19A Quiz

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isotopes

atoms of same element with different numbers of neutrons (different masses)

209/82 Pb -->0/-1 e + 209/83 Bi

beta decay

1/0 n -->1/1P + 0/-1 e

beta decay changes

artificial transmutation

bombardment of a stable isotope to force it to decay

transmutation

changing into another element through radioactive decay

nuclear fusion

combination of two nuclei into one with release of energy

nuclear reactors

control fission chain reaction to produce energy dangers

composition of gamma

energy

electrical force

force of repulsion between positively charged protons

strong forces

forces of attraction between nucleons

nuclear fission

heavy nuclei are bombarded with neutrons and split

gamma can be stopped by

lead

in nuclear fission, mass of particles produced is slightly ____ than the mass of the reactants; this mass is converted to energy

less

electrical forces are ________

long range

critical mass

minimum mass of fissionable material required for a chain reaction

in nuclear fusion, mass of particles is much ___ than the mass of the _______; this mass is converted to energy

more; reactants

238/92 U -->234/90 Th + 4/2 He

natural transmutation

during beta decay, a _______ changes into a ______ and _________

neutron; proton; electron

1/0 n + 235/92 U --> 142/56 Ba + 91/36 Kr + 3(1/0 n)+ E

nuclear fission

2/1 H+ 3/1 H --> 4/2 He +1/0 n +E

nuclear fusion

atomic number (Z)

number of protons (charge)

composition of beta

one electron

alpha can be stopped by

paper

a radioactive isotope spontaneously emits a ______ and _____ into other ______

particle; decays; elements

nucleons

particles that occupy the nucleus

mass number (A)

protons+neutrons

two examples of energy dangers from nuclear reactors

radioactive bi-product and meltdown

nuclei can also be unstable if the electrical forces of ______ are greater than strong forces of _________

repulsion; attraction

strong forces are ________

short range

α, 4/2 He

symbol for alpha

β, 0/-1 e

symbol for beta

γ

symbol for gamma

half life

the time it takes for half the mass of a radioactive sample to decay

composition of alpha

two protons and two neutrons

natural transmutation

uranium spontaneously decays

when bullets are ___ charges, they are ______ by the nucleus and are bombarding. To overcome the repulsion, they must be ______ to very high speeds by _____ accelerators

+; repelled; accelerated; particle

nucleons have...

...almost 2000X the mass of electrons

half life is not affected by...

...external conditions

half life ranges...

...from a fraction of a second to billions of years

strong forces are...

...independent of the charge of the nucleon

nucleons consist of...

...positively charged protons and neutral neutrons

nucleons are made up of...

...quarks and leptons

nuclei can be unstable when...

...there is a wrong neutron to proton ratio

a radioactive isotope has an...

...unstable nucleus

214/84 Po -->4/2 He + 210/82 Pb

alpha decay

types of radioactive emission

alpha, beta, gamma

beta can be stopped by

aluminum

14/7 N + 4/2 He -->1/1 P + 17/8 O

artificial transmutation


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