1ST PART

Spider Bites- steps

1. If stinger present, remove it. a. Scrape stinger out; e.g., with edge of card. b. Avoid using tweezers or forceps as these can squeeze venom from the venom sac into the wound. 2. Wash area gently. 3. Remove jewelry from injured area before swelling begins, if possible. 4. Place injection site slightly below the level of the patient's heart 5. Contact Medical Control

What are the two phases of Pulmonary ventilation?

1. Inspiration or inhalation. 2. Expiration or exhalation

What are the adverse effects that can occur with high or prolonged gluococorticoid medications?

1. Stimulates Gluconeogenesis & inhibit insulin production which causes hyperglycemia 2.Immuniosuppressant-greater risk for infection, 3.delays wound healing, 4. myopathy (due to gluconeogenesis) 5.Mood affected 6.Decreased bone formation-resorption of Ca 7. Risk for gastric ulcers

What happens during external respiration?

1. also called pulmonary respiration, 2. Gas exchange in lungs between blood and air in alveoli, 3. O2 diffuses from air, through alveolar wall. 4. O2 binds to hemoglobin to be transported to cells throughout the body. 5. CO2 diffuses from blood into the air, and is the exhaled.

List the processes in which the Endocrine system controlls and/ or regulates within the human body.

1. balances the composition and colume of body fluids 2. reulates metabolism and energy production 3. directs the rate and timing of growth and development 4. exerts emergency control during physical and mental stress (ie. trauma, starvation, hemorrhage)

Hormones are regulated by:

1. signals from the nervous system 2. chemical changes in the blood 3. other hormones

WHEN CUTTING SUTURES, WHAT IS THE MAXIMUM ACCEPTABLE LENGTH FOR THE TAILS TO BE?

1/16 INCH

HOW LONG DO YOU WAIT AFTER GIVING THE FIRST MARK 1 KIT BEFORE GIVING ANOTHER IN A PATIENT WITH MODERATE SYMPTOMS?

10 TO 15 MIN

WHAT IS THE USUAL DOSE OF MORPHINE FOR ADULT PATIENTS IN SEVERE PAIN?

10-20 MG

Floating ribs

11-12

How many thoracic vertebrae?

12

Class A Balance

120 mg to 120 g

appendicular skeletal system

126 bones in the appendages (upper and lower limbs, pelvic and pectoral limb girdles)

WHEN PERFORMING A NEEDLE CHEST DECOMPRESSION, WHAT IS THE PREFERRED SIZE OF NEEDLE REQUIRED TO ADEQUATLEY DECOMPRESS THE CHEST?

14 GAUGE

HOW MANY ADDITIONAL ATMOSPHERES OF PRESSURE ARE APPLIED AT A DEPTH OF 33 FEET IN SEA WATER?

14.7

WHEN ESTABLISHING A HELICOPTER LANDING SITE, THE GROUND SLOPE CAN BE NO MORE THAN____DEGREES.

15

How many times do adults breath a minute?

15-20 times per minute

APPROXIMATELY HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE FOR DEATH TO OCCUR FROM MASSIVE HEMMORRHAGE?

2 MINUTES

Angina Pectoris 2

2.Following an angina attack there is no residual damage to the myocardium

THE EFFECTIVE LIFE OF AN OXYGEN BREATHING APPARATUS (OBA) IS?

20-45 MINUTES

Diabetic Ketoacidosis2

2Cells cannot burn sugar; patient experiences hunger (polyphagia) Cells burn fat as alternative fuel Acidic ketone bodies produced Patient tries to correct acidosis; exhales CO2 Rapid, deep breathing (Kussmaul respirations) Exhaled ketone bodies produce nail-polish remover or "fruity"/sweet breath odor

Symptoms - AMI2

2Chest Pain Unrelieved by rest/nitroglycerin Pain lasts longer than angina pain (up to 12 hours) "Silent" MI 15% of patients with MI, particularly common in elderly and diabetics http://www.thedoctorstv.com/main/show_synopsis/180?section=synopsis

Unmodifiable Risk Factors2

2Race African-Americans have more than twice the risk of death & disability Generally have a greater number of risk factors smoking, high blood pressure, sickle cell anemia, diabetes

FOR SEVERE NERVE AGENT SYMPTOMS GIVE HOW MANY MARK 1 KITS IN A ROW?

3

WHAT SIZE BANDAGE IS USED FOR APPLYING A ROLLER BANDAGE TO THE ANKLE OR FOOT?

3 INCHES

Failed Chest

3 or more rib bones broken in 2 or more places

Meninges

3 protective membrane layers for CNS: Dura mater (Duralble,Distant outer layer) Arachnoid mater ( MIDDLE, wispy, collagen & elastin fibers that resemble a Spider Web) PiA mater (Ajoins, Attached to Neural tissue and contains blood vessels to serve the brain and spinal cord.

Spinal nerves

31 segments each with a pair of spinal nerves named for the corresponding vertebrae. (Begins at foramen magnum to L2 the conus medullaris)

How many total vertebrae?

33

Unmodifiable Risk Factors3

3Prior Stroke risk is highest within the first 30 days after a stroke 5. Heredity risk is greater for people with a family history of stroke

Symptoms - AMI3

3Shortness of breath Weakness, dizziness, syncope Nausea, vomiting Pallor and diaphoresis (heavy sweating)

How many coccyx vertebrae?

4

WHAT MOPP LEVEL AFFORDS THE MOST PROTECTION?

4

Malaria

4 types- FALCIPARUM MALARIA, most serious s/s- jaundice, blood coagulation defects, shock, renal failure, liver failure and disorientation, deirium. Transmitted by BITE FROM INFECTED ANOPHELES FEMALE MOSQUITO

A LETHAL FULL BODY DOSE OF RADIATION IS?

4-5 REM

HOW MANY STAGES OF EXTRICATION ARE THERE?

5

How many lumbar vertebrae?

5

How many sacral vertebrae?

5

WHAT IS THE MAXIMUM TIME AMOUNT OF TIME ALLOWED FOR CONTINUOUS SUCTIONING OF AN INFANT'S AIRWAY?

5 SECONDS

DECONTAMINATION OF BLISTER AGENTS WITHIN TWO MINUTES WILL REDUCE THE TOXIC EFFECTS BY?

50%

Cardiovascular Disease

63,400,000 Americans have one or more forms of heart or blood vessel disease 50% of all deaths are cardiovascular disease

Class B Balance

648 mg and up

How many cervical vertebrae?

7

HOW MANY HOURS AFTER THE LAST DOSE DOES NARCOTIC WITHDRAW NORMALLY PEAK?

72 HOURS

False ribs?

8-10 (attach to 7th rib cartilage)

axial skeletal system

80 bones found in the main axis of the body (skull, mandible, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, hyoid)

Blood Glucose Readings

80-120 mg/dl Normal 60-80 mg/dl Moderate hypoglycemia Below 50 mg/dl Severe hypoglycemia Above 140 mg/dl Hyperglycemia Question results that are inconsistent with patient's condition.

IF A PATIENT IS HYPOTENSIVE THEN THE SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE IS BELOW WHAT?

90

Alcohol Intoxication Signs

A CNS Depressant Signs of Intoxication Breath odor Swaying, unsteadiness Slurred speech Nausea, vomiting Flushed face Drowsiness Violent, erratic behavior

Anaphylaxis

A LIFE-THREATENING allergic reaction which causes shock (hypoperfusion) and airway swelling

Bundle of His (AV bundle)

A band of atypical cardiac muscle fibers with few contractile units. It arises from the distal part of the AV node and extends across the AV groove to the top of the intraventricular septum, where it divides into the bundle branches.

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

A basis emergency produced for life support, consisting of artificial respiration and manual external cardiac massage. It is used in cases of cardiac arrest to establish effective circulation and ventilation to prevent irreversible cerebral damage resulting from anoxia. External cardiac massage compresses the heart between the lower sternum and the thoracic vertebral column. During compressions, blood is forced into systemic and pulmonary circulation, and venous blood refills the heart when the compression is released. Mouth-to-mouth breathing or a mechanical form of ventilation is used concomitantly with CPR to oxygenate the blood being pumped through the circulatory system.

Capillary beds

A capillary network.

Sudden Death

A cardiac arrest that occurs within 2 hours of onset of symptoms. Nearly 25% of these have no previous history of cardiac problems

Gunstock deformity

A carrying angle of less than the 5 to 15 degrees valgus angulation

Stener lesion

A complication of UCL injury to the thumb in which the adductor aponeurosis gets caught between the ruptured ends of the ligament and prevents healing

Plaque

A deposit of fatty material on the inner lining of an arterial wall

Pericardium

A fibroserous sac that surrounds the heart and the roots of the great vessels. It consists of the serous pericardium and the fibrous pericardium. The serous pericardium consists of the parietal layer, which lines the inside of the fibrous pericardium, and the visceral layer, which adheres to the surface of the heart. Between the two layers is the pericardial space containing a few drops of pericardial fluid, which lubricates opposing surfaces of the space and allows the heart to move easily during contraction. The fibrous pericardium, which constitutes the outermost sac and is composed of tough, white fibrous tissue lined by the parietal layer of the serous pericardium, fits loosely around the heart and attaches to large blood vessels emerging from the top of the heart but not to the heart itself. It is relatively inelastic and protects the heart and the serous membranes.

Vaginal yeast infection

A fungal infection involving the vagina/ vulva

Right subclavian artery

A large artery that arises from the brachiocephalic artery. It has several important branches: the axillary,vertebral thoracic, and internal thoracic arteries and the cervical and costo-cervical trunks, which perfuse the right side of the upper body.

Latex

A latex allergy is a reaction to a material on or contained in latex. Mild Acute Redness Itching, burning, and tingling Mild Chronic Dry, cracked and scaly skin No way to predict how serious reactions will develop. Severe (Urticaria/asthma/anaphylaxis) Immediate (0-30 minutes) with spread to areas remote to site contact (respiratory distress to anaphylaxis)

Chronic prostatitis

A long term inflammation in the prostate gland

Dysmenorrhea

A menstrual disorder characterized by painful menstruation Achy, dull, or sharp pain that may radiate to the lower back

What is a goblet cell?

A mucus-secreting epithelial cell that distends with mucin before secretion and collapses to a goblet shape after secretion.

Angina pectoris

A paroxysmal thoracic pain caused most often by myocardial anoxia as a result of atherosclerosis or spasm of the coronary arteries. The pain usually radiates along the neck, jaw, and shoulder and down the inner aspect of the left arm. It is frequently accompanied by a feeling of suffocation and impending death.

Actual Consent

A patient actually giving you permission to treat them

McBurney point

A point one third of the distance between the ASIS and umbilicus. Indicates appendicitis

Toxins

A poison produced by a living organism

Contraindication

A reason why you WOULDN'T do something

Sinoatrial (SA) node

A region of specialized cardiac muscle cells in the right atrium of the heart that initiate the impules of heart contraction; for this reason the SA node is knownas the 'pacemaker' of the heart.

Ventricles

A small cavity, such as the right and left ventricles of the heart; the two lower chambers of the heart, and they pump blood out to the lungs and body.

Snapping hip syndrome

A snapping sensation either heard or felt during motion of the hip

Acute prostatitis

A sudden inflammation in the prostate gland caused by bacteria

Myocardium

A thick contractile middle layer of uniquely constructed and arranged muscle cells that forms the bulk of the heart wall. Contains a minimum of other tissue, except blood vessels, and is covered interiorly by the endocardium. The contractile tissue of the myocardium is composed of fibers with the characteristic cross-striations of muscular tissue. The fibers are about one third as large in diameter as those of skeletal muscle and contain more sarcoplasm. They branch frequently and are interconnected to forma network that is continuous, except where the bundles and the laminae are attached at their origins and insertions into the fibrous trigone of the heart. Most of the myocardial fibers function to contract the heart.

Jones fracture

A transverse stress fracture of the proximal fifth metatarsal

Aortic valve

A valve in the heart between the left ventricle and the aorta. It is composed of three semilunar cusps that close in diastole to prevent blood from flowing back into the left ventricle from the aorta.

Atrioventricular valves

A valve in the heart through which blood flows from the atria to the ventricles. The valve between the left atrium an the left ventricle is the mitral (bicuspid) valve; the right valve is the tricuspid valve.

What is a Yawn?

A yawn is a very deep inhalation initiated by opening the mouth wide. Some researchers believe that yawning is triggered by the need to increase the oxygen content and decrease carbon dioxide in the blood or as a result of drowsiness, boredom. or depression, but the precise cause is unknown.

ACETABUL/O

ACETABULUM (HIP SOCKET)

Unhappy triad

ACL, MCL, and medial meniscus injury

What is another way to for the body to obtain aldostrone?

ACTH has a brief weak effect on releasing aldosterone

Name the two hormones released by the neurohypophysis

ADH & oxytocin

What are the two posterior pituitary gland hormones?

ADH and oxytocin

Cardiovascular Agents

AFFECT CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

DISINFECTANTS

AGENTS USED IN INANIMATE OBJECTS

WHY IS THE SPICA OR FIGURE EIGHT BANDAGE USED AROUND THE ELBOW?

ALLOWS FOR MOVEMENT WHILE HOLDING A COMPRESS

MILLER BOARD STRETCHER

ALLOWS PASSAGE THROUGH HATCHES AND CROWDED PASSAGEWAYS

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS A TRUE STATEMENT CONCERNING OROPHARYNGEAL AIRWAYS?

AN AIRWAY OF PROPER SIZE IS MEASURED FROM THE TIP OF THE EARLOBE TO THE CORNER OF THE MOUTH

A PATIENT CAN BE CERTIFIED DECONTAMINATED FROM A RADIOLOGICAL INCIDENT WITH?

AN/VDR 2

MALLEOLUS

ANKLE

PUBIS

ANTERIOR PART OF THE PELVIC BONE

Antifectives

ANTIBACTERIAL

Expectorants/Antitussives

ASSIST IN REMOVAL OF SECRETIONS/INHIBIT OR SUPRESS COUGHING

A MARK 1 KIT CONSISTS OF?

ATROPINE AND 2-PAM CL

Cheyne-Stokes respirations

Abnormal breathing pattern of hyperpnea and apnea

Amenorrhea

Absence of menstruation or missed periods for either 3 cycles or six months

Activated Charcoal

Absorbs toxin; prevents absorption by GI tract

Human papilloma virus (genital warts)

Accounts for most cases of cervical cancers

Hair Growth

Active Phase (2-5 Years) Dormant Phase (3-4 Months) grows 2 mm a week

Cardiovascular Disease

Acute Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack) - leading cause of death in U.S. 1.5 million Americans will have AMI's this year Of these .5 million will die! 350,000 will die in first 2 hours!

Cholera

Acute bacteria intestinal infection. s/s- sudden vomiting, watery stools, dehydration. Transmitted by CONTAMINATED WATER WITH EXCRETITIONS OF PATIENTS

Chicken Pox/Herpes Zoster

Acute generalized viral disease w/sudden onset. s/s- begins w/maculopapular rash and rapidly progress to characteristic vescicles Transmitted by DIRECT CONTACT

Influenza

Acute viral disease involving thru UR TRACT. s/s- fever, chiills, H/A, muscular pain, exhaustion, acute rhinitis, sore throat, cough recovery 2-7 days. TRANSMITTED AIRBORNE

Frozen shoulder

Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder

Unmodifiable Risk Factors

Age Single most important risk factor in patients past 55 2. Gender Men are at greater risk; however, more women live past the age of 65, and more women past 65 die from strokes than men

Young's Rule

Age in Years/Age+12 x Adult Dose= Child's Dose

What is respiratory diaphragm?

Airtight seal between thoracic and abdominal cavities and is the main muscle of respiration.

Baldness

Alopecia (hair loss) Diffuse Hair loss Male Pattern baldness is a dominant gene in males

What is the Pharynx?

Also called the throat muscular tube about 5 in. long, shared by the respiratory and digestive tracts

Signs and Symptoms Associated with Poisoning/Overdose

Altered Mental Status (AMS) Abdominal Pain Chemical burns around the mouth Unusual breath odor History of prior ingestion Nausea Vomiting Diarrhea

Activated Charcoal-Contraindications

Altered mental status Inabilit to swallow Ingestion of acids or alkalis Does not bind Alcohol Petroleum products Metals (iron)

What is the the anatomy of the respiratory system?

Alveoli, Bronchi, bronchioles, larynx, lungs, nasal cavity, nose pharynx, respiratory diaphragm, trachea

ABMS

American Board of Medical Specialties

ACP

American College of Physicians

ACS

American College of Surgeons

AOA

American Osteopathic Association

enzyme

An __________ is a type of protein that speeds up the rate of chemical reaction in your body.

Thrombus

An aggregation of platelets, fibrin, clotting factors, and the cellular elements of the blood attached to the interior wall of a vein or artery, sometimes occluding the lumen of the vessel.

Atrioventricular (AV) node

An area of specialized cardiac muscle that receives the cardiac impulse from the sinoartrial node and conducts it to the AV bundle and then to the Purkinje fibers and walls of the ventricles. The node is located in the septal wall between the right and left atria.

Left subclavian artery

An artery, divided into three parts, that arises from the aortic arch to supply the vertebral column, spinal cord, ear, and brain.

Allergic Reaction

An exaggerated reaction by the body's immune system to any substance

Maisonneuve fracture

An external rotation injury of the ankle with an associate fracture of the proximal third of the fibula

Vulvovaginitis

An infection or inflammation of the vagina/ vulva

Blow-out injury

An injury occurring from a hard blow to the chest while the glottis is closed, which results in rupturing of the alveoli

SLAP lesion

An injury to the superior labrum that typically begins posterior and ends anterior

Parietal pericardium

An outer layer of the serous pericardium that is not in direct contact with the heart muscle.

Angina Pectoris

Angere - to choke Myocardial oxygen demand exceeds supply during periods of increased activity, exercise, or stressful event The muscle becomes starved for oxygen, causing pain

Bunionette (Tailor's bunion)

Angulation of fifth metatarsophalangeal joint

Spondylosis

Ankylosis of vertebra

Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome

Anterior shin pain often termed shin splints

Cephalosporins

Antimicrobial agents of fungal origin

Poisons

Any substance that can harm the body

TIAs - Transient Ischemic Attack

Approximately 25% of patients presenting with a stroke have had a previous TIA Treatment options include Carotid Endarterectomy Antiplatelet (ASA) Anticoagulants (Coumadin)

Hypodermis (subcutaneous)

Areolar and adipose CT Anchors skin to underlying structures Allows skin to slide freely Thicker in Women than in men NOT considered part of the Integument

Chondral fracture

Articular cartilage fracture

Chondral ankle fracture

Articular cartilage fracture in ankle

Chrondromalacia

Articular cartilage softening

Generalized Seizure Management- After seizure ends

Assess ABC's Protect airway with positioning & suction. If cyanotic, ventilate with oxygen/BVM. Treat injuries. Transport.

AVPU

Assess medical status

Receiving chambers

Atria are often called receiving chambers because blood enters the heart through veins that open into these upper cavities.

Injected Poisons

Attempt to slow absorption Dependent position Splinting of injected body part Don't use Cold packs - May worsen local injury by concentrating poison

What type of hormone is local and binds to itself after secretion?

Autocrine hormone

Klenbock disease

Avascular necrosis of the lunate

Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease

Avascular necrosis of the proximal epiphysis

Freiberg disease

Avascular necrosis to the second metatarsal head in some adolescents

Axillary nerve contusion

Axillary nerve bruise

Where does the cephalic vein dump into?

Axillary vein (goes through clavipectoral fascia to get there)

VERTEBRA

BACKBONE

WHAT ARE THE 3 TYPES OF BIOLOGICAL AGENTS?

BACTERIA, VIRUSES, TOXINS, AND FUNGUS

WHAT ANTIDOTE IS USED FOR LEWISITE?

BAL

WHEN BANDAGING AN EYE WITH AN IMPALED FOREIGN OBJECT, WHAT SHOULD BE DONE?

BANDAGE BOTH EYES

BIO 171 focus: [gross, microscopic]- and [systemic, regional]-anatomy

BIO 171 focus: gross- and systemic-anatomy

Emollients

BLAND/FATTY SUBSTANCES APPLIED TO SKIN TO MAKE PLIABLE -Coacoa Butter (Theobroma Oil) -Hydrous wool fat (Lanolin -Petrolatum (Petrolium Jelly) -Zinc Oxide Ointment

H, HD, AND HN ARE WHAT TYPE OF CHEMICAL AGENTS?

BLISTER

SYMPTOMS OF MUSTARD AGENT CONTACT ARE?

BLISTERS

OSTE/O

BONE

MYEL/O

BONE MARROW

STERNUM

BREASTBONE

vitamins

Bacteria live in your large intestine and make __________ from undigested food.

Hemorrhage

Bleeding

Cerebral Hemorrhage

Bleeding within the skill

Hemorrhage

Bleeding; blood leaks out of the closed system

Occlusion

Blockage

Tetracycline

Blocking formation iof poly peptides used in protein synthesis

Thrombus

Blood clot of debris from plaque

Discharging chambers

Blood is pumped from the heart into arteries that exit from the ventricles; therefore, the ventricles are sometimes referred to as the discharging chambers of the heart.

