19A Quiz
isotopes
atoms of same element with different numbers of neutrons (different masses)
209/82 Pb -->0/-1 e + 209/83 Bi
beta decay
1/0 n -->1/1P + 0/-1 e
beta decay changes
artificial transmutation
bombardment of a stable isotope to force it to decay
transmutation
changing into another element through radioactive decay
nuclear fusion
combination of two nuclei into one with release of energy
nuclear reactors
control fission chain reaction to produce energy dangers
composition of gamma
energy
electrical force
force of repulsion between positively charged protons
strong forces
forces of attraction between nucleons
nuclear fission
heavy nuclei are bombarded with neutrons and split
gamma can be stopped by
lead
in nuclear fission, mass of particles produced is slightly ____ than the mass of the reactants; this mass is converted to energy
less
electrical forces are ________
long range
critical mass
minimum mass of fissionable material required for a chain reaction
in nuclear fusion, mass of particles is much ___ than the mass of the _______; this mass is converted to energy
more; reactants
238/92 U -->234/90 Th + 4/2 He
natural transmutation
during beta decay, a _______ changes into a ______ and _________
neutron; proton; electron
1/0 n + 235/92 U --> 142/56 Ba + 91/36 Kr + 3(1/0 n)+ E
nuclear fission
2/1 H+ 3/1 H --> 4/2 He +1/0 n +E
nuclear fusion
atomic number (Z)
number of protons (charge)
composition of beta
one electron
alpha can be stopped by
paper
a radioactive isotope spontaneously emits a ______ and _____ into other ______
particle; decays; elements
nucleons
particles that occupy the nucleus
mass number (A)
protons+neutrons
two examples of energy dangers from nuclear reactors
radioactive bi-product and meltdown
nuclei can also be unstable if the electrical forces of ______ are greater than strong forces of _________
repulsion; attraction
strong forces are ________
short range
α, 4/2 He
symbol for alpha
β, 0/-1 e
symbol for beta
γ
symbol for gamma
half life
the time it takes for half the mass of a radioactive sample to decay
composition of alpha
two protons and two neutrons
natural transmutation
uranium spontaneously decays
when bullets are ___ charges, they are ______ by the nucleus and are bombarding. To overcome the repulsion, they must be ______ to very high speeds by _____ accelerators
+; repelled; accelerated; particle
nucleons have...
...almost 2000X the mass of electrons
half life is not affected by...
...external conditions
half life ranges...
...from a fraction of a second to billions of years
strong forces are...
...independent of the charge of the nucleon
nucleons consist of...
...positively charged protons and neutral neutrons
nucleons are made up of...
...quarks and leptons
nuclei can be unstable when...
...there is a wrong neutron to proton ratio
a radioactive isotope has an...
...unstable nucleus
214/84 Po -->4/2 He + 210/82 Pb
alpha decay
types of radioactive emission
alpha, beta, gamma
beta can be stopped by
aluminum
14/7 N + 4/2 He -->1/1 P + 17/8 O
artificial transmutation
