl, elongation
Activator proteins often increase transcription through an interaction with
coactivators
Typical charactersitc of euk gene that can be described?
core promoter is found in a NFR
ATP-* * remodeling uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to change the position or composition of nucleosomes
dependent, chromatin
You are studying a transcri factor that binds to DNA near a gene of interest; discover that once the TF binds, transcri of GOI becomes undetectable --> example of??
down regulation
The binding of a RTF to an * can stim transcription 10- to 1000-fold, which is called *-regulation
enhancer, up
Most histone genes encode standard histone proteins, but some have accumualted mutations that change the AA seq of the histone proteins -- these are
histone variants
According tot he histone code hypothesis, the patttern of histone midications acts like a language th
influences chromatin structure
Positively charged * within core histone proteins can be acetylated by histone *
lysine, acetryltransferase
proteins called * bind methylated sequences and recruit other proteins to region to * transcription
methyl-cpg-proteins; inhibit