Varicose veins

Blood pools causing enlargement

Sphygmomanometer

Blood pressure cuff guage

Subungal hematoma

Blood under fingernail or toenail

Cyanosis ( Cyanotic)

Bluish/ gray skin color de to lack of oxygen

Type II Diabetes - Warning Signs

Blurred vision Numbness in legs and arms Slow healing of cuts and bruises Sleepy

Glucose

Body's basic form of energy Required as fuel for cellular metabolism Brain's need for glucose parallels its demand for oxygen

Crepitus

Bone ends rubbing together

Exostosis

Bony outgrowth from surface

Tackler's exostosis (Blocker's exostosis)

Bony outgrowth on anterolateral humerus

Heel spur

Bony outgrowth on plantar surface of calcaneus

Xiphoid Process

Bottom of the sternum- can brake off with CPR

Central Nervous System

Brain and Spinal cord

Pelvic fracture

Break among any of all bones of the pelvis

Vertebral fracture

Break in a vertebra

Fibula fracture

Break to fibula

Atelectasis

Breaking down of alveoli

Fracture

Broken bone

Talar dome fracture

Broken dome of the talus resulting from significant inversion or eversion sprains

Femur fracture

Broken femur

Metatarsal fracture

Broken metatarsal bone

Scapular fracture

Broken scapula

Tarsal fracture

Broken tarsal bone

Tibial fracture

Broken tibia

Tibial fracture

Broken tibia bone

Humeral fracture

Broken upper arm

Contusion

Bruise

Fat pad contusion

Bruise of infrapatellar fat pad

Radial nerve contusion

Bruise of radial nerve

Quadriceps contusion

Bruise of the quadriceps muscles

Ulnar nerve contusion

Bruise of ulnar nerve

Iliac crest contusion (Hip pointer)

Bruise to iliac crest and attaching musculature

Ecchymosis

Bruising

Long thoraci nerve contusion

Bruising of long thoracic nerve

Peroneal nerve contusion

Brusie to peroneal nerve behind fibula

Arteriosclerosis

Build up of plaque causing walls to become stiff/inelastic - hardening of the arteries

CALCANE/O

CALCANEUS (HEEL)

CALC/O, CALCI/O

CALCIUM

CLAVICUL/O

CALVICLE (COLLAR BONE)

WHAT ARE THE 3 PHASES OF TACTICAL COMBAT CARE (TCCC)

CARE UNDER FIRE, TACTICAL FIELD CARE, AND TACTICAL EVACUATION CARE

WHAT ARE THE PHASES OF CARE OF PATIENT EN ROUTE?

CARE UNDER FIRE, TACTICAL FIELD CARE, TACTICAL EVACUATION CARE

CARP/O

CARPALS (WRIST BONES)

Astringents

CAUSE SHRINCAGE OF MUCUS/SKIN MEMBRANES -Aluminum Acitate Topical Solution (Burrow's Solution) -Calamine Lotion

WHEN APPLYING AID FOR ANIMAL BITES, WHAT SHOULD YOU NEVER DO?

CAUTERIZE AREAS THAT ARE BLEEDING TO AID IN TRANSPORT.

AN INTERRUPTION OF ARTERIAL BLOOD FLOW TO THE BRAIN IS BEST DESCRIBED AS A

CERBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT (STROKE)

WHAT AGENT SMELLS LIKE NEW MOWN HAY?

CG

IN CARING FOR DRUG-INTOXICATED PERSONS, THE HM SHOULD PERFORM WHAT ACTIONS AS THE FIRST PRIORITY?

CHECK FOR AN ADEQUATE AIRWAY

Congestive Heart Failure

CHF; heart can not pump strongly enough; blood back-up; edema

WHICH COLD INJURY IS A MILD COLD INJURY THAT HAPPENS FROM PROLONGED EXPOSURE IN TEMPERATURES ABOVE FREEZING TO AS HIGH AS 60 DEGREES F

CHILBLAIN

COPD

CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVEPULMONARY DISEASES

CLAVICLE

COLLAR BONE

WHAT ARE THE STAGES OF SHOCK?

COMPENSATED, DECOMPENSATED, AND IRREVERSIBLE

Vasoconstrictors

CONSTRICTION OF BLOOD VESSELS. INCREASE B/P -Epinephrine (Adrenalin, Sus-Phrine) -Tetrahydrozaline HCL (Visine) -Phenylephedrine HCL (Neo-Synephrine) -Oxymetazoline HCL (Afrin)

Hemostatics

CONTROL EXTERNAL BLEEDING BY FORMING A CLOT

Autonomic Drugs

CONTROLS AUTONOMIC FUNCTIONS OF THE BODY -Parasym Pathiec Drugs -Neostigmine Methyl Sulfate (Prostigmin) -Bethanechol Chloride (Urecholine Duvoid) -Atropine Sulfate (Obtained from Belladonna)

Antacids

COUNTERACT HYPERACIDITY IN STOMACHE -Magnesium Hydroxide (Milk Of Magnesia USP) -Aluminum Hydroxide Gel (Ampho Jel) -Alumina and Magnesia Oral Suspension (Maalox) -Alumina, Magnesia and Simethicone Oral Suspension (Mylanta, Gelusil) -Magaldrate (Riopan)

CRANI/O

CRANIUM (SKULL)

What causes the release of cortisol?

CRH is released from hypothalamus-->ACTH released from anterior pituitary--->cortisol is released from adrenal cortex

IN CASES OF AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION FROM SEVER GLOTTIC EDEMA, WHAT PROCEDURE MAY BE NECESSARY?

CRICOTHYROIDOTOMY

SCOLI/O

CROOKED, BENT (LATERAL CURVATURE

LORD/O

CUREVE, SWAYBACK (ANTERIOR CURVATURE IN THE LUMBAR REGION)

Stroke

CVA; caused by pressure on structure

CIGARETTE SMOKING

Can cause accelerated atherosclerosis and increased blood pressure Cessation of cigarette smoking reduces risk of stroke

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Can lead to the development of AIDS

Adhesive capsulitis

Capsular adhesions, most commonly in shoulder

What can cause nipple retraction?

Carcinoma involvement of mammary ducts can cause the ducts to shorten and retract

Medical Emergencies

Caused by a acute or sudden deterioration in a chronic illness. They make themselves known to the patient in the form of pain, dyspnea, nausea, dizziness, etc.

Ischemic Stroke

Caused by a clot occluding a blood vessel in the brain Slow onset of symptoms Account for approximately 75% of strokes Rarely immediately fatal Cause classic stoke signs/symptoms

Wrinkles

Caused by age and UV exposure Decreased Flexibility and thickness of dermis

Genital herpes

Caused by the herpes simplex virus, has no cure

Hemorrhagic Stroke

Caused by the rupture of a cerebral artery, causing bleeding on the surface of the brain, or directly in the brain tissue itself Rapid onset of symptoms Severity depends on location and size Often fatal at onset

Syphilis

Causes genital ulcers or sores, and can lead to death if left untreated

Arrector Pili Muscle

Causes hair to stand on end

Altered Mental Status

Causes of Altered MentalStatus Hypoglycemia Poisoning (including alcohol & drugs) Infection Head trauma Hypoxia

Testosterone

Causes terminal hair to be replaced by vellus hair

Felon

Cellulitis of the finger

Cervical strain

Cervical muscle/tendon stretch or tear

Spear tackler's spine

Cervical spine is placed at risk for serious injury due to excessive axial loading with spear-tackling

Steps for Epinephrine

Check medication name, expiration date, clarity of solution Remove safety cap. Place the tip of the auto-injector on the side of the thigh, between the hip and the knee. Push firmly against the leg until the auto-injector activates, and hold for at least 10seconds, or until all the medication is injected. Properly dispose of auto-injector, and record time.

Symptoms - AMI

Chest Pain - cardinal sign of myocardial infarction Occurs in 85% of MI's Retrosternal "Crushing," "squeezing," "tight," "heavy" May radiate to arms, shoulders, jaw, upper back, upper abdomen May vary in intensity

Angina

Chest pain

Assessment of Patient- stroke

Chief Complaint Initial Assessment Assess and support airway, breathing, circulation History of present illness follow "Altered Mental Status" history "Onset of Symptoms" very important Cincinnati Stroke Assessment

Syrup of Ipecac- Dose

Children = 15 cc orally Adults = 30 cc orally Repeat once after 20 minutes as needed Be sure patient has H20 in stomach Should not be given at same time as activated charcoal

DC

Chiropractor

Impingement syndrome

Chronic shoulder pain within subacromial space and bursa

Forearm splints

Chronic strain to the forearm muscles

What did the Comprehensive Drug Abouse Provention and Controlled Act of 1970 provide for drugs?

Classifications for drug abuse POTENTIAL. Divided in to "Schedules."

Thrombophlebitis

Clot causes inflammation

Emboli

Clot of debris that breaks loose and occludes (blocks) smaller vessels

Alcohol

Clouds signs, symptoms Complicates assessment Head trauma, diabetes, drug toxicity, CNS infection can mimic EtOH intoxication and vice versa Patient is NEVER "just drunk" until all other possibilities are excluded

Silver fork deformity

Colle fracture

Dead arm syndrome

Common sensation felt with recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation

Pelvic stress fracture

Complete break of a bone within pelvis

Achilles tendon rupture

Complete or incomplete tear of Achilles tendon

Plantaris muscle rupture

Complete or incomplete tear of plantaris tendon; tennis leg

Thoracic outlet syndrome

Compression of brachial plexus and subclavian artery

Thoracic outlet compression syndrome

Compression of neurovascular bundle in neck and shoulder

Nerve root compression (Radiculopathy)

Compression of peripheral nerve at intervertebral foramen

Bowler's thumb

Compression of the digital nerve on the medial aspect of the thumb, leading to paresthesia in the thumb

Raynaud disease

Condition characterized by intermittent bilateral attacks of ischemia of the fingers or toes, marked by severe pallor, numbness and pain

Asthma

Condition where bronchioles constrict and fill with mucus making breathing difficult

Emphysema

Condition where the alveoli lose their elasticity and die off creating space in the lung tissue making it difficult to exhale

Chronic Bronchitis

Condition where the bronchioles become infected, and remain infected causing frequent signs and symptoms of respiratory problems

Ingested Poisons

Conduct a thorough patient assessment Remove pills, tablets or fragments with gloves from patient's mouth, as needed, without injuring oneself. Consult medical direction. If directed administer activated charcoal to absorb the poison. DO NOT make the person vomit! Prevent absorption of toxin from GI tract into bloodstream Activated charcoal Syrup of Ipecac Bring all containers, bottles, labels, etc. of poison agents to receiving facility

Apocrine Glands

Confined to auxillary, nipple, anal and genital areas; produce viscous sweat

Signs and Symptoms-stroke

Confusion Rapid, bounding pulse Dizziness Difficulty breathing Impaired Speech - Aphasia - patients knows what he/she wants to say but words come out wrong Nausea Vomiting

Hemangioma

Congenital Anomaly Port-wine stains

Marfan syndrome

Connective tissue disorder

Patient Care-Stroke2

Conscious Patient: Reassure the patient. Administer high concentration oxygen. Transport in semi-fowlers position. Unconscious patient: Provide high concentration oxygen. Transport in the recovery position - lay them on the affected side.

Implied Consent

Consent given when a patient is unconscious

TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK (TIA)

Considered a TIA when the S/S of the stroke go away within 24 hours - commonly referred to as a "mini-stroke" TIA is the most important forecaster of brain infarction 5% develop actual CVA's within 30 days

Hip pointer

Contusions of the iliac crest

What are the hormones of the Adrenal Cortex?

Cortico-STEROIDS: Mineral corticoids-Aldosterone (primary) Glucocorticoids-cortisol Sex hormones-androgen & estrogen

What are Modified Respiratory Air Movement?

Coughing, Sneezing, Crying, Snoring, Hiccups, Yawning, Laughing

Terminal

Course hair on the head and pubic regions; men's facial hair

# of coccyx vertebrae

Co₄,₅ fused

# of cervical vertebrae

C₇

PRIORITY V

DEAD

THE FIRST PROIRITY FOR FIRST AID FOR A CHEMICAL AGENT PATIENT IS

DECONTAMINATE EXPOSED SKIN

Anticoagulant

DELAY OR PREVENT BLOOD CLOTTING

PRIORITY II (NON TACTICAL)

DELAYED, INJURIES ARE DEBILITATING BUT WHO DO NOT REQUIRE IMMEDIATE MANAGEMENT TO SALVAGE LIFE OR LIMB. EX: LONG BONE FRACTURE

THE VICTIM OF A SCORPION STING MAY SAFELY BE GIVEN ANY OF THE FOLLOWING PHARMACEUTICALS EXCEPT?

DEMEROL OR MORPHINE(CALCIUMGLUCONATE AND VALIUM ARE APPROPRIATE)

WHICH TYPE OF SUTURE MATERIAL IS BEST USED FOR SURFACE CLOSURES AND CASUE VERY LITTLE TISSUE REACTION?

DERMALON (NYLON)

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS IS CONSIDERED A LATE SIGN OF A HEMOTHORAX?

DEVIATED TRACHEA

Vasodilators

DILATION OF BLOOD VESSELS. DECREASE B/P -Amyl Nitrate -Nitroglycerin (Nitrostat, Nitro-Bid) -Isosorbide Sinitrate (Isordil, Sorbitride) -Pyridamole (Pergentine) Procainamide HCL (Pronestyl Procan SR)

WHEN DECONTAMINATING PERSONNEL CONTAMINATED FROM A HAZMAT SITUATION, THE MOST FREQUENTLY APPROPRIATE METHOD OF DECONTAMINATION IS?

DILUTION

Absorbents

DRUGS WICH ATTACH TO ANOTHER SUBSTANCE TO ITS SURFACE -Activated Charcoal USP

THE USUAL TREATMENT FOR CHEMICAL BURNS IS TO FLUSH WITH COPIOUS AMOUNTS OF WATER. THE TWO EXCEPTIONS TO THIS RULE ARE IN THE CASE OF WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING CHEMICALS?

DRY LIME AND CARBOLIC ACID

Type I Diabetes - Treatment

Daily insulin injection Syringe Insulin pump Insulin controls; no cures

Median nerve palsy

Damage to median nerve usually in carpal tunnel

Radial nerve palsy (Wrist drop)

Damage to radial nerve usually from midhumerus fracture

Bankart lesion

Damage to the anterior lip of the glenoid

Syrup of Ipecac-Contraindications

Decreased level of consciousness Seizing or has seized Caustic poison (acids or alkalis) Petroleum based products

Signs & Symptoms- With a SEVERE allergic reaction

Decreasing mental status Signs and symptoms of shock (hypoperfusion) or respiratory distress

Hill-Sachs lesion

Defect on the posterior aspect of the articular cartilage of the humeral head

Raccoon eyes

Delayed discoloration around the eyes from skull fracture

Coronary circulation

Delivery of oxygen and removal of waste product from the myocardium (heart muscle)

Generic Name

Derived from chemical name. Common name of drug.

Penicillin

Derived from pencillium molds, inhibit cell wall synthesis

Progesterone DRUGS

Desogestrel Drospirenone Ethynodiol Levonorgestrel Norethindrone Norgestimate Norgestrel

Type II Diabetes - Treatment

Diet Oral medications: Diabeta, Diabinese, Dymelor, Glucotrol, Micronase, Orinase, Tolinase, Glucophage, Glyburide Insulin injections as disease progresses

Dyspnea

Difficulty or painful breathing

Midhumeral Fracures

Direct blow or twisting forces

Battle sign

Discoloration behind the ear due to a basilar skull fracture

Embolism

Dislodged blood clot traveling and becoming wedged

Reye syndrome

Disorder in kids following acute illness that may result in coma and increased intracranial hypertension

Ankle dislocation

Displacement of one or more bones in the ankle

Management of Cardiac Chest Pain DONTS

Do not walk patient to the ambulance Do not use lights/siren if patient is awake, alert, breathing without distress Monitor vital signs every 5 minutes The purpose of NTG is to dilate the coronary arteries and increase the amount of oxygen getting to the myocardium

D.C

Doctor of Chiropractic Medicine

D.D.S.

Doctor of Dental Surgery

M.D.

Doctor of Medicine

O.D.

Doctor of Optometry

D.O.

Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine

D.P.M.

Doctor of Podiatric Medicine

Ph.D.

Doctor of Psychology

NINDS RECOMMENDATIONS

Door to doctor 10 Minutes Door to CT completion 25 Minutes Door to CT read 45 Minutes Door to treatment 60 Minutes

Sulfonamides

EFFECTIVE GRAM +/- ORGANISMS SYNTHETICALLY PRODUCED

OLECRANON

ELBOW

-BLAST

EMBRYONIC OR IMMATURE CELL

PRIORITY IV (NON TACTICAL)

EXPECTANT, INJURIES SO SEVERE THAT THEY HAVE ONLY MINIMAL CHANCE OF SURVIVAL EX: 90% FULL THICKNESS BURN

NERVE AGENTS ENTER THE BODY THROUGH WHAT AREA?

EYES, SKIN, RESPIRATORY TRACT

Myositis ossificans

Ectopic calcification of muscle

Aminoglycosides

Effective against most grams +/- share chemical, andimicrobial, pharmacologic toxin characteristics

Elbow dislocation

Elbow joint displacement

This type of gland secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream

Endocrine glands

What type of hormone is secreted into interstitual fluid and then absorbed into the bloodstream?

Endocrine hormone

Androgen Blockers

Endometriosis Prostate Cancer Breast Cancer Inhibits hypothalamic secretion of GnRH

Tarsal tunnel syndrome

Entrapped posterior tibial nerve along medial malleolus

Common causes of allergic reactions

Environmental (Dogs, Cats, Molds) Plants (Poison Ivy, Poison Oak) Foods ( Peanuts, and Shellfish) Insect Stings (Bees, Wasps) Medications

Tennis elbow

Epicondylitis of extensor/supinator muscles lateral condyle

Regions of Skin

Epidermis Dermis Hypodermis

Medications

Epinephrine Auto-injector Generic - epinephrine Trade - adrenaline Dose Adult - one adult auto-injector (0.3mg) Child/Infant - one child/infant auto-injector (0.15mg) Action Dilation of bronchioles Constriction of blood vessels Improves perfusion

Congestive Heart Failure

Excessive fluid build-up in the lungs and/or other organs and body parts. CHF = Inability of heart to pump blood out as fast as it enters. May be left-sided, right-sided, or both.

What is the physiology of respiratory system?

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, olfaction, sense of smell, speech, homeostasis

This type of gland secretes their production into ducts

Exocrine glands (ie pores, hair follicle, sweat glands)

Alcohol Addicts

Experience alcohol withdrawal syndrome if they reduce intake: Restlessness, tremors Hallucinations Seizures Delirium tremens--all of above plus tachycardia, nausea, vomiting, hypertension, elevated body temperature

Ape hand deformity

Extension of the thumb and alignment in the same plane as the fingers

LAXATIVES

FACILITATE PASSAGE/ELIMINATION OF FECES

INJURIES RESULTING FROM A NUCLEAR EXPLOSION ARE TREATED DIFFERENTLY.

FALSE

WITHDRWAL FROM BARBITURATES IS LESS LIFE THREATENING THAN NARCATIC WITHDRAWAL.

FALSE

HETASTARCH IS A SUBSTITUTE FOR BLOOD PLASMA AND HAS OXYGEN CARRYING CAPABILITIES.

FALSE (USED TO PREVENT SHOCK. IT IS USED TO INCREASE BLOOD VOLUME TO MOVE O2 IN THE BODY)

FEMOR/O

FEMUR (THIGH BONE)

FIBUL/O

FIBULA (SMALLER LOWER LEG)

Antihistamine

FIGHTS HISTAIMINE FOUND IN TISSUE -Diphenhydramine HCL (Benadryl) -Chlorpheniamine Maleate (Chlor-Trimeton) -Meclizine HCL (Andivet-Bonine) -Dimenhydrinate (Dramamine)

PHALANGES

FINGER AND TOE BONES

A PERSON MAY DISPLAY WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING SIGN AFTER USING A HALLUCINOGENIC DRUG?

FLUSHED FACE

WHAT IS A BARTON BANDAGE USED FOR?

FRACTURES OF THE LOWER JAW

An example of positive feedback for hormonal regulation is:

FSH FSH released---> follicle development in ovaries---> estradiol secreted by follicle ---> FSH release ---> continues until follicle ruptures

Laxatives

Facilitate passage/elimination of feces.

Hyperglycemia- Causes

Failure to take insulin Overeating, eating wrong diet Stress (fever, infection, emotional stress) New-onset diabetics usually present with an episode of hyperglycemia

True or False Water soluble hormones require a protein carrier to help transport the hormone.

False. Lipid Soluble hormones

True or False T4 is the more active hormone out of the two

False. T3 is more active

lipids

Fats are also called __________.

unsaturated

Fats are classified as __________ if they have any double bonds.

saturated

Fats are classified as __________ if they have no double bonds.

Hip dislocation

Femoral acetabular joint displacement

Dupuytren contracture

Fibrosis of the palmar fascia with flexion deformity of the fourth and fifth digits

Languo

Fine Downy Hair on the fetus

Vellus

Fine hair on the arms and legs

Finger dislocations

Finger joint displacement at DIP, PIP, or MCP

Frigid Ridges

Fingerprints Formed by large folds and valleys of the dernal papillae and epidermis Patterns are well formed by the 4th month of fetal development

Monophasic

Fixed dose ratio of estrogen and progesterone throughout cycle

Coach finger

Fixed flexion deformity resulting from dislocation at the PIP joint

Pes planus

Flat longitudinal arch; pliable foot

Hammer toe

Flexion deformity of DIP

accessory

Food does not pass through the __________ organs which include the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

peristalsis

Food moves through your digestive system by waves of muscle contractions called __________.

Metatarsals

Foot bones

Thrombosis

Formation of a blood clot

Hemoglobin

Found in Blood, causes pink hue in Caucasian skin

Carotene

Found in plants; yellow to orange pigment

Osteochondral ankle fracture

Fracture extending from cartilaginous surface into bony matrix

Colle fracture

Fracture involving a displaced radius 1.5 in. from the wrist

Jones fracture

Fracture of base of fifth metatarsal

Barton fracture

Fracture of distal radius

Galeazzi fracture

Fracture of distal radius with subluxation or dislocation of distal radioulnar joint

Boxer's fracture

Fracture of the fifth metacarpal

Hamate fracture

Fracture of the hamate (carpal bone)

Patella fracture

Fracture of the kneecap

Pott fracture

Fracture of the lower part of the fibula and of the malleolus of the tibia, with lateral displacement of the foot

Blow-out fracture

Fracture of the orbital floor occuring as a result of a sudden increase in orbital pressure from a direct blow to the eye

Little Leaguer's shoulder

Fracture of the proximal humeral growth plate

Osteochondral fracture

Fracture to joint cartilage and underlying bone

Nightstick fracture

Fracture to the ulna due to a direct blow

Bennett fracture

Fracture-dislocation to the proximal end of the first metacarpal at the carpal-metacarpal joint

Type I Diabetes- Warning Signs

Frequent urination and unusual thirst Extreme hunger Rapid weight loss Tire easily, weak and fatigued Irritability Nausea

Iliotibial (IT) band syndrome

Friction of IT band over lateral femoral epicondyle

What are the four groups of sinuses?

