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According to its editor, the fundamental goal of the Encyclopedia was to

"Change the general way of thinking"

What was the Republic of Letters?

A cosmopolitan network involving Western Europe and its colonies as well as Eastern Europe and Russia

What change within the Jewish community accompanied the Haskalah Enlightenment movement?

Interactions between Jews and Christians increased, and rabbinic controls diminished

How did governments respond to the new science?

They established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research

Voltaire was a deist who viewed God as akin to a

clockmaker who set the universe in motion and then ceased to intervene in human affairs

Copernicus's theory of the universe

postulated a sun-centered view of the universe

To improve the rural economy and the lives of peasants, Empress Maria Theresa of Austria

reduced noble's power over their surfs

Soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style known as

rococo

The enlightened policies of Frederick the Great included

simplifying Prussia's laws

Jean-Jacques Rouseau believed that

women were best suited to a passive role in social relations

Who was the author of On Crimes and Punishments, a passionate plea for the reform of the penal system?

Cesare Beccaria

In general, what was Voltaire's attitude toward government?

He believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for in a governemnt

Which powers participated in the portioning of Poland in the late eighteenth century?

Prussia, Russia, and Austria

In historical and critical dictionary, Pierre Bayle demonstrated that

all knowledge can be questioned and doubted

What helped to justify the growth of slavery in the eighteenth century?

The emergence of scientific racism

What was the core concept of the Enlightenment?

The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life

How did Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation bring the Scientific Revolution to maturity?

It synthesized mathematics with physics and astronomy to demonstrate that the entire universe was unified into one coherent system.

What was the primary goal of Galileo's experimental method?

To discover what actually occurred in nature rather than to speculate on what should occur.

Joseph II's conversion of peasant labor obligations to cash payments

was opposed by both nobles and peasants

The concept of the reading revolution refers to the

shift from reading religious texts aloud as family to reading diverse texts individually