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According to its editor, the fundamental goal of the Encyclopedia was to
"Change the general way of thinking"
What was the Republic of Letters?
A cosmopolitan network involving Western Europe and its colonies as well as Eastern Europe and Russia
What change within the Jewish community accompanied the Haskalah Enlightenment movement?
Interactions between Jews and Christians increased, and rabbinic controls diminished
How did governments respond to the new science?
They established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research
Voltaire was a deist who viewed God as akin to a
clockmaker who set the universe in motion and then ceased to intervene in human affairs
Copernicus's theory of the universe
postulated a sun-centered view of the universe
To improve the rural economy and the lives of peasants, Empress Maria Theresa of Austria
reduced noble's power over their surfs
Soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style known as
rococo
The enlightened policies of Frederick the Great included
simplifying Prussia's laws
Jean-Jacques Rouseau believed that
women were best suited to a passive role in social relations
Who was the author of On Crimes and Punishments, a passionate plea for the reform of the penal system?
Cesare Beccaria
In general, what was Voltaire's attitude toward government?
He believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for in a governemnt
Which powers participated in the portioning of Poland in the late eighteenth century?
Prussia, Russia, and Austria
In historical and critical dictionary, Pierre Bayle demonstrated that
all knowledge can be questioned and doubted
What helped to justify the growth of slavery in the eighteenth century?
The emergence of scientific racism
What was the core concept of the Enlightenment?
The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life
How did Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation bring the Scientific Revolution to maturity?
It synthesized mathematics with physics and astronomy to demonstrate that the entire universe was unified into one coherent system.
What was the primary goal of Galileo's experimental method?
To discover what actually occurred in nature rather than to speculate on what should occur.
Joseph II's conversion of peasant labor obligations to cash payments
was opposed by both nobles and peasants
The concept of the reading revolution refers to the
shift from reading religious texts aloud as family to reading diverse texts individually