Frontal sinuses, Spenodial sinuses, Ethmodidal sinuses, and Maxillary sinuses.

Coronary Arteries

Furnish the myocardium with oxygenated blood

WHAT TYPE OF RADIATION IS SOMETIMES CALLED PENETRATING RADIATION

GAMMA

M8 CHEMICAL DETECTION PAPER TURNS WHAT COLOR WHEN IT COMES INTO CONTACT WITH VX?

GREEN

Skier's thumb

Gamekeeper's thumb

Agonal

Gasping, dying breaths

Suspected Poisoning1st Steps in Emergency Care

Gather information. Try to determine: What? How much? How long ago? Patient's estimated weight Length of exposure Patient interventions? Underlying illness?

Patient Care-Stroke

Goals for EMS providers: Rapid recognition of stroke signs/symptoms Support of vital functions Rapid transport to an appropriate facility Pre-arrival notification of receiving hospital

Seizure Types

Grand mal (Tonic Clonic) Petit mal (absence) Focal motor (simple partial) Psychomotor (complex partial)

anatomy

Greek derivation means "cut up"; the study of structure

Chordae tendinae

Group of string-like structures that attach the atrioventricular valves to the wall of the heart.

METACARPALS

HAND BONES

WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON CONDITION CAUSED BY WORKING OR EXCERCISING IN HOT ENVIRONMENTS?

HEAT EXHAUSTION

CALCANEUS

HEEL

Schedule 2

HIGH abuse poetntial with accepted medical. usefullnes. abuse leads to moderate dependance. refill 5x in 6 months

TARSALS

HIND FOOT BONES

ACETABULUM

HIP SOCKET

HUMER/O

HUMERUS (UPPER ARM BONE)

KYPH/O

HUMPBACK, HUNCHBACK

DURING A PATIENT ASSESMENT THE HM NOTICES THAT THE PATIENT SEEMS TO HAVE A FRUITY BREATH ODOR, THE HM SUSPECTS THE PATIENT IS SUFFERING FROM

HYPERGLYCEMIA

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF STIMULANT INTOXICATION INCLUDE ALL OF THE FOLLOWING?

HYPERTENSION, DILATED PUPILS, INCREASED BODY TEMP

What is the cilia?

Hairlike projections on outer surface of some cells.

Faun beard

Hairy patch over lumbar spine indicating spina bifida occulta

Bunion (Hallus valgus)

Hallux valgus of first MTP joint causing bony outgrowth

Metacarpals

Hand Bones

Arteriosclerosis

Hardening of the arteries; less elasticity

Epinephrine is needed if the pt.

Has come in contact with something that caused an allergic reaction in the past AND IF The patient has prescribed epinephrine auto-injectorAND IF Patient shows S/S of shock (hypoperfusion) OR Complains of respiratory distress (sometimes BOTH)

Inhaled Poisons

Have trained rescuers remove patient from poisonous environment. Thorough patient assessment Administer high concentration oxygen Bring all containers, bottles, labels, etc. of poison agents to receiving facility. CO poisoning patients should be transported where there is a hypobaric chamber - currently Millard Gates

Ask All Diabetics

Have you eaten today? Have you taken your medication today? When in doubt, give Sugar!

Carbon Monoxide signs and symptoms

Headaches Nausea Sleepiness Dizziness and disorientation Cherry Red skin is a LATE sign Treatment High concentration oxygen - 1st drug of choice Hypobaric chamber

Myocardial infarction

Heart Attack

HEART DISEASE

Heart disease significantly increases the risk of stroke. CAD and CHF double the risk of strokes Prone to the formation of blood clots

Myocardium

Heart muscle

Tachycardia

Heart rate greater than 100 bpm

Bradycardia

Heart rate less than 60 bpm

BLOOD DISORDERS

Hematological disorders which may produce hypercoagulatory conditions - as seen with sickle cell anemia

What is a Hiccup?

Hiccups, or hipcoughs are intermittent involuntary contractions of the diaphragm followed by a spasmodic closure of the vocal cords. The sound occurs when inhaled air hits the closed vocal cords. Hiccups have a variety of causes that appear to be linked to irritation of the gastrointestinal sensory nerve endings.

HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE

High blood pressure is one of the most important modifiable risk factors for both types of stroke Risk of hemorrhagic stroke greatly increases with elevated systolic pressure

Pes cavus

High longitudinal arch; rigid foot

Valsalva effect

Holding one's breath against a closed glottis

Parrot-Break tear

Horizontal meniscal tear

Insulin

Hormone Insulin allows sugar to pass from the bloodstream into the cells. Produced by Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas

Claw toe

Hyperextension of MTP joint and hyperflexion of IP joints

Swan neck deformity

Hyperextension of the PIP and hyperflexion of the DIP due to disruption of the volar plate and tensioning of the flexor tendons

Hammer toe

Hyperflexion of PIP with hyperextension DIP

Problems in Diabetes-Blood Sugar Imbalance

Hyperglycemia (diabetic coma) Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) Hypoglycemia (insulin shock)

Where are ADH & oxytocin produced?

Hypothalamus

How does the immune-endocrine regulation of the system work?

Hypothalamus interacts with adrenal gland Macrophages produce interleukin I Interleukin I stimulates secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from hypothalamus CRH release adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) from pituitary gland ACTH causes release of cortisol (glucocorticoid) from adrenal cortex

How does the neuro-endocrine regulation of the body work in the system?

Hypothalamus interacts with pituitary gland Nervous system produces catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine) as neurotransmitters

ILI/O

ILIUM (UPPER PART OF PELVIC BONE)

A PATIENT IN A TACTICAL SETTING WITH AN UPPER AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION AND LIFE THREATENING BLEEDING WOULD FALL INTO WHICH CATEGORY?

IMMEDIATE

PRIORITY I (NON TACTICAL)

IMMEDIATE CASUALTIES WHOSE INJURIES ARE CRITICAL BUT WHO WILL REQUIRE ONLY MINIMAL TIME ORE EQUIPMENT TO MANAGE. EX: MASSIVE EXTERNAL HEMORRHAGE

DELAYED (TACTICAL)

IN NEED OF TIME CONSUMING SURGERY. SUSTAINING TREATMENT WILL BE REQUIRED EX: SEVERE BLEEDING, COMPENSATED SHOCK

Diuretics

INCREASE URINE FORMATIO N TX->INCREASE B/P, EDEMATOUS CONDITIONS

THE HM SUSPECTS A PATIENT IS SUFFERING FROM A BRAIN INJURY. UPON ASSESSMENT, THE HM DISCOVERS THE PATIENT HAS ASYMMETRICAL PUPILS, HEADACHE, NAUSEA, AND VOMITING. THE HM SUSPECTS THE PATIENT IS SUFFERING FROM

INCREASED INTERCRANIAL PRESSURE

WHEN INSERTING THE COMBITUBE AND AFTER THE DEVICE IS SITTING BETWEEN THE TEETH AND PROPERLY ALIGNED BETWEEN THE PRINTED BLACK RINGS, WHAT IS THE NEXT STEP?

INFLATE THE BLUE CUFF

Four Routes of Poisoning

INHALATION INJECTION INGESTION ABSORPTION

0TOME

INSTRUMENT TO CUT

ISCHI/O

ISCHIUM (POSTERIOR PART OF PELVIC BONE)

Implanted Defibrillator

If performing CPR on a patient: Implanted defibrillator may "fire" May feel slight "tingle"

stomach

In the __________, food is mechanically digested by peristalsis and chemically digested by enzymes and hydrochloric acid.

mouth

In the picture of the digestive system what is letter "A" pointing to?

esophagus

In the picture of the digestive system what is letter "D" pointing to?

liver

In the picture of the digestive system what is letter "F" pointing to?

gall bladder

In the picture of the digestive system what is letter "G" pointing to?

stomach

In the picture of the digestive system what is letter "H" pointing to?

pancreas

In the picture of the digestive system what is letter "I" pointing to?

large intestine

In the picture of the digestive system what is letter "K" pointing to?

appendix

In the picture of the digestive system what is letter "L" pointing to?

small intestine

In the picture of the digestive system what is letter "M" pointing to?

rectum

In the picture of the digestive system what is letter "N" pointing to?

mechanically

In the stomach, food is __________ digested by peristalsis and chemically digested by enzymes and hydrochloric acid.

chemically

In the stomach, food is mechanically digested by peristalsis and __________ digested by enzymes and hydrochloric acid.

Subdural bleeds

In veins under dura mater; slow with less pressure

filtration slits

In visceral layer. Formed by the visceral bowmans capsule

Acute Myocardial Infarction "Heart Attack"

Inadequate perfusion of myocardium

Finger subluxations

Incmoplete or partial dislocation of finger

Fibular stress fracture

Incomplete break of fibula

Femoral stress fracture

Incomplete break of the femur, particularly the neck

Subluxation

Incomplete or partial dislocation

Elbow subluxation

Incomplete or partial dislocation of the elbow

Vertebral subluxation

Incomplete or partial dislocation of vertebrae

Patella subluxation

Incomplete or partial dislocation to kneecap

Signs & Symptoms- Cardic

Increased heart rate Low blood pressure

Hump back

Increased kyphotic curve

Sway back

Increased lordotic curve

Anterior compartment syndrome

Increased pressure in lower leg compresses neurovascular vessels

Syrup of Ipecac

Induces vomiting by irritating stomach and stimulating vomiting center in brainstem Seldom used anymore May be helpful if ingestion has occurred within last 30 minutes

Death of myocardium

Infarct

Trichomoniasis

Infects the urogenital tract, vagina in women, urethra in men

Osteochondritis

Inflamed bone and cartilage

Trochanteric bursitis

Inflamed bursa around greater trochanter

Fasciitis

Inflamed fascia

Capsulitis

Inflamed joint capsule

Osteitis pubis

Inflamed pubic bone

Enthesitis

Inflammation at tendon/muscle attachment

Achilles bursitis

Inflammation of Achilles bursa

Acihlles tendinitis

Inflammation of Achilles tendon

Achilles tenosynovitis

Inflammation of Achilles tendon sheath

Phlebitis

Inflammation of a vein

Anterior elbow capsulitis

Inflammation of anterior elbow capsule

Osteomyelitis

Inflammation of bone and marrow

Periostitis

Inflammation of bone convering

Apophysistis

Inflammation of bony outgrowth

Bursitis

Inflammation of bursa

Suprapatellar bursitis

Inflammation of bursa above patella

Retrocalcaneal bursitis

Inflammation of bursa between Achilles tendon and calcaneus

Epicondylitis

Inflammation of epicondyle and associated tissues

Forearm compartment syndrome

Inflammation of forearm with increased neurovascular pressure

Infrapatellar bursitis

Inflammation of infrapatellar bursa

Lateral epicondylitis (Extensor tendonitis)

Inflammation of lateral epicondyle of elbow

Medial epicondylitis (Flexor tendonitis)

Inflammation of medial epicondyle of elbow

Olecranon bursitis

Inflammation of olecranon bursa of the elbow

Patella tendinitis (Jumper's knee)

Inflammation of patella tendon

Popliteal tendinitis

Inflammation of popliteus tendon

Radiculitis

Inflammation of spinal nerve root

Subacromial bursitis

Inflammation of subacromial bursa

Subdeltoid bursitis

Inflammation of subdeltoid bursa

Synovitis

Inflammation of synovial membrane

Tendinitis

Inflammation of tendon

Quadriceps tendinitis

Inflammation of tendon of quadriceps muscles

Tenosynovitis

Inflammation of tendon sheath

Adductor tendinitis

Inflammation of tendons of adductor longus, brevis, magnus, gracilis, pectineus

Hamstring tendinits

Inflammation of tendons of biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus

Bicipital tendinitis

Inflammation of the biceps tendon

Bicipital tenosynovitis

Inflammation of the biceps tendon synovial sheath

Endocarditis

Inflammation of the endocardium and heart valves. The condition is characterized by lesions caused by a variety of diseases.

Epiphysitis

Inflammation of the epiphysis

Iliopectineal bursitis

Inflammation of the iliopectineal bursa

Pericarditis

Inflammation of the pericardium associated with trauma, malignant neoplastic disease, infection, uremia, myocardial infarction, collagen disease, or unknown causes. The first stage is characterized by fever, substernal chest pain that radiates to the shoulder or neck, dyspnea, a dry, nonproductive cough, a rapid and forcible pulse, a pericardial friction rub, and a muffled heartbeat over the apex. The patient becomes increasingly anxious, tired, and orthopenic. If treatment is not effective, the condition progresses to the extremely grave second stage, in which a serofibrinous effusion develops within the pericardium, restricting cardiac activity. If the effusion is purulent (caused by bacterial infection), a high fever, sweat, chills, and prostration also occur. The heart sounds become muffled, weak, and distant on auscultation and a bulge is visible on the chest over the precoridal area.

Pes anserine bursitis

Inflammation of the pes anserine bursa

Piriformis syndrome

Inflammation of the piriformis muscle with radiating pain

Plantar fasciitis

Inflammation of the plantar fascia

Rotator cuff tendinitis

Inflammation of the rotator cuff tendons

Spondylitis

Inflammation of vertebral synovial joints

Larsen-Johansson disease

Inflammation or partial avulsion of the apex of the patella

Osgood-Schlatter disease

Inflammation or partial avulsion of the tibial apophysis

Myositis

Inflammatory condition of muscle

Neuritis

Inflammatory condition of nerve

de Quervain's syndrome

Inflammatory stenosing tenosynovitis of the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis tendons

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis

Injured growth plate of proximal femur; femoral neck moved up and forward

Epiphyseal plate injury

Injury to cartilaginous growth plate (Salter Harris injuries)

Distal femur epiphyseal plate injury

Injury to distal femur cartilaginous growth plate

Claw hand deformity

Injury to the median and ulnar nerves, hyperextension of MCP joints, and flexion of PIP and DIP

Lisfrank injury

Injury to the tarsometatarsal joint

Hypoglycemia- Causes

Insulin overdose Normal insulin use without eating Over-exercise Pale, cool skin; sweating; nausea; tachycardia This is why hypoglycemia sometimes is called "Insulin Shock"

Hypoglycemia

Insulin shock isn't really shock Patient just looks "shocky" because of epinephrine adrenals are releasing Can occur in non-diabetics Most common cause = ETOH on empty stomach A patient is never "just drunk"

What lies in the costal groove?

Intercostal nerve or vein

Vertebral dislocation

Intervertebral joint discontinuation

Amebaisis

Intestinal infection. maybe asymptomatic s/s- diarrhea w/ blood or mucous, abcesses of liver, lung or brain. Spread by INTESTINAL PARASITE (entamoeba histolytic)

Plantar wart

Inward growing wart common to sole of foot

What is essential for TH synthesis?

Iodine

DIABETES

Is associated with accelerated atherosclerosis

Damage to myocardium

Ischemia

Volkmann contractures

Ischemic necrosis of the forearm muscles

What is Epiglottis?

It closes trachea during swallowing and is the guardian of the airways.

What is the diaphragm?

It is a dome shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity and is thee main muscle or respiration.

What is a sneeze?

It is a forceful involuntary expulsion of air through the nose and mouth to clear the upper respiratory passage way. Most sneezes occur as a result of irritation of the respiratory lining by foreign particles such as dust or pollen.

What is a cough?

It is a sudden expulsion of air to clear the lower respiratory passage way of irritants or foreign materials. Coughing is a protective reflex but can be voluntarily induced or inhibited. The act of coughing occurs after a brief inhalation. Abdominal muscles contract, which forces air out of the lungs during exhalation. Productive coughing helps clear the respiratory tract.

Significance of mammallary crease?

It is always in the same place, even when breasts droop--it's where breast attaches and is usually around the 6th rib

What is Hypoxia?

It is inadequate oxygen at the cellular level

What is Dyspnea?

It is labored or difficult breathing.

What is Anoxia?

It is the lack of oxygen at either locally or sytemically

What is the visceral pleura?

It is the membrane that is attached to the lung.

What is the parital pleura?

It is the membrane that is attached to the mediastinum and the internal chest wall.

What is Diffusion?

It is the tendency of molecules to move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration.

What is the Larynx?

It is the voice box formed by three single and three paired cartilages. Two sets of vocal cords false vocal cords are superior, true vocal cords are inferior. Epiglottis- closes trachea during swallowing and is the guardian of the airways.

What is the trachea?

It is the windpipe, a tube about 9-10 in. long leading from larynx to upper chest. Consists of about 18 half-ring cartilages that allow esophagus to expand into the trachea when food is swallowed.

What is olfaction?

It refers to the sense of smell. Olfactory nerves lie in the upper third of both nasal cavities. The olfactory nerves connect to the olfactory bulb and then to the cerebral cortex, which interprets the scent nerve impulses.

Signs & Symptoms- Skin

Itching Rash/Hives - red, itchy, raised blothches Flushing Warm, tingling feeling Swelling (especially  face, neck, hands,  feet, tongue)

Facial laceration

Jagged cut on face

Scalp laceration

Jagged cut on scalp

Dislocation

Joint displacement

What is the nasal cavity?

Just behind nose, leads to nasal conchae (three ridges) and meatuses (grooved passage way between each conchae). It is seperated into right and left halves by the septum. The nasal cavity is also know as the air conditioning chambers.

Germicides

KILL SUSCEPTIBLE ORGANISMS

PATELLA

KNEECAP

Epidermis

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium Avarcular Epithelial tissue

LAMIN/O

LAMINA (PART OF THE VERTEBRAL ARCH)

Schedule 3

LESSER degree of abuse potential with accepted medical usefulness, abuse leads to moderate dependence. Refil 5x in 6 months

Macrolides

LIMITS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS EFFECTIVE AGAINST GRAM+COCCI, NEISSERIA, HEMPHILUS, MYOBACTERIA

LUMB/O

LOINS, LOWER BACK

Schedule 4

LOW abuse potential. Refills 5x in 6 months

ULNA

LOWER ARM BONE (LITTLE FINGER SIDE)

RADIUS

LOWER ARM BONE (THUMB SIDE)

MANDIBLE

LOWER JAW BONE

Hypoxia

Lack Of oxygen

Posterior axillary line lines up with what muscle?

Lateral border of the latissimus dorsi

Lymphatics of the breast?

Lateral drainage by axillary lymph nodes and medial drainage by parasternal and both dump into clavicular nodes

What are the two main arteries that supply the breast?

Lateral thoracic (axillary artery) and internal thoracic (subclavian artery)

Supine

Laying on your back

Breast cancer

Leading cause of cancer in women

Lecture Exam II Begins Here

Lecture Exam II Begins Here

Acromioclavicular Seperation

Ligament injury; First Degree Sprain - stretched; Second Degree Sprain - ruptrued and coracoclavicular ligament stretched; Third Degree - both Acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular ligaments ruptured

Sprain

Ligamentous or capsular stretch or tear

What are the two chemical classes that hormones can be divided into?

Lipid Soluble hormone & Water soluble hormone

Which type of chemical class is faster in distributing hormones? why?

Lipid Soluble hormones. They are able to pass through the plasma membrane of cells.

LMP

Liters Per Minute

Rapid Transport- Stroke

Load and Go Patients! Be prepared to suction Request ALS back-up Rapid transport to an appropriate facility MFG, KMH, ECMC, Buffalo Mercy, Sisters Notify receiving hospital Activation of the "Stroke Team"

Pancreas

Located in retroperitoneal space Produces, releases Digestive enzymes into duodenum Insulin, glucagon into blood

Bucket-handle tear

Longitudinal meniscal tear

Joint mice

Loose fragments within a joint

Grand Mal Seizure-Convulsion

Loss of consciousness with uncontrolled, violent muscular contractions Tonic phase - rigidity Clonic phase - rhythmic jerking, incontinence, ineffective breathing

Apolecia Areata

Loss of hair in one spot

What is the function of calcitonin?

Lowers serum calcium levels when too high (hypercalcemia) Inhibits calcium (bone) resorption from the bone

# of lumbar vertebrae

L₅

WHAT ARE THE RULES TO FOLLOW WHEN PROVIDING FIRST AID?

MAINTAIN BREATHING, STOP BLEEDING, PREVENT OR TREAT FOR SHOCK

MALLEOL/O

MANDIBLE (LOWER JAW BONE)

MAXILL/O

MAXILLA (UPPER JAW BONE)

Schedule 1

MAXIUMUM abuse poential with little or NO accepted medical usefunesss. abuse leads to psychological dependance (herioin, cocaine, LSD) NO REFILLS

THE INDEX OF SUSPICION IS DERIVED DIRECTLY FROM WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING?

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CNS protective membranes from innermost to outermost

MENINGES = pia mater, arachoid, dura mater

METACARP/O

METACARPALS (HAND BONES)

METATARSALS

MIDFOOT BONES

CNS DEPRESSANTS

MILD SEDATION

MINIMAL (TACTICAL)

MINOR INJURIES AND CAN CARE FOR THEMSELVES

PRIORITY III (NON TACTICAL)

MINOR WALKING WOUNDED, HAVE MINOR INJURIES THAT CAN WAIT FOR TREATMENT.

Mallet toe

MTP and PIP neutral and flexed DIP of toe

Cervical cancer

Main cause of cervical cancer is the human papilloma virus (HPV)

What is the "milk line"?

Mammallary ridge--line from armpit down through nipple/breast and down to groin where breast tissue can develop

enzymes

Many __________ are involved in the chemical digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

What is the projection origin of appendix from cecum? Found 1/3 way from ASIS to umbilicus

McBurney's Point

Golfer's elbow

Medial epicondylitis

Pronator syndrome

Median nerve entrapped by the pronator teres

OPQRSTI

Medical Assessment

Sudoriferous glands

Merocrine and Apocrine glands

Estrogen DRUGS

Mestranol Ethinyl estradiol

Causes of Inaccurate Reading

Meter not calibrated Low batteries in meter Improperly stored or expired test strip Insufficient blood on test strip

Where is a chest tube usually placed?

Mid-axillary line in the 6th intercostal space

Bifurcated ligament sprain

Midtarsal joint stretch or tear of calcaneocuboid/calcaneonavicular ligament

Prickly heat

Miliaria

What 3 hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete

Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids, & Androgens

Forms of Angina Pectoris-Unstable Angina

More frequent/severe Can occur during rest May indicate impending MI Requires immediate treatment and transport to appropriate facility

Opium and Alkaloids

Morphine/Codine

Plantar neuroma

Morton neuroma; interdigital neuroma

Keratinocytes

Most abundant cells in epidermis Produce keratin Found in all layers

Scaphoid fracture

Most common carpal bone fracture

Generalized Seizure Management

Most common cause of seizure deaths is post-ictal airway loss

Type II Diabetes

Most common form (95%) At risk: over 40, overweight, history of inactivity Inadequate insulin production Gradual/non-dramatic onset. Other life threatening complications develop before finding (heart disease, kidney, eye problems

Merocrine (eccrine) glands

Most numerous; produce watery sweat or "sensible perspiration"

What is the nose?

Mostly hyaline and elastic cartilage, but bone in center and bridge.

Straing

Muscle or tendon stretch or tear

Adductor strain

Muscle or tendon stretch/tear of adductor longus, brevis, magnus, gracilis, pectineus

Hamstring strain

Muscle or tendon stretching/tearing to biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus

LINE #3 IN THE MEDEVAC REQUEST IS?

NUMBER OF PATIENTS BY PRECEDENCE

Nail Structure

Nail Matrix (Where the nail grows) Lunula (white moon) Cuticle (skin covering nail on bottom) Free Edge (edge of the nail where it grows)

Trade Name

Name given by manufacturere and is a proprietary name aka "Brand Name"

Activated Charcoal- side effects

Nausea, vomiting Black stools

Two types of hormone regulations are:

Negative feedback Positive feedback

Which two body systems does the endocrine system work with to maintain homeostasis?

Neurological Immune

Runner's nipples

Nipple irritation due to friction as the shirt rubs over the nipples

Cyclist's nipples

Nipple irritation due to perspiration and wind-chill

Management of Cardiac Chest Pain

Nitroglycerin 0.4mg tablet sublingual Patient should be sitting or lying down Has Pt. Taken nitroglycerin in last 10 minutes? Is pain relieved? Headache? Is BP 120 systolic or are there clinical signs of shock? May take every 5 minutes until pain relieved or 3 tablets have been administered

Progesterone only

No estrogen and fixed progesterone throughout cycle

Type I Diabetes

No insulin production Takes insulin injections Usually young children or adolescents affected (juvenile diabetes) Quick onset, progresses rapidly unless treated.

Ovarian cancer

No symptoms until it has spread extensively

Heberden nodes

Nodules or bony enlargement of the DIP of the hand

Bouchard nodes

Nodules or bony enlargement of the PIP joint of the hand

Air-conduction Pathway

Nose - Nasal cavity - Pharynx- Larynx-Trachea-Bronchi-Bronchioles-(lung)-Alveoli-lung

What is in the upper repiratory tract?

Nose, Nasal cavity, cilia, Goblet cells, contains openings for the paranasal sinuses, Paranasal Sinuses, Four Sinus cavities, Named for the bones they are located: Frontal sinus, Sphenoidal sinus, Ethmoidal sinus, Maxillary sinus, Pharynx. also called the throat. Larynx (voice box)

Apnea

Not Breathing

Signs and Symptoms-stroke2

Numbness or paralysis (one side of body) Seizures Loss of muscle tone on one side of the face - facial drooping Unconsciousness Headache (uncommon) Loss of bowel or bladder control Unequal pupils Impaired vision

Impingement Syndrome

OVERUSE; swimmers shoulder

OTR

Occupational Therapist

Epidural bleeds

Occur in arteries in the head between skull and dura mater; develop symptoms quickly

Sebaceous glands

Occur over entire body, except palms and soles produce sebum as lubricant Holocrine secretion method

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)

Occurs in the early phases of menstrual cycle Involves changes in mood and behavior with suicidal thoughts, psychosis, or mania

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

Occurs prior to the beginning of the menstrual cycle Involves changes in mood and behavior Thought to be caused by a drop in estrogen levels

Forms of Angina Pectoris-nStable Angina

Occurs with exercise Predictable Relieved with rest or Nitroglycerin

Inhalations-What to look for...

Odors on breath, clothing or skin Redness or stains (ie. Paint) on hands or around mouth Huffer's rash Empty canisters, other devices

Prone

On stomach

blood

Once nutrients are absorbed by the villi they are then transported to all body cells by the __________.

Coronary artery

One of a pair of arteries that branch from the aorta, including the left and right coronary arteries. Because these vessels and their branches supply the heart, and dysfunction or disease that affects them can cause serious, sometimes fatal complications. The branches of these arteries are affected by many different disorders such as emoblic, neoplastic, inflammatory, and noninflammatory diseases.

Left coronary artery

One of a pair of branches from the ascending aorta, arising in the left posterior aoritc sinus, dividing into the left interventricular artery and the circumflex branch, and supplying both ventricles and the let atrium.

Right coronary artery

One of a pair of branches of the ascending aorta, arising in the right posterior aoritc sinus, passing along the right side of the coronary sulcus, dividing into the right interventricular artery and large marginal branch. It supplies both ventricles, the right atrium, and the sinoatrial node.

Ascending aorta

One of the four main sections of the aorta, branching into the right and left coronary arteries.

Capillary

One of the microscopic blood vessels (about 0.8 mm in diameter) joining arterioles and venules. The wall consists of a single layer of endothelial cells, which are specialized squamous epithelial cells. Blood and tissue fluids exchange various substances across these walls.

Atrium (atria)

One of the two upper chambers of the heart. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the superior vena cava, the inferior vena cava, and the coronary sinus. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins.

Pulmonary veins

One of two pairs of large vessels that return oxygenated blood from each lung to the left atrium of the heart.

Management of Cardiac Chest Pain OPQRSTI

Onset Provokes Quality Radiates Severity Time Interventions by patient

Due regard

Operating an emergency vehicle in a safe manor

Hypoglycemia Management-Conscious patient

Oral Glucose - given orally Names Insta-glucose Glutose Indications Altered level of consciousness *** Anxiety Agitation Lethargy Unusual behavior History of diabetes or other possible cause of hypoglycemia*** Able to swallow medication*** When in doubt, give sugar!!!

Cleavage Lines

Orientation of collagen bundles

Sever disease

Osteochondrosis of the calcaneal apophysis

Scheuermann disease

Osteochondrosis of the spine allowing disc herniation

Scope of Practice

Outline by public health law: allows the doctor to tell you what to do without actually having to be there

Nevus, Mole, or Birthmark

Overgrowth of melanin-forming cells Harmless unless it mutates and becomes malignant

Metatarsal stress fracture

Overload-induced discontinuation of metatarsal bone

Tibial stress fracture

Overload-induced discontinuation of tibial bone

pulmonary capillaries

O₂ in blood CO₂ out blood

systemic capillaries

O₂ out blood CO₂ in blood

boyles law

P = 1/v decreases in volume, pressure goes up

Anti-Parasitic

PARACITIC INFECIONS ACCOUNT FOR LARGEST # OF CHRIONIC DISABLING DISEASES KNOWN

Anti-Parasitic

PARASITIC INFECTIONS OR INFESTATIONS ACCOUNT FOR LARGEST # OF CHRONIC DISABLING DISEASES KNOWN

Giardasis

PARASITIC infection fo small intestine. s/s chronic diarrhea, fat in stools, loose pale stools

THE PUFFER, SURGEON, TRIGGER, AND PARROT FISH ARE KNOWN TO BE

POISONOUS AT ALL TIMES

POROSIS

PORE, PASSAGE

ISCHIUM

POSTERIOR PART OF THE PELVIC BONE

CASUALTIES IN A NON-TACTICAL ENVIRONMENT WHOSE INJURIES ARE CRITICAL BUT WHO WILL REQUIRE ONLY MINIMAL TIME OR EQUIPMENT ARE?

PRIORITY 1

Anesthetics

PRODUCE INSENSIBILITY OF PAIN

Oxytocics

PRODUCE RHYTHMIC CONTRACTION OF UTERUS -Ergo Ovine Maleate (Ergotrate) -Oxytocin (Pitocin)

Symptoms -Angina Pectoris

Pain Retrosternal Squeezing/Crushing/Heaviness May radiate to arms, shoulders, jaw, upper back, upper abdomen May be associated with shortness of breath, nausea, sweating Pain Retrosternal Squeezing/Crushing/Heaviness May radiate to arms, shoulders, jaw, upper back, upper abdomen May be associated with shortness of breath, nausea, sweating

Endometriosis

Painful condition Uterine tissue becomes implanted in the fallopian tubes during menstruation Can lead to infertility Treatment

What type of hormone locally binds to neighboring cells that are secreted into the interstitual fluid?

Paracrine hormone

Cyclist's palsy

Paresthesia in the ulnar nerve distribution

Spondylolisthesis (Step Defect)

Pars interarticularis defect with forward vertebral slippage

Ulnar stress fracture

Partial fracture of the ulna

What is the Bronchi?

Passageways leading from trachea to lungs, bronchioles, smaller division of bronchi

Syncope

Passed out of fainted ( syncable episode)

Patellar dislocation

Patellofemoral joint displacement

SAMPLE

Patient Assessment

ARM DRIFT

Patient closes eyes and holds both arms out

Recovery Position

Patient positioned on their LEFT side

Respiratory Arrest

Patient stopped breathing completely, but still has pulse

Name the three main types of water soluble hormones

Peptide, protein hormones, and eicosanoids

TREATMENT- Allergies

Perform initial assessment Perform focused history and physical exam History of allergies? What was the patient exposed to? How was the patient exposed? What effects? Progression Interventions Assess baseline v.s. & SAMPLE history Administer oxygen if not already done Determine if pt. has prescribed epi pen available. Assist with administration Follow local protocol for epi pen use when working with an EMS service Contact M/C Reassess in 2 minutes & document findings

R. Ph. or Pharm.

Pharmacist

What are Surfactants?

Phospholipids that assist in gas exchange in the alveoli and contrivute to elasticity of pulmonary tissue

Rapid Recognition

Physical Exam Check for facial droop ask patient to smile Check for neurological disability grip strength arm drift patient closes eyes, holds both arms out normal - both arms move the same or not at all abnormal - one arm does not move or one arm drifts down compared with the other Check for speech abnormalities Ask patient to say, "you can't teach an old dog new tricks" or "the chicken wings taste great in Buffalo" assess for slurred words, inappropriate words, or inability to speak

MPT, DPT, MSPT

Physical Therapist

What controls the Thyroid gland?

Pituitary which is controlled by hypothalamus

Name the 8 ductless endocrine glands

Pituitary, Adrenal, Thyroid, Islet cells of pancreas (isles of Langerhans) Parathyroid, Gonads and Hypothalamus (not gland but has endocrine function)

Spring ligament

Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament

Management of Cardiac Chest Pain

Position of Comfort Patent Airway High concentration O2 non-rebreather mask 10-15 lpm

Pacemaker Failure

Position of comfort Patent airway High Concentration O2 Assist ventilations as needed ALS Intercept CPR as needed DO NOT worry about damage to pacemaker

Testing Blood Sugar

Prepare blood glucose meter and test strip. Cleanse skin with alcohol prep. Use lancet to perform finger stick. Apply the blood to test strip. Read blood glucose test results.

Hypothalamic---pituatory comples is described as:

Primary control of neuroendocrine system Interaction between hypothalamus & pituitary gland: Hypothalamus gets info from the CNS and either releases inhibitory or releasing hormones which have an effect on the anterior pituitary gland.

What is the primary role of the endocrine system?

Primary role-maintain homeostasis

Melanocytes

Produce Melanin In Stratum Basale

Melanin

Produced by melanocytes UV exposure darkens existing melanin and stimulates melanocytes

Functions of Integumentary System

Protection Prevents water loss Temp. regulation Metabolic regulation immune defense sensory receptors Excretion by means of secretion

Hair Functions

Protects from the Sun Senses touch reduces heat loss

amino acids

Proteins are made of __________ __________.

What is another name for breathing?

Pulmonary Ventilation

P.E.A.R.L.

Pupils Equal And reactive to Light

M9 CHEMICAL AGENT DETECTION PAPER TURNS WHAT COLOR IF A NERVE AGENT IS PRESENT?

RED

Histaimine H1 Receptor Antagonist

REDUCE OR ELIMINATE EFFECTS MEDIATED BY HISTAMINE (Antihistamine) -Cimetidine (Tagament) -Ranitidine (Zantac)

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants

RELAX DURING SURGICAL ANESTHESIA

INITIAL MANAGEMENT OF A CHEMICAL AGENT CASUALTY IS?

REMOVAL OF MOPP GEAR AND DECONTAMINATION WITH 0.5% HYPOCHLORITE SOLUTION.

A PATIENT PRESENTS EXHIBITING SIGNS OF ANAPHYLACTIC REACTION TO A ABEE OR WASP STING. OH THE FOLLOWING WHICH ARE CONSIDERED APPROPRIATE TREATMENT?

REMOVAL OF PATIENT'S JEWELRY, SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION OF EPINEPHRINE, AND REMOVAL OF THE STINGER BY SCRAPING WITH A DULL KNIFE.

IMMEDIATE (TACTICAL)

REQUIRE LIFESAVING SURGERY, SHOULD NOT BE TIME-CONSUMING, HIG CHANCE OF SURVIVAL EX: TENSION PNEUMOTHORAX, UPPER AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION

WHAT IS THE THE FIRST STEP IN THE MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR CARE UNDER FIRE?

RETURN FIRE/ TAKE COVER

COST/O

RIBS (TRUE RIBS, FALSE RIBS, AND FLOATING RIBS)

Wrist drop

Radial nerve damage causing weakness and/or paralysis of the wrist and finger extensors

Kehr sign

Referred pain down the left shoulder indicative of a ruptured spleen

What is the function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

Regulates calcium levels-opposite of calcitonin-PTH released to increase serum Ca-resorption of calcium from bone, increases calcium absorption from GI and increases calcium resorption from kidney

Generalized Seizure Management-During seizure

Remove from potential harm Protect patient from injury; do not hold patient still or place anything in mouth. Roll on side when possible(after the SZ) Administer Oxygen

Treatment for Inhalation OD

Remove pt. from the source Rapid ABC's Oxygen Remove clothing Check breath sounds ALWAYS transport

Nephron consists of

Renal Corpuscle Renal Tubules

What stimulates the secretion of aldostrone?

Renin Angiotension Aldosterone system or RAAS=Kidneys not adequately perfusing --->secrete renin ---> causes conversion of angiotensin I to angiotension II---> angiotension II is a potent vasoconstrictor--->more blood shunted to kidneys. Angiotension II causes the release of aldosterone causing fluid retention. Adrenal cortex has angiotension receptors and aldosterone is

RRT or CRT

Respiratory Therapist

What is a typical rib?

Rib that has 3 attachments: body/pedicle and transverse process of it's own vertebrae, and body of vertebrae above it

Congestive Heart Failure3

Right-sided failure most commonly caused by Left-sided failure. Blood "backs up" into systemic circulation Distended neck veins (JVD) Fluid in abdominal cavity Pedal edema (swelling in the lower ext.)

R.L. or R/L

Ringer's Lactate

Baseball Finger (Mallet finger)

Rupture of extensor tendon from DIP joint

Jersey finger

Rupture of flexor digitorum profundus

Gamekeeper's thumb

Rupture of the UCL of the thumb secondary to hyperextension and abduction

Boutonniere deformity

Rupture of the central slip of the extensor tendon at the PIP resulting in no active extensor mechanism at the PIP joint

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ARE COMPONENTS OF SCENE SIZE UP?

SAFETY, MOI, NUMBER OF PATIENTS

WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF FIRST AID?

SAVE LIFE, PREVENT FURTHER INJURY, PRESERVE RESISTANCE AND VITALITY

PERSONS WHO REGULARLY ABUSE INHALANTS RISK WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING INJURIES?

SEVERE BRAIN DAMAGE

TIBIA

SHIN BONE (LARGER OF TWO LOWER LEG BONES)

SCAPULA

SHOULDER BLADE

WHAT IS THE METHOD FOR SORTING CASUALTIES IN A MULTIPLE CASUALTY INCIDENT

SIMPLE TRIAGE AND RAPID TREATMENT

CRANIUM

SKULL

-LISTHESIS

SLIPPING

CROTALIDS ARE IDENTIFIED BY

SLIT-LIKE PUPILS OF THE EYES AND FLAT, TRIANGULAR HEADS

FIBULA

SMALLER LOWER LEG BONE

A PERSON SUFFERING FROM AVENOMOUS FISH STING SHOULD?

SOAK THE WOUND IN HOT WATER FOR 30-90 MIN

TO DECONTAMINATE A PATIENT WITH NERVE AGENT YOU USE?

SOAP AND WATER, 0.5% HYPOCHLORITE SOLUTION, AND M291

WHAT IS THE INITIAL TREATMENT FOR CYANIDES?

SODIUM NITRATE, IV

-MALACIA

SOFTENING

WHAT IS THE FIRST STEP IN TREATING FOR HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK?

START AN IV

CNS STIMULANTS

STIMULATE ACTIVITIY OF VARIOUS PORTIONS OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

ORTH/O

STRAIGHT

ANTISEPTICS

SUPRRESS THE GROWTH OF MICROORGANISMS

cholesterol

Saturated fats are associated with high __________.

Nails

Scale like Modification of epidermis Contains hard Keratin

2 Neroglia in PNS

Schwann's cells (create myelin sheath in PNS) Satillite cells (support cells of PNS)Glia=glue

Gonorrhea

Second most common STD, can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease in women

Endocrine system key feature is?

Secretion of hormones

Emergency Care of Altered Mental Status- diabetics

Secure airway. Ventilate and suction as needed. Transport. When transporting a pt. with AMS, they should be transported with the head elevated. Evaluate potential causes. Treat patient as trauma patient if injury cannot be ruled out.

Position of Comfort

Semi Fowlers; patient sitting at a 45 degree angle

Grand Mal Seizure- Aura

Sensation coming before convulsion- smell, taste, bright lights, colors Patient may recognize as sign of impending seizure May help locate origin of seizure in brain

Symptoms - AMI4

Sense of impending doom Denial 50% of deaths occur in first two hours Average patient waits 3 hours before seeking help

Ulnar nerve palsy

Sensory changes along ulnar nerve distribution in hand

Osteochondritis dissecans

Separation of articular cartilage from bone

Botulism

Serious condition cause by poisioning from BACTERIA PRODUCED TOXINS Toxin produced by Clostridium Botulinum

What is between the visceral pleura and the parital pleura and what does it do?

Serous fluid, it is a lubricating fluid that helps reduce friction between the two layers as we breathe.

Anaphylaxis

Sever Allergic Reaction

Trendelenberg

Shock Position: Legs Elevated

Glenohumeral dislocation

Shoulder joint displacement

What is peau d'orange

Skin edema that looks like orange peel, caused by obstruction of lymphatics (skin can become thick, hard, and orange)

Integument Structure

Skin, Nail, hair, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands Largest Organ in the Body 1.5-2 square meters of skin Skin Accounts for 7-8% of body weight Skin Thickness ranges 1.5-4mm

Methods of Inhalation

Sniffing - direct inhalation of spray Huffing - get a bigger high Bagging - fill a bag with the substance; put over head and seal around neck Canning - put substance in pop can, pretend to drink when really inhaling

Chondromalacia patella

Softening of articular cartilage behind the patella

Allergen

Something that causes an allergic reaction

Snowball crepitation

Sound of crunching with tenosynovitis

SLP-CCC

Speech Language Pathologist

Turf toe

Sprain of the first MTP joint

Trigger finger

Stenosing of tendon sheath in finger flexors

List the different types of lipid soluble hormones

Steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, and gas nitric oxide(NO) hormones.

Torticollis (Wry Neck)

Stiff neck

Hallux rigidus

Stiffness or fusion of first MTP joint

Brachial plexus stretch

Stinger or burner

5 Layers of Epidermis

Stratum Corneum Stratum Ludicum Stratum Granulosum Stratum Spinosum Stratum Basale

MCL sprain

Stretch or tear of MCL

Anterior talofibular sprain

Stretch or tear of anterior talofibular ligament

Fibular collateral ligament (LCL) sprain

Stretch or tear to LCL

ACL sprain

Stretching or tearing of ACL

PCL sprain

Stretching or tearing of PCL

Acromioclavicular joint sprain (Shoulder pointer)

Stretching or tearing of acromioclavicular and/or coracoclavicular ligament

Syndesmotic sprain

Stretching or tearing of anterior and/or posterior tibiofibular ligaments

Great toe sprain (Turf toe)

Stretching or tearing of extensor or flexor tendon of first toe

Glenohumeral joint sprain

Stretching or tearing of glenohumeral ligaments

Hip sprain

Stretching or tearing of hip ligament

Lumbosacral sprain

Stretching or tearing of ligaments between L5-S1

Sacroiliac sprain

Stretching or tearing of ligaments between sacrum and ilium

Intervertebral sprain

Stretching or tearing of ligaments between vertebrae

Lumbosacral strain

Stretching or tearing of muscles affecting lumbosacral region

Longitudinal arch sprain

Stretching or tearing of the longitudinal arch

Transverse arch sprain

Stretching or tearing of the metatarsal arch

Metatarsal arch sprain

Stretching or tearing of the transverse arch

Quadriceps strain

Stretching or tearing to the muscle/tendon of quadriceps muscles

Incidence

Stroke is the third leading cause of death in the United States leading cause of brain injury in adults Leading diagnosis from hospital to long-term care New treatments may alter the outcome of stroke patients TPA

Causes of Seizures

Substance abuse Brain tumor Congenital brain defects Trauma - head injury Infection/Fever (#1 cause in pediatric patients 6 months to 3 years old)-called a febrile seizure Hypoglycemia Hypoxia Unknown

Seizures

Sudden change in sensation, behavior, or movement caused by irregular electrical activity of the brain Signs/symptoms depend on area involved

Activated Charcoal- Names

SuperChar InstaChar Actidose Liqui-Char

SLAP lesion

Superior labral tear from posterior to anterior and long head of biceps tendon pathology

Hypoglycemia Management- Unconscious patient

Support ABC's Get ALS back-up for IV glucose

Hyperglycemia- Management

Support ABC's Treat for hypovolemic shock Transport When in doubt, give sugar!

Coronary bypass surgery

Surgery to relieve severely restricted coronary blood flow; veins are taken from other parts of the body to bypass the partial blockage.

Uterine/ endometrial cancer

Sustained high levels of estrogen may lead to this type of cancer

Diaphoretic

Sweating, cool skin

Edema

Swelling (Fluid collection)

What is the control for the release of catecholamines?

Sympathetic nervous system-stress response

Wrist ganglion

Synovial cyst

Plica syndrome

Synovial fold inflammation of the knee

Baker cyst

Synovial membrane herniation into the popliteal fossa

# of sacral vertebrae

S₄ fused

Location of kidneys

T12 - L3

What is the primary hormone released from the thyroid gland?

T4 which is mostly converted to T3 in the liver & kidney. T3 is the more active & potent hormone.

COCCYX

TAILBONE

FEMUR

THIGH BONE

-CLAST

TO BREAK

-PHYSIS

TO GROW

THE GENERAL IMPRESSION IS CRUCIAL TO IDENTIFYING WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING?

TRANSPORT DECISION, PATIENT'S OVERALL SYSTEMIC CONDITION, OBVIOUS SIGNIFICANT EXTERNAL PROBLEMS

WHICH IS A TRUE STATEMENT WHEN TREATING A PATIENT THAT IS RADIOACTIVLEY CONTAMINATED?

TREATMENT OF THE LIFE THREATENING INJURIES TAKES PRECEDENCE OVER DECONTAMINATION PROCEDURES.

What are the 7 anterior pituitary gland hormones?

TSH, LH, FSH, PRL, GH, ACTH, MSH

Intervertebral disc rupture

Tear of intervertebral disc

Patellar tendon rupture

Tear of the patella tendon

Triangular fibrocartilage complex tear

Tear or wrist cartilage between ulna and fifth metacarpal

Biceps tendon rupture

Tearing of biceps tendon

Glenoid labrum tear

Tearing of shoulder labrum

Sternoclavicular joint sprain

Tearing or stretching capsule or ligaments of sternoclavicular joint

MCL sprain

Tearing or stretching of MCL of elbow

Calcaneofibular ligament sprain

Tearing or stretching of calcaneofibular ligament of ankle

Deltoid ligament sprain

Tearing or stretching of deltoid ligament of ankle

Lateral collateral ligament sprain (elbow)

Tearing or stretching of lateral collateral ligament of elbow

Hypothalamus non-endocrine function:

Temperature, sleep, hunger, thirst

Epilepsy

Tendency to have repeated episodes of seizure activity troke

Little Leaguer's elbow:

Tension stress injury of the medial epicondyle

large intestine

The __________ __________ absorbs water from undigested food.

small intestine

The __________ __________ is lined with villi which increase surface area to help with the absorption of nutrients.

rectum

The __________ and anus control the release of solid wastes from the body.

esophagus

The __________ is a muscular tube that moves food to the stomach using peristalsis, or waves of muscle contractions.

mouth

The __________ is where digestion begins.

Which part of the hypophysis releases most of the hormones, and thus does most of the work

The adenohypophysis

Great cardiac vein

The anterior vein of the heart that runs in the interventricular sulcus, and feeds into the coronary sinus at its left end

Central venous pressure

The blood pressure in the large veins of the body, as distinguished from peripheral venous pressure in an extremity. It is measured with a water manometer that may be attached to the head of a patient's bed and to a central venous catheter inserted into the vena cava.

Diabetes Mellitus

The condition brought about by decreased insulin production, or the inability of the body cells to use insulin properly (which prevents the body's cells from taking the simple sugar called glucose from the bloodstream) It is a metabolic disease

Cardiac cycle

The cycle of events in the heart during which an electrical impulse is conducted from the sinus node to the atrioventricular (AV) node, to the AV bundle, to the bundle branches, and to the Purkinjie fibers, causing depolarization of the atria followed by depolarization of the ventricles. Depolarization leads to contraction. The contractions of the left and the right atria are nearly simultaneous; they precede the nearly simultaneous contractions of the ventricles.

chyme

The food liquid produced by the stomach is called __________.

Ependymal

The glial cells that cover and line cavities

Polycystic ovarian syndrome

The growth of multiple cysts on the ovaries Eggs are unable to be released from ovaries Eggs develop into cysts Leads to infertility

Apical pulse

The heartbeat as head with a stethoscope placed on the chest wall adjacent to the apex cordi.

What is the major link between the nervous and endocrine system

The hypothalamus

What is the adrenal medulla

The inner region of the adrenal gland

Arteries

The large blood vessels carrying blood in a direction away from the heart.

Inferior vena cava

The large vein that returns deoxygenated blood to the heart from the parts of the body below the diaphragm. The vessel receives blood from the two common iliacs, the lumbar veins, and the testicular veins.

Endocardium

The lining of the heart chambers, containing small blood vessels and a few bundles of smooth muscle. It is continuous with the endothelium of the great blood vessels.

Right pulmonary artery

The longer and slightly larger of the two arteries conveying venous blood from the heart to the lungs. It arises from the pulmonary trunk, bends to the right behind the aorta, and divides into two branches at the root of the right lung.

Left common carotid artery

The longer of the two common carotid arteries, arising from the aoritc arch and having cervical and thoracic parts.

Apex of the heart

The lowest superficial part of the heart, formed by the inferolateral part of the left ventricle.

What are the primary organs of respiration?

The lungs

water

The main function of the large intestine is to re-absorb excess __________ before eliminating solid waste.

Descending aorta

The main portion of the aorta, consisting of the thoracic aorta and the abdominal aorta, which continues from the aortic arch into the trunk of the body. It supplies many structures, including the esophagus, lymph glands, ribs, stomach, liver, spleen, intestines, kidneys, reproductive organs, and eventually the lower limbs.

carbohydrates

The main source of energy for your body is __________.

Aorta

The main trunk of the systemic arterial circulation, comprising four parts: the ascending aorta, the arch of the aorta, the thoracic portion of the descending aorta, and the abdominal portion of the descending aorta. It starts at the aortic opening of the left ventricle, rises a short distance, bends over the root of the left lung, descends within the thorax on the left side of the vertebral column, and passes through the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm into the abdominal cavity.

vital capacity

The max amount of air that can be expelled from the lungs after maximum inspiration.

What is breathing?

The mechanical process to oxygen from environment to cells

Chlamydia

The most common STD, and can lead to infertility in women

Cardiovascular System

The network of anatomic structures, including the heart and blood vessels, that circulate blood throughout the body. The system includes thousands of kilometers of vessels that deliver nutrients and other essential materials to the fluids surrounding the cells and that remove waste products and convey them to excretory organs.

Left atrioventricular valve

The opening between the left atrium and the ventricle of the heart.

Somatic Nervous System

The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscles

The hypothalamus mainly controlls what

The pituitary gland

digestion

The process that breaks down food into small molecules that can be absorbed by blood is called __________.

Arch of aorta

The proximal one of the four portions of the aorta, giving rise to three arterial branches called the innominate (brachiocephalic), left common carotid, and left subclavian arteries.

Relationship to Airway Management

The pt. may need aggressive airway management immediately because of swelling in the airway or respiratory compromise The pt's condition may be stable initially but deteriorate to the point where he/she needs aggressive airway management

Angioplasty

The reconstruction of blood vessels damaged by disease or injury.

Pulse

The regular, recurrent expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. The pulse is easily detected on superficial arteries, such as the radial and carotid arteries, and corresponds to each beat of the heart.

Right ventricle

The relatively thin-walled chamber of the heart that pumps blood received from the right atrium into the pulmonary arteries to the lungs for oxygenation. The right ventricle is shorter and rounder than the long conical left ventricle.

Peripheral resistance

The resistance to blood flow in the systemic circulation. Peripheral resistance increases if arteries constrict (diameter decreases), and an increase in peripheral resistance leads t o an increase in blood pressure.

dup

The second heart sound is caused by the closing of both the semilunar valves when the ventricles undergo diastole

Superior vena cava

The second largest vein of the body, returning deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body to the right atrium.

Pulmonary trunk

The short, wide vessel that conveys venous blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs.

Left pulmonary artery

The shorter and smaller of two arteries conveying venous blood from the heart to the lungs, rising from the pulmonary trunk, and connecting to the left lung.

Right common carotid artery

The shorter of the two common carotid arteries, arising from the brachiocephalic trunk, passing obliquely from the level of the sternoclavicular articulation to the upper border of the thyroid cartilage and dividing into the right internal and external carotids.

surface area

The small intestine contains villi which increase __________ __________ to help with the absorption of nutrients.

villi

The small intestine is lined with __________ which increase surface area to help with the absorption of nutrients.

Arteriole

The smallest of the arteries. Blood flowing from the heart is pumped through the arteries, to the arterioles, to the capillaries, into the veins, and returned to the heart. The muscular walls of the arterioles constrict and dilate in response to both local factors and neurochemical stimuli; thus arterioles play a significant role in peripheral vascular resistance and in regulation of blood pressure.

Diameter of the axon and presence or absence of myelin

The speed of impulse conduction is determined by these 2 characteristics of the neuron

Visceral pericardium

The surface of the pericardial membrane that is in direct contact with the heart.

Left ventricle

The thick-walled chamber of the heart that pumps blood through the aorta and the systemic arteries, the capillaries, and back through the veins to the right atrium. It has walls about three times thicker than those of the right ventricle and contains a mitral valve with two flaps that controls the flow of blood from the left atrium.

What is Vital capacity?

The total amount of air that can forcibly be inspired or expired from lungs in one breath.

Right atrium

The upper right chamber of the heart, where deoxygenated blood is received from the vena cava and then sent to the right ventricle.

Left atrium

The uppermost chamber on the left side of the heart. It receives blood from the pulmonary veins.

The lungs are lined by what two pleural membranes?

The visceral pleura and the parital pleura

Cardiac output

The volume of blood expelled by the ventricles of the heart with each beat (the stroke volume) multiplied by the heart rate. A normal, resting adult has a cardiac output of 4 to 8 liters per minute.

Interventricular septum

The wall between the ventricles of the heart.

Interatrial septum

The wall or septum that divides the left and right atria.

Coronary sinus

The wide venous channel, about 2.25 cm long, situated in the coronary sulcus and covered by muscular fibers from the left atrium. It drains five coronary veins: the great cardiac vein, the small cardiac vein, the middle cardiac vein, the posterior vein of the left ventricle, and the oblique vein of the left atrium.

Purkinje fibers

These fibers (formed from the bundle of HIS), are a network of conducting strands, that spread wave of depolarization thru the ventricles. Can act as pacemaker with rate at 20-40 BPM when higher pacemakers fail.

Intercalated disks

These structures branch and connect cardiac cells. They contain specialized gap junctions and coordinate muscle contractions.

What is Bronchiles?

They are smaller divisions of bronchi.

What are lungs?

They are spongy, elastic organs that ffill most of thoracic cavity and main organs of respiration, External surfaces covered with serous membranes, Pleural membrane encases both lungs and secretes fluid that reduces friction

What are surfactants?

They assist in the exchange of gas by stabilizing the alveolus and reducing surface tension.

How many times to children breathe a minute?

They breathe twice as fast.

What is the significance of Langer's lines?

They correspond to the alignment of collagen fibers in the dermis. Therefore surgical incisions parallel to these lines often heal with less scarring.

What is goblet cells?

They produce mucus to moisten air.

Soft corn (Callus molle)

Thickening of soft tissue between toes (usually 4th and 5th)

Hard corn (Callus durum)

Thickening of the soft tissue on dorsum of toes

Tunica media

This is the name for the third layer from the lumen of blood vessels. It is primarily smooth muscle cells and is much thicker in arteries (about 40 cells in most arteries) than in veins (about 2 to 3 cells in most veins). The veins can have thinner walls because they typically experience less pressure.

Tunica externa

This is the outermost layer of blood vessel walls. It is mostly connective tissue and contains the vasa vasorum. It is usually between half and a third as thick as the tunica media in arteries.

esophagus

This picture shows which part of the digestive system?

gall bladder

This picture shows which part of the digestive system?

large intestine

This picture shows which part of the digestive system?

liver

This picture shows which part of the digestive system?

rectum

This picture shows which part of the digestive system?

small intestine

This picture shows which part of the digestive system?

stomach

This picture shows which part of the digestive system?

Why do lipid soluble hormones need a protein carrier?

This protein carrier helps the lipid (Fatty) hormone move through the watery enviornment of the blood

Absorbed Poisons

Thorough patient assessment Remove the poison: Powders - brush off the patient Liquids/eyes - irrigate with clean water for at least 20 min. and continue enroute if possible.

Triphasic

Three separate phases of estrogen/ progesterone throughout cycle

An example of negative feedback for hormonal regulation is:

Thyroid hormone increased circulating TH --> suppresses TSH---> inhibits TH secretion ---> decreases TH---> releases TSH-->stimulation of TH secretion

What are the hormones produced by the thyroid glands

Thyroxine (T4) & T3

Osgood-Schlatter disease

Tibial tubercle apophysitis

Tibiofemoral dislocation (Knee)

Tibiofemoral joint disarticulation

Signs & Symptoms- Respirations

Tightness in throat/chest Cough Rapid, labored, noisy  breathing Hoarseness Stridor and wheezing

Jock itch

Tinea cruris- fungal infection

Athlete foot

Tinea pedis- fungal infection

What is the Alveoli?

Tiny sacs attached to alveolar ducts. Alveolar sacs. Surfactants

Treatment- stroke

Tissue Plasminogen Activator (TPA) First approved therapy for ischemic stroke Patients treated within 2 hours (NYS Protocol) of the onset of symptoms are at least 30% more likely to have minimal or no disability after 3 months Stroke type must be confirmed by CAT scan prior to treatment Increases our sense of urgency

Abandonment

To leave a patient without handing care over to someone of equal or higher level of training

Atelectasis

To listen

Ingrown toenail

Toenail edges embed in soft tissue

Inhalants

Toluene - laminate glue Propane, butane, methane Nitrous oxide Volatile - paint, gasoline, paint thinner Dry erase markers, felt tip pens Whipped cream cans (whippets) Chargers - small canisters of nitrous oxide

Systolic

Top number in a blood pressure: When heart is contracting

Striae (stretch marks)

Torn Collagen

Meniscal tear

Torn knee cartilage

What is the Lower Respiratory Tract?

Trachea, Bronchi, Alveoli, Lungs, Repiratory diaphragm

Singing-Larson-Johansson disease

Traction injury to inferior pole of patella at tendon origin

Spinal cord concussion

Transient disturbances of spinal cord functions

Snake Bites

Treat for shock Lower the injection site below the heart Wash area around the site Remove any rings or other constricting items on the bitten extremity Keep bitten extremity immobilized NEVER EVER EVER EVER apply a cold pack to the injury - it concentrates the toxin Apply light constricting band above and below the wound (ONLY IF NECESSARY) Contact Medical Control Keep patient calm to help prevent the spread of the toxin

What are the three hormones secreted by the thyroid gland?

Triiodothyronine (T3) Thyroxine (T4) & Calcitonin

True or False Peptide and protein hormones are animo acid polymers.

True

True or False The Pancreas is both an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland

True

True or False The posterior pituitary gland releases, but does not synthesize any hormones

True

True or False. Prostaglandins (PGs) mediate pain, platelet aggregation, fever, and inflammation.

True

Umbilical arteries

Two arteries in which blood flows from the internal iliac arteries in the fetus to the placenta

Dermis

Two layers papillary layers (areolar CT) Reticular Layer (dense irregular CT) Epidermal ridges Dermal papillae (pap=nipple)

What are Alveolar sacs?

Two or more alveoli that share a common opening.

Biphasic

Two ratio strengths of estrogen/ progesterone throughout cycle

# of thoracic vertebrae

T₁₂

WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF SHOCK THE HM WILL ENCOUNTER?

UNCONTROLLED HEMORRHAGE

EXPECTANT (TACTICAL)

UNLIKELY TO SURVIVE EX; MASSIVE BRAIN INJURY

HUMERUS

UPPER ARM BONE

MAXILLA

UPPER JAW BONE

ILLIUM

UPPER PART OF PELVIC BONE

DURING TACTICAL FIELD CARE, WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO CONTROL COMPRESSIBLE HEMORRHAGE WHEN A TOURNIQUET IS NOT AMENDABLE?

USE COMBAT GAUZE AS TEH HEMOSTATIC AGENT OF CHOICE WITH AT LEAST 3 MINUTES OF DIRECT PRESSURE

STOKES STRETCHER

USED TO TRANSPORT SICK OR INJURED PERSONS TO AND FROM BOATS

Cubital tunnel syndrome (Ulnar neuropathy)

Ulnar nerve entrapment

Hypoglycemia Management- Contraindications

Unable to protect airway Unable to swallow

Sprengel deformity

Undersized scapula that sits hi on the posterior chest wall

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Usually Type I diabetic (no insulin) Blood sugar rises Kidneys try to remove excess sugar Urine production increases (polyuria) Patient becomes volume depleted Thirst (polydypsia) Tachycardia Hypotension Dry skin, mucous membranes

Congestive Heart Failure2

Usually begins with left-sided failure. Left ventricle fails Blood "stacks up" in lungs High pressure in capillary beds Fluid forced out of capillaries into alveoli

SPONDYL/O (USED TO MAKE WORDS ABOUT CONDITIONS OF THE STRUCTURE)

VERTEBRA

VERTEBR/O (USED TO DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE ITSELF)

VERTEBRA

A DILUTED SLOUTION OF WHICH OF THE LISTED SUBSTANCES WILL NEUTRALIZE ALKALI BURNS TO THE SKIN?

VINEGAR

Intervertebral disc herniation

Varied levels of protrusion, extrusion, or sequestration

Plantar warts

Verrucae plantaris

Wedge fracture

Vertebral compression fracture with anterior vertebral narrowing

Spondylolysis

Vertebral degenerations; pars interarticularis defect

Aspiration

Vomit or other substance getting in patients lungs

AFTER THE BABY HAS BEEN DELIVERED AND THE CORD HAS BEEN CUT, WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING STEPS IS CORRECT WHEN DELIVERING THE PLACENTA?

WAIT APPROX 10-20 MIN FOR THE PLACENTA TO DELIVER SPONTANEOUSLY

IN HAZMAT MANAGEMENT SITUATIONS, SITE CONTROL IS DIVIDED INTO 3 ZONES, IN WHICH ZONE DOES PERSONNEL DECONTAMINATION HAPPEN?

WARM ZONE

DECONTAMINATION FOR HARASSMENT AGENTS GENERALLY CONSISTS OF?

WASHING WITH BABY SHAMPOO

WHEN IS IT ACCEPTABLE TO MOVE A PATIENT WITH A SUSPECTED PELVIC FRACTURE?

WHEN ABSOLUTELY NECESSARRY AFTER MAST GARMENTS HAVE BEEN APPLIED TO STABILIZE THE PELVIC REGION

WHAT IS THE INTERNATIONAL COLOR CODE OF OXYGEN BOTTLES?

WHITE

CARPALS

WRIST BONES

Benediction deformity (Bishop deformity)

Wasting of the hypothenar, dorsal interossei and fourth and fifth lumbrical muscles resulting from ulnar nerve palsy

Aneurysm

Weak spot in the arterial wall (dilates/balloons out) - may burst. It deprives tissue of oxygenated blood

Symptoms of CHF

Weakness Dyspnea Dyspnea on exertion Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea Attacks of SOB that usually occur at night that awakens the patient Orthopnea Difficulty breathing in any position other than standing or sitting Abdominal discomfort Pedal "Pitting" edema in lower extremities Tachycardia Pulmonary Edema Noisy, labored breathing Coughing Rales, wheezing Pink, frothy sputum

Clark's Rule

Weight of Child/150lbs X Adult Dose= Child's Dose

Information to Obtain

What was the patient doing before seizure? What movements were exhibited? Loss of bladder or bowel control? What did the patient do after seizure? Length of the episode? Anti-seizure medications Consider trauma/brain injuries as cause

chemical

When food is broken down by enzymes or acid, __________ digestion is taking place.

mechanical

When food is chewed, mixed, and churned __________ digestion is taking place.

On- Line Medical direction

When you actually talk to the doctor via cell phone about treatment for the patient

small intestine

Where does most digestion take place?

M8 CHEMICAL DETECTION PAPER TURNS WHAT COLOR WHEN IT COMES INTO CONTACT WITH G CLASS NERVE AGENTS?

YELLOW

Freckles

Yellowish or brown spots from excessive melanocyte activity, not increased melanocyte cells

Does temperature effect breathing?

Yes body temperature increases or decreases respiration

Where is the pint of entry of air conduction?

Your nose

construction of bone

[compact, dense] outside (no marrow), [cancellous, spongy] inside (marrow)

Bacteria

__________ live in your large intestine and make vitamins from undigested food.

Hemangioma

a benign tumor made up of dilated or newly formed blood vessels

Ductus arteriosus

a blood vessel in a fetus that bypasses pulmonary circulation by connecting the pulmonary artery directly to the ascending aorta

Cauda Equina

a bundle of spinal roots located caudal to the end of the spinal cord that float in CSF.

anticoagulant

a chemical agent that reduces the clotting process

Pernicious anemia

a chronic progressive anemia of older adults

Shock

a clinical syndrome marked by inadequate blood flow, usually as a result of extreme hypotension; it can result in failure of multiple organ systems (brain, heart, kidneys, lungs, and GI tract)

ventilation-perfusion coupling ensures

a close match between the amount of gas reaching the alveoli and the blood flow in the pulmonary capillaries

Metabolic syndrome

a cluster of conditions - increased blood pressure, elevated insulin levels, excess body fat around the waist or abnormal cholesterol levels - that occur together, increasing your risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes

Hematoma

a collection of blood under the skin caused by blood escaping into the tissue from damaged blood vessels (also called a bruise)

Hypertension

a common disorder in which blood pressure remains abnormally high (a reading of 140/90 mm Hg or greater)

complete blood count

a common laboratory blood test that provides diagnostic information of a patient's general health; includes several more specific tests including hematocrit, hemoglobin, red blood count, and white blood count

Valvular stenosis

a condition in which there is narrowing, stiffening, thickening, or blockage of one or more valves of the heart

Anemia

a deficiency of red blood cells

Polycythemia

a disorder characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of red blood cells in the blood

serosa

a double-layered sac formed by the pleurae

Cholesterol

a fatty substance in the blood

What is a ductless endocrine gland?

a gland that secretes hormones directly into the blood stream

Electrocardiogram

a graphical recording of the cardiac cycle produced by an electrocardiograph

Semilunar valve

a heart valve with half-moon-shaped cusps

Malaria

a hemolytic disease caused by infection with a protozoan, resulting in chills (and then fever), fatigue, and muscle aches

Sickle cell anemia

a hereditary condition characterized by abnormal sickle shape of erythrocytes and by hemolysis

pulmonary ventilation

a mechanical process causing gas flow into and out ot the lungs according to volume changes in the thoracic cavity

concussion

a mild traumatic brain injury

Hepatic portal circulation

a network of veins that carries venous blood from the gastrointestinal organs and spleen to the liver

respiratory volumes are used to assess

a person's respiratory status. They include : -tidal volume (TV) -inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) -expiratory reserve volume (ERV) -residual volume (RV)

gastroenterologist

a physician who specializes in the field of medicine that focuses on the treatment of diseases of the stomach and small intestine

coronary stent

a plastic scaffold that is used to anchor a surgical implantation (graft); in this case, the stent is implanted in a coronary artery to prevent closure of the artery after angioplasty or atherectomy

Sphygmomanometer

a pressure gauge for measuring blood pressure

angiogram

a recording obtained from an angiography procedure--an x-ray of a blood vessel after injection of a contrast medium

arteriogram

a recording of an x-ray of a particular artery

venogram

a recording of an x-ray of a vein

aortogram

a recording of an x-ray of the aorta

coronary angiogram

a recording of an x-ray of the heart's circulation

Pulmonary valve

a semilunar valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

Coronary artery disease

a stage of arteriosclerosis involving fatty deposits (atheromas) inside the arterial walls

qs

a sufficient quantity

qs ad

a sufficient quantity to make

antibiotic

a therapeutic treatment in which a substance with known toxicity to bacteria is administered, may be obtained from a mold (fungus) or from other bacteria; effective only against bacteria, many types o which are capable of developing resistance, especially when antibiotics are not administered properly

coagulation time

a timed blood test to determine the time required for a blood clot to form; one type of this test, called prothrombin time, measures the time required for prothrombin, a precursor protein, to form thrombin and is often used to monitor anticlotting therapy; another type of test is partial thromboplastin time, which is used to evaluate clotting ability

erythrocyte sedimentation rate

a timed test to measure the rate at which red blood cells fall through a volume of plasma to provide information on their hemoglobin content; commonly used to evaluate nonspecific systemic inflammation

immunotherapy

a treatment of infectious disease; the use of agents (serum, gamma globulin, treated antibodies, etc.) to activate or strengthen the immune response

eversion

a turning inside out, a turning outward

Umbilical vein

a vein in the umbilical cord

cerebral arterial circle circulation

a) INTO CIRCLE internal carotid arteries (branches of common carotid arteries) basilar artery (merge of vertebral arteries) b) GAS EXCHANGE VIA CAPILLARIES c) OUT OF CIRCLE internal jugular veins

hepatic portal circulation

a) [superior, inferior] mesenteric veins absorb nutrients from [small, large] intestines, then merge to form hepatic portal vein b) nutrients delivered to liver by hepatic portal vein (detoxification occurs if necessary) c) nutrients sent into circulation, delivered via hepatic veins, which empty into inferior vena cava

Renal Corpuscle of Nephron

a) bowmans capsule b) glomerulus

Renal tubules of nephron

a) proximal convulted tubule (pcl) b) loop of henle c) distal convoluted tubule d) collecting duct

abdominal

abdomen

Arrhythmia

abnormal heart rhythm

Aneurysm

abnormal outward bulging in weakedned area in wall

Tachycardia

abnormally rapid heartbeat (over 100 beats per minute)

Bradycardia

abnormally slow heartbeat

Varicose veins

abnormally swollen and twisted veins, usually occuring in the legs

superior

above or directed upward

superior

above, in relation to another structure

Petit Mal Seizure

absence seizure Loss of consciousness No loss of postural tone More common in children Can create a problem with learning-miss bits and pieces of information during lessons. Usually resolves by adulthood

Behavioral methods

abstinence (most effective method of pregnancy prevention)

estrone

abundant after menopause

What do thyroid hormones do in concerns of the body

accelerate body growth

APAP

acetominophen

IM injection arm landmark

acromion

anesthesiologist

administration of anesthetics

What is the function of the sex hormones found in the adrenal cortex?

affect sexual maturation & secondary sex characteristics in both genders (both estrogen & androgens)

What are the functions of thyroid hormone (T3 & T4)

affects all body tissues, regulates O2 consumption and requirements, affects metabolism, helps with protein synthesis, can cause catabolism(when high), temperature regulation

bring blood into glomerulus

afferent arteriole

brings blood into glomerulus

afferent arteriole

granular cells wrap around

afferent arteriole. They are mechanoreceptors (can sense BP in afferent arteriole). Low BP -> release renin -> angiotensin -> aldosterone

post

after

Repolarization

after Na+ ions have rushed into the cell, K+ ions rush out of the cell to restore the balance and the original polarity

p.c.

after meals

post-op

after surgery

p.m.

afternoon, evening

pulmonary ventilation

air getting in and out of lungs according to volume changes in the thoracic cavity

pneumothorax

air in lungs

key solute in keeping osmotic pressure

albumin

SVR

alcohol

function of obturator foramen

allows blood vessels and nerves to pass from the pelvic cavity to the lower limb

placenta

allows diffusion of O₂ and CO₂ between mother and fetus

Pancreatic islets contain what four hormones?

alpha (a), beta (b), delta (d), and f cells

AVR

alveolar ventilation rate = [tv-dsv] * respiratory rate

surface tension

alveoli want to collapse. Alveoli prevent surface tension.

amp.

ampul

Heart murmur

an abnormal sound of the heart

Endothelium

an epithelium of mesoblastic origin

arteriotomy

an incision into an artery

peripheral

an outward structure or surface

et

and

Iron-deficiency anemia

anemia that results from having insufficient iron to manufacture hemoglobin

tarsal

ankle

coronal

anterior from posterior heels on elevator, toes off

The hypophysis (pituitary gland) is further divided into anterior and posterior sections, known as what

anterior-adenohypophysis posterior- neurohypophysis

lungs expand

anteriorly to posteriorly vertically

What are the primary reasons glucocorticoids are given by a nurse?

anti-inflammatory, immuno-suppressant and replacement due to lack of cortisol

vaccine

any preparation used to activate an immune response

prophylaxis

any treatment that tends to prevent the onset of an infection or other type of disease

What is the opening to the appendix called?

appendicular orifice

antiretroviral therapy

application of drugs to battle against a class of viruses that tends to mutate quickly, known as retroviruses, of which HIV is a member; also known as combination therapy, the drugs form a cocktail that includes nucleotide analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors, all of which bock HIV replication by a variety of means

brachial

arm

axillary

armpit

ATC

around the clock

e.m.p.

as directed

u.d. or ut dict

as directed

ASAP

as soon as possible

ASA

aspirin

4 Neuroglia in CNS

astocytes (abundant, versatile), microglia (ingests denies access), oligodendrocytes (makes fat/myellin sheath),ependymal cells (line brain, cilia circulate CSF)

hs

at bedtime

rheumatologist

autoimmune diseases, in which the body is attacked by its own defense system

occipital

back of head

popliteal

back of knee

dorsum of the hand

back of the hand

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol

bad cholesterol

Nodes of Ranvier

bare spots between myelin sheaths that allow the action potential to flow down the axon hurridly.

lub dup

basic rhythm of the heart associated with closing of heart valves

cardiac pacemaker

battery-powered device that is implanted under the skin and wired to the SA node; produces timed electric pulses that replace the pacemaking function of the SA node

a

before

pre-op

before surgery

posterior

behind, in relation to another structure

inferior

below or directed outward

inferior

below, in relation to another structure

Where can you find the cephalic vein?

between deltoid and pectorals major

Epidural space

between the Dura mater and the vertebral column (filled with fat and blood vessels)

Thrombus

blood clot

Thrombolitic

blood clot in vessel

Blood circulation

blood leaves the heart via the left ventricle into the aorta and onto the body through the artery, arterioles then capillary beds, venules and then veins to the superior and inferior vena cava and into the right atrium, right ventricle out the pulmonary artery to the lungs and back into the left atrium, then left ventricle and back out the aorta to the body.

BP

blood pressure

Blood pressure gradient

blood pressure gradient is best represented by arteries having a higher blood pressure than veins, Blood continually moves from areas of high pressure to areas of lower pressure -Lg. Arteries have highest, vena cavae have lowest -If blood return to heart does not rely solely on blood pressure; instead valves, skeletal muscle activity, and pressure changes in thorax help to move blood back to heart -Continual blood flow depends on stretchiness of larger arteries and ability to recoil & keep pressure on blood as it flows off into the circulation

BUN

blood urea nitrogen

Veins

blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart

BSA

body surface area

BW

body weight

ligaments

bone to bone

pectoral girdle

bones holding upper limb to torso (scapula and clavicle)

o2

both eyes

BM

bowel movement

In between serous and parietal space

bowmans capsule

surrounding the glomerulus

bowmans capsule

plasma leaves glomerulus into

bowmans space : filtration (glomerular filtration)

mammary

breast

gluteal

buttock

p or per

by

PO

by mouth

Rhythm method

calculating fertile period during menstrual cycle

platelet count

calculation of the number of platelets in the blood

sural

calf

Radial Nerve Injury

can be caused by spiral fractures

Leukemia

cancer of white blood cells

CA

cancer or cardiac arrest

cap

capsule

What are the functions of glucocorticoids?

carb, protein & fat metabolism Stress response immunosuppressant

the partial pressure gradients of oxygen and carbon dioxide differences reflect that

carbon dioxide is much more soluble than oxygen in the blood

arteries

carry blood away from heart

What hormones are produced in the Adrenal Medula?

catecholamines-epinephrine & norepinephrine

What does the release of aldosterone cause?

causes resorption of sodium and water from renal tubules into the intervascular space -increasing fluid volume, peripheral vasoconstriction-shunting blood to vital organs

C

centigrade

CNS

central nervous system

APAP

cervical bows anterior thoracic bows posterior lumbar bows anterior sacral bows posterior

pathologist

changes in body tissue/organs caused by disease

buccal

cheek

maculadensa cells

chemoreceptor cells located in loop of henle. They monitor sodium content of filtrate

pectoral

chest

Angina pectoris

chest pain due to reduced oxygen to the heart

mental

chin

CPZ

chlorpromazine

COPD

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

cross section

circular, made at 90 deg angle to organ

Pulmonary circulation

circulation of blood between the heart and the lungs

Systemic circulation

circulation that supplies blood to all the body except to the lungs

gastric lavage

cleansing procedure in which the stomach is rinsed with a saline solution; performed before or after surgery or endoscopy

medial

closer to the mid-sagittal plane, in relation to another structure

Embolic

clot developed elsewhere in the body (usually the heart) and then migrates to the brain

pulmonary embolism

clot in pulmonary circulation (ventilation and perfusion don't match)

solubility coefficient

co2 is higher (can dissolve in liquid faster)

LCD

coal tar solution

renal pyramids are made up of

collecting duct

stool culture and sensitivity

collection of a fecal (stool) sample and the growth of microogranisms from the sample in a culture to identify a pathogenic cause of disease

CBC

complete blood count

Psychomotor Seizure

complex partia Loss of consciousness Staring/eyelid fluttering Sterotyped movements (automatisms) May look purposeful, but aren't Lip smacking, movements of hands May be called in as "drunk", "O.D.", "psych patient"

Eclampsia

complication of pregnancy

tunica externa

composed of connective tissue (reinforcement of veins) thickest in veins

tunica media

composed of smooth muscle thickest in arteries (provide reinforcement due to ↑ pressure) can contract or dilate note: not present in capillaries

comp.

compound

Mechanical barrier methods

condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps (block sperm from entering uterus)

CHF

congestive heart failure

Essential (or primary) hypertension

consistently elevated blood pressure of unknown cause

lung tissue

consists of air spaces

parasympathetic motor fibers

constrict airways

co2 level is lower in alveoli bronchioles that are

constricted

parasympathetic stimulation _ bronchiles

constricts - bronchioconstriction

cerebral arterial circle

contingency pathways for oxygen deficiency due to arterial blockage

scapula processes

coracoid process anterior to acromion

3 regions of kidney

cortex, medulla, renal pelvis

2 types of nephrons

cortical nephrons (85%) juxtamedullary nephrons

visceral pleura

covers the external lung surface, following its contours and fissures

parietal pleura

covers thoracic wall, superior face of the diaphragm and continues around the heart between the lungs

crm

cream

CCT

crude coal tar

cc

cubic centimeter

C&S

culture and sensitivity

Peripheral neuropathy

damage to peripheral nerves related to many causes.

DOB

date of birth

d

day

Infarction

death of tissue that results from deprivations of its blood supply

flexion

decrease in the angle of rotation at a joint

bursae

define

3 parts of every neuron

dendrites (digits gathering information) Body (cell metabolism) Axon (takes impulse to next neuron)

What is the nursing concern for glucocorticoids ?

depending on the duration of use and dosage there can be adverse effects.

lower arteries

descending aorta bifurcates to [right, left] common iliac arteries, each branching into [internal, external] iliac arteries external iliac arteries exits abdominopelvic cavity, becoming femoral artery to popliteal artery to tibial artery branching to become dorsalis pedis artery

Myocardial infarction

destruction of heart tissue resulting from obstruction of the blood supply to the heart muscle

lung compliance

determined by the distensibility of lung tissue and surrounding thoracic cage, and alveolar surface tension

D5(1/2)NS

dextrose 5% in 1/2 normal saline

D5NS

dextrose 5% in normal saline (0.9% sodium chloride)

D5W

dextrose 5% in water

DX

diagnosis

pediatrician

diagnosis and treatment of children's diseases

dermatologist

diagnosis and treatment of skin disease

geriatrics

diagnosis and treatment of the diseases of the aging and elderly

endoscopic ultrasound

diagnostic procedure that combines the use of an endoscope and an ultrasound probe to generate images of the intestinal wall to evaluate tumor progression

Lumbar puncture

diagnostic test of CSF with the fluid being removed by a needle between the L3/L4 or L4/L5

upper GI series

diagnostic x-ray images of the stomach and duodenum following the administration of barium as a radiopaque contrast medium; also called barium swallow

labored breathing involves

diaphragm scalenes pec minor external intercostals SCM

quiet inspiration involves

diaphragm and external intercostals contracting

inspiration

diaphragm contracts

expiration

diaphragm expands

lower veins

digital veins to dorsal venous arch to tibial vein to popliteal vein (and great saphenous vein) drain into femoral vein to external iliac vein (in abdominopelvic cavity) [external, internal] iliac vein merge to form common iliac vein [left, right] common iliac veins merge to form inferior vena cava

sympathetic motor fibers

dilate airways

co2 level is higher in alveoli bronchiles that are

dilated

DPT

diptheria, pertussis, tetanus

posterior

directed toward or situated at the back

disc or D.C.

discontinue

gynecologist

diseases of the genital tract of women/reproduction

nephrologist

diseases of the kidney

pulmonologist

diseases of the lungs

proctologist

disorders of the rectum and anus

disp.

dispense

anatomical to clinical phalanx syntax

distal phalanx I (anatomical) first distal phalanx (clinical)

DW

distilled water

ad. dist.

distilled water

div.

divide

DS

double strength

gtt

drop

thalidomide

drug prescribed to pregnant women in the 50s and 60s to control morning sickness which caused phocomelia

antispasmodic

drug that decreases peristalsis in the GI tract to arrest spasm or diarrhea

antacid

drug that neutralizes stomach acid

antiemetic

drug that prevents or stops vomiting

cathartic

drug that stimulates peristalsis of the colon; also called a laxative

alveolar surface tension

due to water in the alveoli acts to draw the walls of the alveoli together, presenting a force that must be overcome in order to expand the lungs

Foramen ovale

during fetal development - interarterial opening which allows blood to flow freely from the right to left atrium - bypassing pulmonary circulation

a.u.

each ear

o.u.

each eye

auricular

ear

otohinolaryngologist

ear, nose, and throat

ENT

ear, nose, throat

EDTA

edetate

brings blood away from glomerulus

efferent arteriole

olecranial

elbow

defibrillation

electrical charge to the heart in an effort to defibrillate, or to stop fibrillation, of the heart; delivered by paddles onto the skin of the chest, or to the heart muscle directly if the chest has been opened

ECG

eletrocardiogram

elix.

elixir

cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

emergency response procedure that includes artificial ventilation and external heart massage in an effort to resuscitation, or revive, the patient

ER

emergency room

endocrinologist

endocrine system (ie. diabetes mellitus)

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

endoscopic procedure that includes x-ray fluoroscopy to visualize the ducts of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

tunica intima

endothelium (simple squamous epithelium) modified in veins to form valves (prevent backflow due to low pressure)

barium enema

enema that contains barium (a contrast medium used for x-ray); administered for a lower GI series diagnostic test

EC

enteric coated

EPI

epinephrine

What catecholamines are secreted within the adrenal medulla

epinephrine and norepinephrine

EES

erythromycin ethylsuccinate

EPO

erythropoietin

EFAD

essential fatty acid deficiency

bone superior to vomer

ethmoid bone

pulmonary function tests

evaluate losses in respiratory function using a spirometer to distinguish between obstructive and restrictive pulmonary disorders

q

every

qd

every day

qh

every hour

qod

every other day

stroma

everything that is not alveoli

lordosis

exaggerated anterior lumbar curvature (swayback), pregnant

scoliosis

exaggerated lateral lumbar curvature

kyphosis

exaggerated posterior thoracic curvature (hunchback), elderly

Acetylcholine

example of a a neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junctions and some autonomic nervous system synapses.

Hemorrhage

excessive bleeding

lymphadenectomy

excision of a lymph node

phlebectomy

excision of a vein

diverticulectomy

excision of an abnormal pouch in the intestinal wall, or diverticulum

colectomy

excision of the colon

cholecystectomy

excision of the gallbladder

splenectomy

excision of the spleen

thymectomy

excision of the thymus gland

latissimus dorsi action

extension

Polythelia

extra nipple, third nipple, usually in chest area and looks like a mole more common

Heart murmur

extra or unusual heart sound

ophthalmologist

eye

orbital

eye

EENT

eyes, ears, nose, thoart

F

fahrenheit

Aplastic anemia

failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow

[accessory, supernumerary] bones

failure of parts of bones to fuse together, development of extra pair of [vertebrae, ribs] or facial bones

FBS

fast blood sugar

Atherosclerosis

fatty deposits / narrowing of the artery

Hepatitis A

fever, malaise, loss of appeptite, nausea, abd discomfort, a few days later jaundice, fecal/oral route

tepatobiliary

field of medicine that focuses on diseases of the liver, gallbladder, and bile ducts

toxicology

field of medicine that focuses on the study and treatment of toxins and the diseases they cause; one who specializes in this field is called a toxicologist

virology

field of medicine that focuses on the study of viruses and the treatment of the diseases they cause; one who specializes in this field is a virologist

proctology

field of medicine that focuses on the treatment of diseases of the rectum and anus; a physician who specializes in this field is a proctologist

gastroenterology

field of medicine that focuses on the treatment of diseases of the stomach and small intestine

cardiology

field of medicine that focuses on the treatment of patients with heart disease also a department within a hospital where heart disease patients receive care

bacteriology

field of science and medicine focused on the study of bacteria and prevention of bacterial diseases; one who specializes in this field is a bacteriologist

in order for plasma to go from glomerulus into bowmans space it must pass

filtration membrane

plasma must be able to pass

filtration slits

filtration membrane

filtration slits basement membrane (protien) fenestrations (pores)

digital

finger, toe

sartorius (meditation muscle) action

flexion

biceps brachii actions

flexion and supination

deltoid does three

flexion, extension and abduction

fl

fluid

Subdural space

fluid between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater

FU

fluorouracil

pes

foot

Perfuse

force a fluid through (a body part or tissue)

antebrachial

forearm

frontal

forehead

clavicle

forms joint with acromion

qid

four times a day

FFA

free fatty acid

antecubital

front of elbow

lateral

furthest from another structure in relation to the mid-sagittal plane

partial pressure (of o2)

gases move from area of higher partial pressure to lower partial pressure

GI

gastrointestinal

internal medicine

general name for all the non-surgical specialties

angioplasty

general surgical repair of a blood vessel; includes procedures to reopen blocked vessels

perineal

genitals and anus

GU

genitourinary

Pregnancy- diabetes

gestational diabetes Risk for not carrying full-term Higher risk for birth defects

d.t.d.

give of such doses

GFR

glomerular filtration rate

if hydrostatic pressure decreases BP

goes down

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol

good cholesterol

gr

grain

g

gram

ventrogluteal injection

greater trochanter distal plalanx II on ASIS phalanx III, IV, V extended shot delivered in V-shape

inguinal

groin

GYN

gynecology

1/2NS

half-strenght normal saline

manus

hand

Atherosclerosis

hardening and narrowing of the arteries caused by a buildup of cholesterol plaque on the interior walls of the arteries

Arterioslcerosis

hardening of arterial walls that causes them to become thickened and brittle

Each secretory unit of the breast...

has a duct that leads milk out towards nipple to the lactiferous sinus

indication of thoracic vertebra

has costal rib facets lacks transverse foramen medium transverse processes looks like giraffe

indication of female by skull (second-best method)

has thin, sharp supraorbital margins has a small mastoid process the mandibular angle is greater than 125 deg no brow ridges (unreliable)

GFR Glomerular Filtration Rate

has to do with afferent arteriole

narrow, unmyelinated axons

have the slowest ionic flow

bilateral

having two side

cephalic

head

HA

headache

audiologist

hearing, evaluation and measurement of hearing

cardiologist

heart and its functions

Myocardial infarction (MI)

heart attack; death of myocardial tissue (infarction) owing to loss of blood flow (ischemia) as a result of an occlusion (plugging) of a coronary artery--usually caused by atherosclerosis; symptoms including pain in the chest or upper body (shoulders, neck, and jaw), shortness of breath, diaphoresis, and nausea

HR

heart rate

Cardiac arrest

heart stops

calcaneal

heel

HT

height or hypertension

What is the endocrine system's role in the internal environment?

helps adapt to shock and F&E imbalances

What is the endocrine systems role in the external environment?

helps adapt to stress, trauma and temperature

HCT

hematocrit

Hb

hemoglobin

Hemophilia

hereditary bleeding disorder marked by deficiency of blood- clotting proteins

HBP

high blood pressure

Hypertension

high blood pressure

HEPA

high-efficiency particulate air

air moves from

higher to lower pressure

coxal

hip

Describe paracrine mode of communication in the endocrine system

hormone has an effect on cells neighboring where it was released (local effect) Ex: Blood sugar increases, insulin released from beta cells from the isles of langerhans in pancreas, suppresses release of glucogon from alpha cells

Describe autocrine mode of communication in the endocrine system?

hormone has an effect on the cell that is releasing it (as well as other areas of the body) EX: Growth hormones

Describe the Traditional theory of modes of communication in the endocrine system

hormone released into blood and effect distant organ

HRT

hormone replacement therapy

h or hr

hour

HCTZ

hydrochlorothiazide

HC

hydrocortisone

Secondary hypertension

hypertension that is secondary to another disease

H

hypodermic

The Pituitary gland is also referred to as what

hypophysis

Name the organs that also contribute to the endocrine system, that are not exclusively endocrine glands

hypothalamus, thymus, pancreas, ovaries/testes (kidneys, stomach, liver, small intestine, skin, heart, and placenta also contribute)

IBW

ideal body weight

myogenic mechanism

if BP goes up afferent arteriole recoils, blood going into glomerulus will decrease

How is dimpling of the breast caused?

if there is a carcinoma, it can cause involvement and retraction of suspensory (cooper's) ligaments which causes retraction of skin and thus dimpling

s.o.s.

if there is need

midline of the body

imaginary line created when the body is divided into equal

stat.

immediately

P wave

in an ECG corresponds to depolarization of the atrial fibers (leads to contraction, the primary wave arrives at a given point before any other type of seismic wave, the wave also travels through solids, liquids, and gases

Congestive heart failure

inability to pump enough blood to avoid congestion in the tissues

epidemiologist

incidence and frequency of diseases in various populations

lymphadenotomy

incision into a lymph node

phlebotomy

incision into a vein, usually to remove blood for sampling or to donate blood; a technician who performs this procedure is called a phlebotomist

laparotomy

incision into the abdomen

celiotomy

incision into the abdominal cavity

choledocholithotomy

incision into the common bile duct, which is performed to remove one or more obstructive stones

ADH causes

increase in water absorption directly primarily in collecting duct

Septicemia

infection in the blood

Where is the thyroid gland located

inferior to the larynx (voice box) and anterior to the trachea

Adhesive Capsulitis

inflammation and fibrosis of joint capsule that leads to pain and loss of ROM; "Frozen Shoulder"

Phlebitis

inflammation of a vein (usually in the legs)

Endocarditis

inflammation of the inner lining of the heart

Thalassemia

inherited defect in the ability to produce hemoglobin

Antifungal

inhibit or suppress of fungi, dermatophytes or candida

inj.

injection

Tunic intima

innermost tunic/layer of blood vessels. has "intimate" contact with blood in the lumen. contains the endothelium of the vessel.

vaccination

inoculation of a culture that has reduced virulence, as a means of providing a cure or a prophylaxis (prevention)

I&O

input and output

cardiac catheterization

insertion of a narrow flexible tube, or catheter, through a coronary blood vessel to withdraw blood samples, measure pressures, and inject contrast medium for imaging purposes

Ischemia

insufficient blood flow to an area

ICU

intensive care unit

IPPD

intermittent positive-pressure breathing

Accessory muscles of expiration

internal intercostals rectus abdominus

IU

international units

Intervertebral foramen are formed by

intervertebral notches (nerves go through these)

ID

intradermal

IM

intramuscular

IV

intravenous

IVPB

intravenous piggy back

IVP

intravenous push

blood transfusion

introduction of blood, blood products, or a blood substitute into a patient's circulation to restore blood volume to normal levels; the two main types of blood transfusions are autologous transfusions and homologous transfusions

Spermicidal methods

involve the use of preparations that kill sperm (supplied as foams, jellies, & creams)

external respiration

involves 02 uptake and co2 unloading from hemoglobin in red blood cells

respiratory membrane

is in alveoli. Gases need to get through it. It is made up of connective tissue. Presents a huge surface area for gas exchange.

inferior bone of os coxae

ischium

INH

isoniazid

What is Thyroid-binding Globulin (TBG)

it is a specific protein carrier for t3&t4 an the albumin they are connected to

Where is the cecum?

it's the pouch below the ileocecal junction that the appendix branches off

structural arrangement between the afferent arteriole and the distal convoluted tubule that forms granular cells and macula densa cells

juxtaglomerular apparatus

patellar

kneecap

fecal occult blood test

lab test performed to detect blood in the feces

Secondary -Amenorrhea

lack of menstruation for 3 cycles/6 months despite starting cycle at appropriate age

Ischemias

lack of oxygen / blood flow to heart

indication of lumbar vertebra

lacks rib facets and transverse foramen large transverse processes looks like moose

LR

lactated Ringer's injection

longitudinal section

largest sample size

a.s.

left ear

o.l.

left eye

o.s.

left eye

sinistro-

left side

crural

leg

less ventilation =

less perfusion

intercalated cells

line DCT. Regulate PH

Triglyerides

lipids made up of a glycerol molecule linked to three fatty acids

L

liter

Aneurysm

local widening of an arterial wall

olecranon process

located on proximal ulna fits into olecranon fossa (located on posterior, distal humerus)

Bicipital Tendonitis

long head of Biceps ruptures during repetitive or forceful overhead positions

Schedule 5

low abuse potential accepted medical usefullness. Refills 5x in 6 months.

Hypotension

low blood pressure

Orthostatic hypotension

low blood pressure that occurs upon standing up

pressure in pleural cavity is _ than pressure in alveoli

lower

lumbar

lower back

decubitus

lying down

recumbent

lying down

prone

lying face downward

supine

lying with the face upward

If sodium is too high

maculadensa cells release vasoconstricting chemical. Glomerular filtration goes down

If sodium is too low

maculadensa cells release vasodilating chemical that causes afferent arteriole to dilate which causes glomerular filtration to go up

magnetic resonance angiography

magnetic resonance imaging of the heart and coronary blood vessels

major functions of kidney

main site of blood filtration formation of urine controls blood pressure stabilizes blood PH water balance in the body activation of vitamin D

bronchioles

main vessel of peripheral resistance in respiratory system

What are the actions of Hormones in the body system?

maintain internal environment, Help regulate energy production and usage Exert an effect on reproduction Impact growth and development

What is the primary function of aldostrone?

maintains extracellular fluid volume

collect urine and empty it into renal pelvis

major and minor calyces

f.

make

ft.

make

McBurney's point

make a line using point on ASIS and point on umbilicus ¹/₃ from ASIS or ²/₃ from umbilicus

Gynecomastia

male breasts (usually endocrine problem)

Pathological Fractures

may be caused by benign tumors or metatastic carcinoma

MR

may repeat

MRX

may repeat__times

MMR

measles,mumps,rubella

red blood count

measures the number of red blood cells per cubic centimeter

white blood count

measures the number of white blood cells per cubic centimeter

What nerve innervates the pectoralis minor?

medial pectoral nerve

upper superficial veins

median cubital vein merges to [basilic, cephalic] veins emptying in [axillary, subclavian] vein(s)

Electrocardiograph

medical instrument that records electric currents associated with contractions of the heart

Diuretics

medications administered to increase urine secretion in order to rid the body of excess water and salt

Umbilical cord

membranous duct connecting the fetus with the placenta

palmar arch

merge of radial and ulnar arteries digital arteries to each finger

MDI

metered-dose inhaler

mcg

microgram

differential count

microscopic count of the number of each type of white blood cell, using a stained blood smear

MOM

milk of magnesia

mEq

milliequivalent

mg

milligram

ml

milliliter

mOsm

milliosmoles

MO

mineral oil

min

minute

M.

mix

Warm breasts is a sign of

more vasculature, can occur during different times of cycle or lactation, or carcinoma can recruit more blood vessels

a.m.

morning

MS

morphine sulfate

hematologist

morphology of blood and blood forming tissues and their physiology and pathway

estradiol

most abundant and active female sex hormone

oral

mouth

Embolus

moving blood clot

MVI

multivitamin

tendons

muscle to bone

Vasomotor mechanism

muscles in walls of arteriole may constrict or dilate, thus changing the diameter of the arteriole

MI

myocardial infection

NG

nasogastric

N&V

nausea and vomiting

NVD

nausea, vomiting and diarrhea

cervical

neck

accessory muscles of inspiration

neck thorax

structural and functional units of kidney

nephrons

neurologist

nervous system

Motor neurons

nervous system output side

albumin

never filtered from the blood, it is too big

noct.

night

NTG

nitroglycerin

no rep. or N.R.

no refills

NK

none known

NS

normal saline

nasal

nose

n

nostril

Secondary Infertility

not being able to conceive again after an initial success

NPO

nothing by mouth

no.

number

hepatic portal

nutrient absorption from the intestines

OB/GYN

obstetrics and gynecology

OB-GYN

obstetrics-gynecology

Embolism

occlusion of a blood vessel by an embolus (a loose clot or air bubble or other particle)

OT

occupational therapy

aa

of each

oint.

ointment

ung.

ointment

sid

once a day

ss.

one-half

secondary active transport

only happens in PCT majority of ions get absorbed in PCT

Hepatitis B

onset progresses gradually s/s loss of appetite, slight abdomen discomfort, n/v/ jaundice. INCUBATION PERIOD 60-90 DAYS. TRANSMITTED THRU SERUM

sympathetic stimulation _ bronchioles

opens - bronchiodilation

OR

operating room

OC

oral conceptive

DO

osteopathic physician--doctor of osteopathy

oz

ounce

oblique section

oval

OTC

over-the-counter

OD

overdose

Sublexing of Biceps Tendon

overloading the muscle in an abducted and laterally rotated position sublexes the tendon out of the bicipital groove

palmar

palm

Attached to the exocrine gland cells are endocrine tissues called what

pancreatic islets

Rest and Digest

parasypathetic nervous system's calming effects with lower heart rate, respirations and increased circulation to GI tract.

PPM

parts per million

quiet breathing involves

passive recoil

PPI

patient package insert

Anterior axillary line corresponds to what muscle?

pectoralis major

most accurate gender-specific bone

pelvis

PCN

penicillin

body always tries to match ventilation (airflow to lungs) with

perfusion (blood flow to lungs)

arise off of efferent arteriole

peritubular cappilaries

dorsal

pertaining to the back

cephalic

pertaining to the head or the head end of the body

ventral

pertaining to the internal organs

pathology of the foot

pes cavus: clawfoot (high medial longitudinal arch, overextension of the metatarsal--phalange joint), due to damage to the muscles or nervous system talipes equinovarus: clubfoot (congenital), due to insufficient space in the womb ples planus: (medial longitudinal arch flattended) flat feet due to excessive weight, postural abnormalities, weakened connective tissue in the foot metatarsal stress fracture: repetitive stress on foot

Pb

phenobarbital

auscultation

physical examination that consists of listening to internal sounds using a stethoscope; sounds that suggest abnormalities are often caused by dysrhythmias

physiatrist

physical restoration, rehabilitation, and maintenance

PT

physical therapy

cardiologist

physician who specializes in the treatment of patients with heart disease

O.

pint

Name the gland contributors to the endocrine system

pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands

Holter ambulatory monitor

portable electrocardiograph worn by the patient; monitors electrical activity of the heart over twenty-four-hour periods, proving useful in detecting periodic or transient abnormalities

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

possible autoimmune destruction of myelin slowing impulse conduction-S&S begin with area myelin destroyed.

pleural cavity

potential space filled with excess fluid, pus, air

Palpitation

pounding or racing heart

chart

powder

pulv.

powder

obstetrician

pregnancy, labor, and recovery

Rx (symbol)

prescription symbol

Hyperlipidemia

presence of excess lipids in the blood

orthopedist

preservation and restoration of the function of the skeletal system

atmospheric pressure

pressure exerted on you by surrounding air. 760ml at sea level

intrapulmonary pressure

pressure in the alveoli, which rises and falls during respiration, and equalizes with atmospheric pressure

aldosterone goes to

principal cells, which cause principal cells to take up more sodium

Grand Mal Seizure-Post-ictal Phase

probably the most common way EMS provider will find their seizure pt. Exhaustion Drowsiness Headache Confusion/lethargy

sphygmomanometry

procedure that measures arterial blood pressure using a device called a sphygmomanometer, which consists of an arm cuff and air pressure pump with a mercury pressure gauge

positron emission tomograpy (PET) scan

procedure that provides blood-flow images using PET-scan techniques with radioactive-isotope labeling

immunization

procedure that provides immunity against a particular antigen

attenuation

process in which pathogens are rendered less virulent, prior to their incorporation into a vaccine preparation

-tomy

process of cutting

thrombolysis

process of dissolving a blood clot

gavage

process of feeding a patient through a tube that is inserted into the nose and drops into the stomach; called a feeding tube or nasogastric tube

lymphangiography

process of x-ray photography of lymphatic vessels following injection of a contrast medium; produces an x-ray recording called a lymphangiogram

lymphadenography

process of x-ray photography of the lymph nodes following injection of a contrast medium

flow of urine

produced in renal medulla + renal cortex (renal parenchyma) -> minor calyx- major calyx -> renal pelvis -> ureter

What are the two major types of eicosanoids?

prostaglandins and leukotrienes

function of sesamoid bones

protect tendons; new sesamoid bones may develop later in life and aren't named

carpals

proximal, lateral to medial distal, lateral to medial _proximal_ scaphoid (some) lunate (lovers) triquetrum (try) pisiform (positions) _distal_ trapezium (that) trapezoid (they) capitate (can't) hamate (handle)

anterior bone of os coxae

pubis

PPD

purified protein derivative

Atrial fibrillation

rapid, random, ineffective contractions of the atrium

Ducts

receive and transport reproductive cells

Ovulation method

recording temperature using a basal thermometer

r or R

rectal

pr

rectally

Heart block

recurrent sudden attacks of unconsciousness caused by impaired conduction of the impulse that regulates the heartbeat

Hemolytic anemia

reduction in red cells due to excessive destruction

Precapillary sphincters

regulate capillary blood flow thus directing which organs and body regions are served with oxygen and nutrients under varying circumstances

What is the primary function of Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) ?

regulates cortisol's release from the adrenal cortex

Electrical synapses

related to the electrical special connections called gap junctions that allow direct transfer of information (as in cardiac muscle = intercalated discs)

What are the endocrine functions of the Pancreas?

releases insulin (beta cells of islet of Langerhans) releases glucagon (alpha cells of islet of Langerhans)

distal

remote, further from any point of reference

pheresis

removal of a donor's blood, which is then separated into blood components, with one portion retained for use and the remainder returned to the donor; includes plasmapheresis, in which plasma is used, leukapheresis, in which white blood cells are used; and plateletpheresis, in which platelets are used

lymph node dissection

removal of lymph nodes for pathological study to assist in a diagnosis; also known as lymph node biopsy

Malignant hypertension

renal failure; encephalopathy; BP >210/120 mm Hg; IV nitroprusside

renal parenchyma

renal medulla + renal cortex

where urine is produced

renal parenchyma

drains blood from kidney

renal vein

Chemical synapses

require neurotransmitters to send a signal across the synapse to the next cell in line (can excite the recieving cell or calm it down)

Torn Rotator Cuff

results from acute trauma or degeneration

a.d.

right ear

o.d.

right eye

sagittal

right from left one foot on elevator, one foot off

dextro-

right side

[left, right] common carotid arteries

run on anterior neck next to trachea

Dengua Hemorhhagic Fever

s/s- circulatory shock,increased fever, loss of appetitie, abd pain, excessive bleeding at venipuncture sites, nose and gums. Transmitted by ADED AEGYPTI MOSQUITO

Dengue Fever- (Break Bone Fever)

s/s-sudden fever, H/A, pain behind eyes, muscle pain , rash, small discolored raised spots or closely aggravated bright spots. Transmitted by AEDES MOSQUITO

sacral

sacrum

sacroiliac joint

sacrum and os coxae

dorsum of the foot

same

pelvic

same

pubic

same

upper deep veins

same name of near artery digital to [palmar, dorsal] venous arches to [ulnar, radial] veins to brachial veins to axillary vein to subclavian vein, merges into jugular vein to form brachiocephalic veins, draining into superior vena cava

sat.

saturate

SS

saturated solution

SSKI

saturated solution of potassium iodide

phoc/o

seal

What do Alpha cells within the pancreatic islets secrete? why?

secrete glucagon, it increases blood sugar

Glenohumeral Sublaxtion

seen due in CVA and hemiplegia; paralysis and gravity cause the partial dislocation

SZ

seziure

male pelvis sex ID

short pubis triangular shape ilium flares superiorly deep pelvis

SOB

shortness of breath

deltoid

shoulder

Focal Motor Seizure

simple partia Rhythmic jerking of limb and/or one side of body No loss of consciousness - pt. can describe seizure

anterior

situated at or directed toward the front

external

situated or occuring on the outside

internal

situated or occurring within or on the inside

medial

situated toward the midline

caudal

situated toward the tail

indication of cervical vertebra

small no rib facets small transverse processes has transverse foramen

local potentials

small change in charge in just one portion of a cell. (SIZE of Stimulus determines how Large the Change in Charge is) LOCAL HAS LEVELS Can add together to make an ACTION POTENTIAL.

Venules

small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins

aldosterone cuases

sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion

plantar

sole of foot

sol.

solution

Lumen

space within a tubular part or organ, such as the space within a blood vessel

keystone bone

sphenoid bone

vertebral

spinal column

purpose of vertebral foramen

spinal cord

purpose of intervertebral foramen

spinal nerves

Peripheral Nervous System

spinal nerves between vertebrae that send (sensory) information TO the Brain and (motor) information FROM the Brain

m2

square meter

boyles law

states that at a constant temp, the pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume

structures of the sternum

sternal notch sternal angle body xiphoid process

sternal

sternum

gastroenterologist

stomach/intestines and their diseases

hemostasis

stoppage of bleeding

physiology

study of function of body structures

pharmacology

study of medications and how they affect the body

immunologist

study of the body's defense system

histologist

study of the microscopic structures of the body

subc, subq, SC, or SQ

subcutaneously

SL

sublingual

tubular reabsorption

substances within filtrate move from lumen into cells to peritubular capillaries * occurs in PCT

tal.

such

tal. dos.

such doses

transverse

superior from inferior laying across elevator entrance

pelvic inlet

superior opening between the true and false pelvis

Polymastia

supernumerary breasts (more than 2) very rare

external iliac artery

supplies blood to lower limbs

internal iliac artery

supplies blood to pelvic organs

Brachiocephalic artery

supplies blood to the tissues of the upper limb and head, as its name suggests. It is the first branch from the aortic arch and rises through the mediastinum to a point near the junction of the sternum and the right clavicle. There it divides

supp.

suppository

Calcific Tendonitis

supraspinatus inflammation with mineral deposits

alveoli don't collapse because of

surfactant

vascular surgery

surgery of the blood vessels

thoracic surgery

surgery of the chest cavity

gastrostomy

surgical creation of a new opening into the stomach; a popular form is called percutaneous endogastric gastrostomy, in which a gastrostomy is made through the skin (percutaneously) with an endoscope to determine where to position a feeding tube in the stomach and to secure it in place

pericardiostomy

surgical creation of an opening in the pericardial sac, usually to relieve pressure that results from pericarditis or cardiac tamponade

colostomy

surgical creation of an opening into the colon by way of the abdominal wall, which establishes an artificial anus; may be temporary or permanent as a treatment for cancer, obstructions, or ulcerative colitis

vagotomy

surgical dissection of branches of the vagus nerve, which innervates much of the GI tract; performed to reduce gastric juice secretion to treat chronic gastric ulcers

polypectomy

surgical excision of a polyp

hemicolectomy

surgical excision of approximately one-half of the colon

hemorrhoidectomy

surgical excision of hemorrhoids

uvulectomy

surgical excision of the uvula

splenopexy

surgical fixation of the spleen

ileostomy

surgical opening through the abdominal wall and into the ileum to establish a secondary anus for the passage of feces

coronary artery bypass graft

surgical procedure in which a blood vessel is removed from another part of the body and inserted in the coronary circulation to bypass blood flow around an occluded (blocked) coronary artery

abdominocentesis

surgical puncture through the abdominal wall to remove fluid; also called paracentesis

endarterectomy

surgical removal of a fatty plaque or a blood clot from the interior of an artery

atherectomy

surgical removal of a fatty plaque within a blood vessel using a specialized rotary knife and a catheter (a flexible tube)

embolectomy

surgical removal of a floating blood clot, or embolus

aneurysmectomy

surgical removal of an aneurysm

gastrectomy

surgical removal of any part of the stomach or, in extreme cases, the entire organ

gingivectomy

surgical removal of diseased tissue in the gums

hemorrhoidectomy

surgical removal of hemorrhoids

abdominoperineal resection

surgical removal of the colon and rectum that includes entry through both the abdomen and perineum (the area in front of the anus); includes a colostomy and is performed to treat colorectal cancer and severe IBD

appendectomy

surgical removal, or excision, of the appendix

valvuloplasty

surgical repair of a heart valve; if repair is not possible, a valve replacement may be required using an artificial valve or a porcine (pig) valve

herniorrhaphy

surgical repair of a hernia

abdominoplasty

surgical repair of the abdomen

anoplasty

surgical repair of the anus

palatoplasty

surgical repair of the palate, usually as a treatment for cleft palate, an inherited defect

pyloroplasty

surgical repair of the pylorus region of the stomach or of the pyloric valve

uvulopalatopharyngoplasty

surgical repair of uvula, palate, and pharynx; usually performed to correct obstructive sleep apnea

cranial

surrounding the brain

susp.

suspension

most common [accessory, supernumerary] bones

sutural AKA Wormian bones in the skull (small, flat bones trapped within sutures of the skull)

angiorrhaphy

suturing a blood vessel to close an incision

cheilorrhaphy

suturing of the lip

glossorrhaphy

suturing of the tongue

the lungs are innervated by

sympathetic motor fibers, parasympathetic motor fibers, and visceral sensory fibers

Fight or Flight

sympathetic nervous system response to fear or confrontation related to adrenaline/epinephrine rush and increased heart rate, respirations.

syr.

syrup

tbsp.

tablespoon

tab

tablet

Rotator cuff tear

tearing of muscle or tendon within rotator cuff (subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor)

tsp.

teaspoonful

Chemical Name

tells the chemical and molecular structure

temp

temperature

thickest bone in the human body

temporal bone

Spinal block (as with childbirth)

temporary anesthetic into the subarachnoid space that causes rapid loss of sensory and motor activity below the injection

Anterior Shoulder Dislocation

tends to be caused by a forced shoulder abduction and lateral rotation

myocardial radionuclide perfusion scan

test in which blood flow (perfusion) to cardiac cells is monitored following injection of an isotope; the test may be performed while the patient is under stress or at rest

blood chemistry

test or series of tests on blood samples to measure the levels of particular components (glucose, albumin, cholesterol, etc.)

hemoglobin

test that measures the level of hemoglobin in red blood cells (in grams)

hematocrit

test that measures the percentage of red blood cells in a volume of blood; obtained from centrifuging a sample of blood to separate blood cells

blood culture

test to determine infection in the blood by placing a blood sample on a nutritive media in an effort to grow populations of bacteria for analysis

What is the main hormone produced by the testes

testosterone

TAC

tetracaine, adrenalin, and cocaine

TCN

tetracycline

compliance

the ability of lungs to stretch

flexion

the act of bending or the condition of being bent

What are the two regions of the adrenal glands

the adrenal cortex & the adrenal medulla

expiratory reserve volume

the amount of air that can be evacuated form the lungs after tidal expiration

inspiratory reserve volume

the amount of air that can be forcibly inspired beyond the tidal volume

tidal volume

the amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs with each breathe during quiet breathing

residual volume

the amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximal forced expiration

Tropic hormones are hormones produced and secreted from where

the anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)

Diastolic pressure

the blood pressure (as measured by a sphygmomanometer) after the contraction of the heart while the chambers of the heart refill with blood

Systolic pressure

the blood pressure (as measured by a sphygmomanometer) during the contraction of the left ventricle of the heart

Internal carotid artery

the branch of the carotid artery that supplies blood to the brain and eyes and internal parts of the head

External carotid artery

the branch of the carotid artery that supplies blood to the face and tongue and external parts of the head

functional residual capacity

the combined residual volume and expiratory reserve volume, and represents the amount of air that remains in the lungs after a tidal expiration

action potential

the completion of a cell's process of depolarization and repolarization

Systole

the contraction of the chambers of the heart (especially the ventricles) to drive blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery

Ductus venosus

the fetal structure that allows most of the blood to bypass the liver and to flow from the umbilical vein to the vena cava

airway resistance

the friction encountered by air in the airways; gas flow is reduced as airway resistance increases

hematology

the general field of medicine that focuses on blood-related disease; one who specializes in this field is a hematologist

Epicardium

the innermost of the two layers of the pericardium

Endocardium

the membrane that lines the cavities of the heart and forms part of the heart valves

extension

the movement bringing the members of a limb or toward a straight condition

Autonomic Nervous System

the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its Sympathetic division STIMULATES; its parasympathetic division calms

intrapleural pressure

the pressure in the pleural cavity. Rises and falls during respiration, is always 4mm Hg less than intrapulmonary pressure

What are hormones?

the primary source of communication within the body system, produced by glands

Depolarization

the process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive; loss of polarity or polarization

renal tubule beings at the glomerular capsule as

the proximal convulted tubule - loop of henle - distal convoluted tubule - collecting duct

Ventricular fibrillation

the rapid, irregular, and useless contractions of the ventricles

renal pyramids constitute

the renal medulla

QRS complex

the second wave on the EKG that begins as a downward deflection, continues as a large, upright, triangular wave, and ends as a downward wave; represents rapid ventricular depolarization

lub

the sound of the heartbeat when the valves between chambers close and the ventricles contract, which means that blood is pumped out of the ventricles and enters the atria.

immunology

the study concerned with immunity and allergy

physiology

the study of body function

total lung capacity

the sum of all lung volumes. Max volume to which the lungs can be expanded with greatest possible inspiration

inspiratory capacity

the sum of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume, and represents the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration

T wave

the third, dome-shaped upward deflection of the EKG that represents ventricular repolarization, and occurs just as the ventricles begin to relax

Placenta

the vascular structure in the uterus of most mammals providing oxygen and nutrients for and transferring wastes from the developing fetus

Stroke Volume

the volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each heartbeat

Diastole

the widening of the chambers of the heart between two contractions when the chambers fill with blood

What do the exocrine glands within the pancreas do

they are arranged in clusters and produce digestive enzymes which flow within the GI tract

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

they are attached to the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

What is the function of both prostaglandins and leukotrienes?

they help in mediating the inflammatory response

What do estrogens do within the body

they regulate menstrual cycle, maintain pregnancy, & prepare for lactation

What do Beta cells within the pancreatic islets do?

they secrete insulin (lowers blood sugar)

Where are the adrenal glands located

they sit right above the kidneys

femoral

thigh

tid

three times a day

twi

three times a week

Most of the thyroid gland is composed of sperical grouped cells called what

thyroid follicles

X

times

tr.

tincture

anterior

to the front of, in relation to another structure

hyperkalemia

too much potassium. Can cause death. Hyperkalemia triggers aldosterone which causes potassium secretion

top

topically

Occlusion

total blockage

TPN

total parenteral nutrition

proximal

toward the center or median line, the point of attachment or origin

lateral

toward the side of the body

autologous transfusion

transfusion of blood donated by a patient for personal use; this is a common procedure before a surgery to avoid potential incompatibility or contamination

homologous transfusion

transfusion of blood that is voluntarily donated by another person; requires blood-type matching, known as crossmatching, to prevent incompatibility

universal features of C#, T#, L#

transverse and spinous processes body lamina pedicle vertebral foramen

DCAP-BTLS

trauma Assessment

psychiatrist

treatment and prevention of mental illness

thrombolytic therapy

treatments that dissolve blood clots, or thrombi, using drugs such as streptokinase or tissue plasminogen activator; this treatment is often applied within six hours of an MI--if possible--and has been credited with saving many lives

TCA

tricyclic antidepressant

TMP/SMX

trimethoprim-sulfamethoxizole

types of ribs

true false false floating

true or false: bones are organs

true, all systems in the body are composed of organs categorized according to their shapes

Surgical methods

tubal ligation & vasectomy

oncologist

tumors cancer

bid

twice a day

biw

twice a week

What type of steroid hormones does the ovaries produce

two estrogens (estradiol & estrone), progesterone, relaxin, and inhibin

T&C

type and cross match

echocardiography

ultrasound procedure in which sound waves are directed through the heart to evaluate heart anomalies--the recorded date is called an echocardiogram; if performed during exercise to identify heart conditions, the procedure is called a stress echocardiogram

Doppler sonography

ultrasound procedure that evaluates blood flow in an effort to determine the cause of a localized reduction in blood flow

UV

ultraviolet

subarachnoid space

under the arachnoid mater and above the pia mater in the cerebrospinal fluid cushion

Paradoxical

uneven

U or u

units

anatomic position

universal frame of reference erect on the plantar surface, facing forward with palms supinated

ana-

up

ad

up to

URI

upper respiratory infection

UA

urinalysis

urologist

urinary system in females and the genitourinary system in males

UUN

urine urea nitrogen

angioscopy

use of a flexible fiberoptic instrument, or endoscope, to observe a diseased blood vessel in order to assess the lesion and decide upon a mode of treatment; the procedure also includes use of a camera, video recorder, and monitor

radiologist

use of x-rays, radioactive substances and other forms of radiant energy in diagnosis and treatment of disease

proximal

used to describe a structure on the same appendage which is closer to the core in relation to another structure

distal

used to describe a structure on the same appendage which is further from the core in relation to another structure

respiratory volumes and specific combinations of volumes (respiratory capacities)

used to gain info about a person's respiratory status

pv

vaginally

Right atrioventricular valve

valve with three cusps, tricuspid valve

2nd set of capillaries coming off of efferent arterioles only in juxtamedullary nephrons

vasa recta

varicose veins

venous valve leakage leads to pooling of blood susceptible occupations: anyone standing for prolonged periods of time (stress to valves)

On the head of the rib, there are two articulating surfaces that articulate with what?

vertebrae

bones of the thoracic column

vertebrae sternum ribs

DVM

veterinarian--doctor of veterinary medicine

2 layers to bowmans capsule

visceral layer - podocytes parietal layer

GI endoscopy

visual examination of the GI tract using an endoscope, which includes a camera, fiber optics, and a long flexible tube

laparoscopy

visual examination of the abdominal cavity with a laparoscope; often replaces open abdominal surgery (laparotomy) when an invasive procedure should be avoided

colonoscopy

visual examination of the colon using a colonoscope

esophagoscopy

visual examination of the esophagus with an esophagoscope, a specialized form of endoscope

esophagogastroduodenoscopy

visual examination of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum with an endoscope

proctoscopy

visual examination of the rectum with a proctoscope, a specialized type of endoscope

sigmoidoscopy

visual examination of the sigmoid colon with a sigmoidoscope, a specialized type of endoscope

gastroscopy

visual examination of the stomach with a gastroscrope, a specialized type of endoscope

nuclear medicine imaging of the heart

visualization of the heart following administration of radioactive isotopes to aid in diagnosis

VS

vital signs

vol.

volume

aq.

water

Guillian-Barre syndrome (GBS)

weakness and ascending paralysis of the limbs, face, and diaphragm relating to an autoimmune attack on myelin and/or axons in the PNS

wk.

week

What is positive feedback system? Give an example

when a hormone output reinforces and encourages the stimulus. Child Birth

What is negative feedback system

when a hormone output reverses a particular stimulus (they counter act one another)

p.r.n.

when required or as needed

anatomical dead space

where air is conducted but no gas exchange occurs. It is always 150ml in anatomical dead space.

alveoli

where gas exchange occurs

w.a. or WA

while awake

WBC

white blood cell count

female pelvis sex ID

wide pubis rectangular shape ilium flares laterally shallow pelvis (quicker route for fetus)

Sig.

wite on label

c.

with

w/

with

s or s

without

w/o

without

carpal

wrist

cholangiogram

x-ray image of the bile ducts between the liver, gallbladder, and duodenum

cholecystogram

x-ray image of the gallbladder; used to confirm diagnosis of cholelithiasis

y.o.

year old

you might need a Cesarian section if

your pelvic outlet isn't large enough

Off- Line Medical Direction

your protocols: Standard orders

ZnO

zinc oxide

structural organization of the human body

{atoms < molecules} < [cells] < tissues < organs < organ systems < organism {chemical level} [first living level, functional unit of body]

number of bones in the human body

~206

Carbon Monoxide

"Silent Killer" - it is odorless and colorless Sources: Motor vehicles Space heaters Poorly maintained chimneys Inadequate ventilation Anything above 10 parts per million is considered unsafe.

What is the adrenal cortex

"inner membrane" - makes up 80-90% of gland

Neuroglia

"nerve glue"; many types of cells that support, insulate, and protect neurons

Long Term Complications of Both- Diabetes

#1 Cause of blindness in people between the ages of 20-74 Kidney disease (10%) Amputations - 45% of all non-traumatic leg and foot amputations Heart disease and stroke

five categories of bones

#1 long #2 short #3 flat #4 irregular #5 sesamoid

skeletal system function

#1 provide protection #2 provide support and form for body #3 storage site for calcium, phosphorus and other minerals #4 hemopoiesis #5 attachment for skeletal muscle to aid in locomotion and leverage

POLIO

(POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS INFECTION) 99% have mild GI or Respiratory illness 1%develop the paralytic form. The virus killed the motor neurons in the ventral horn of the spinal column, so movement is stopped, but sensation continues since sensory neurons were unaffected. Post-polio syndrom (PPS) is progressive weakness decades after the paralytic form.

Cerebral Vascular Accident

(Stroke) A neurological impairment caused by disruption of blood supply to a portion of the brain - an artery becomes blocked or ruptures two different types of stroke Ischemic Hemorrhagic

Epidermal Dendritic Cells

(aka Langerhans Cells) Macrophages from the immune response In Stratum spinosum

Tactile Cells

(aka Merkel Cells) Sensory receptors In Stratum Basale

Clavicular fractures

(children) clavicle breaks mid portion; from fall on outstretched hand or lateral side of shoulder

Humeral Neck Fractures

(elderly) from fall on outstretched hand; impacted fracture

What are the Paranasal sinuses?

(sinuses) are four groups of air filled cavities in the skull. Sinuses lighten the head and act as resonance chambers for sound. Sinuses are named for the bones near which they are located.

trabeculae

(small beam) scaffold-like structures which provide support and ample space for bone marrow increase supported weight, increase compact bone thickness

Where will you normally find the appendix?

- 2/3 are retrocecal - 1/3 are pelvic

What is the major functions of the pectoralis minor?

- Depress shoulder - Accessory muscle to inspiration by raising the rib cage

What is 2 major movements of pectoralis major?

- adducts the arm - some medial rotation of arm

blood vessels (3)

- arteries - capillaries - veins

aortic arch branches

- brachiocephalic artery - left common carotid artery - left subclavian artery

bones covered with hyaline cartilage!

- capitulum (lateral humerus, sits on radial head) - trochlea (medial humerus, rotates in the trochlear notch) - acetabulum (lateral pubis, articulates with head of femur) - talus (forms a joint with the tibia)

What are the 3 origins of the pectoralis major?

- clavicle - sternum - ribs

What are the 2 heads of the pectoralis major?

- clavicular - sternocostal (sternum and ribs)

superficial

- closer to the surface in relation to another structure - is on the outside or surface

Where does the pectoralis minor attach?

- coracoid process of scapula and down to ribs 2-5

general bone structures

- epiphyseal line - articular cartilage - spongy bone - proximal epiphysis - red bone marrow - compact bone - medullary cavity - yellow bone marrow - periosteum - diaphysis - proximal and distal epiphysis

deep

- further from the surface in relation to another structure - is inside or underneath

medial longitudinal, lateral longitudinal and transverse arches

- help support weight of body - prevent compression of blood vesses and nerves on the plantar surface of the foot

pelvis

- ilium - ischium - pubis (most anterior bone of the pelvis)

true pelvis

- inferior to pelvic brim - forms deep bowl containing pelvic organs

bunion development and progression

- inflammation of the tissues surrounding the joint - progresses to involve ligaments, tendons and bursae - irreversible bone spurs

Primary -Amenorrhea

- lack of menstruation prior to 16 years old

What nerves innervate the pectoralis major?

- lateral pectoral nerve supplies upper part - medial pectoral nerve supplies lower part

The rectum is complete covered by _____________. It is lined by _________. It has 3 ___________ which help support feces.

- longitudinal (tenia coli mergence) - smooth mucosa - semicircular rectal valves/folds

What are some physical findings on breast exam?

- lump - dimpling - retracted nipple - peau d'orange - warmth/redness - less mobile

bunion

- occurs between metatarsal I and first proximal phalanx - due to snug shoes

fibrocartilaginous structures

- pubic symphasis (high pressure, may separate during childbirth) - menisci of the knee

extension

- return to anatomic position - posterior to anatomic position

brachiocephalic artery branches

- right common carotid artery - right subclavian artery ∴ there is no brachiocephalic artery on the left side of the aortic arch

The sigmoid colon has a very long _________ which causes what kind of complication?

- sigmoid mesocolon - volvulus (rotation of gut on its mesentery which can lead to strangulation of the tissue) usually have to surgically remove

capillaries

- smallest blood vessels - where gas exchange occurs - composed of tunica intima only

false pelvis

- space between the ala of the ilium bones - superior to pelvic brim - contains the lower abdominal organs

SITS (rotator cuff)

- superspinatus - infraspinatus - teres minor - subscapularis

What fuses at the rectum to form a complete muscle layer over rectum? Where else do they converge?

- the 3 tenia coli longitudinal muscles - appendix

Primary Infertility

- the inability to conceive after 1 year of "trying"

The neurovascular bundle located in the shoulder includes

- thoracoacromial artery - thoracoacromial vein - lateral pectoral nerve

vessel anatomy

- tunica interna - tunica media - tunica externa

appendicular skeleton

- upper and lower limbs - bones holding limbs to trunk

phocomelia

- upper limb reduced in size, resembling a seal flipper - environmental abnormality from medication, such as thalidomide

pelvic outlet

- where the baby comes out - inferior opening to the pelvic cavity - boundaries: pubis, ischial spine(s), coccyx

Pregnancy

-Begins with sperm fertilizing an egg and ends with birth -Lasts about 38-40 weeks -Includes implantation, embryonic growth, fetal growth -Most opportune time for fertilization is 24 hours after female's body temp rise during ovulation -Hormones: high during pregnancy -Corpus luteum produces hormones until placenta takes over -High hormones during pregnancy suppress FSH prevents development of follicles

Phsychotherapeutic Agents Tranquilizers/Mood Modifiers

-Chloropromazine HCL (Thorazine) -Thiorizadine (Mellaril) -Prochlorperiznine (Compazine) -Haloperidol (Haldol) Lithium (Eskalith, Lithune) -Amitriptyline HCL (Elavil) -Chlordiazapoxide HCL (Librium) Hydro Xizine HCL (Vistrail) Diazepam (Valium) Flurazepam (Dalmine)

Ovulation Phase

-Day 14 of cycle -Follicle ruptures releasing egg

Menses Phase

-Days 1-5 of cycle -Corpus luteum degenerates -Female hormone production stops

Secretory Phase

-Days 14-28 of cycle -Glandular activity declines -Uterine cycle ends as the corpus luteum stops producing hormones

Proliferative Phase

-Days 6-13 of cycle -Ovaries contain undeveloped ovarian follicles -FSH causes follicle to develop -Uterus thickens

Estrogen

-Decreases loss of calcium from the bone -Controls fluid and electrolyte balance -Increase protein synthesis -Decreases cholesterol production

Progesterone

-Developing endometrium -Decreases motility of uterus -Develops secretory portion of breast during pregnancy -Minimal effect in suppressing ovulation

Prostate

-Doughnut-shaped gland -Surrounds ejaculatory ducts just below the bladder -Secretes thin, milk-colored fluid that makes 30% of seminal fluid volume -Activates sperm to maintain mobility -Helps neutralize acidity of vaginal tract

Ovulation Phase

-Egg passes into fallopian tube -Body temp increases 0.4-0.6 degrees Fahrenheit -Ovary pain

Menses Phase

-Endometrial lining sloughs off -Menstruation begins -New follicle in ovary starts to develop

Penis

-External male sex organ -Spongy, erectile tissue -Disposal of urine -Transfer sperm during intercourse

Fallopian Tubes

-Funnel shaped tubes -"Connect" the ovaries to the uterus -Transport ova from ovaries to the uterus

Progesterone

-Involved in menstrual cycle, pregnancy, embryogenesis -Produced in ovaries, placenta, corpus luteum -Preparing/maintaining female body for pregnancy

Secretory Phase

-LH causes follicle to become corpus luteum that produces estrogen and progesterone -Secretory activities peak around day 26

Uterus

-Lies behind bladder in front of bowel -Two portions, Upper: body ,Lower: cervix -Accepts fertilized egg -Provides structural support bladder, bowel, pelvic bones

Vagina

-Located between bladder and rectum -Distendable tube -Extends from vaginal opening to the uterus -Consists of smooth muscle -Provides path for menstrual blood to leave body -Channel through which the baby moves out of mother -Location of intercourse

Ovaries

-Located in lower abdomen on either side of uterus just below the opening to the fallopian tubes -Resemble large almonds in size and shape -Produce, store, and release eggs -Produce estrogen and progesterone

Cervix

-Lower portion of uterus -Located at top end of vagina -Allow flow of menstrual blood from uterus into vagina -Directs sperm into uterus

Testes

-Male gonads -Located in scrotum -Produces sperm & testosterone -Promote and maintain development of male reproductive organs

Androgen

-Male sex hormone -Produced by testes -Stimulates development of male sex organs and secondary male sex characteristics -Accelerates growth at puberty -Increases protein synthesis -Decreases protein breakdown

Vas Deferens

-Muscular tube that passes alongside testicles fromepididymus into abdominal cavity -Transport sperm in anticipation of ejaculation

what controls blood flow into the lungs (PERFUSION)

-O2 levels in alveoli (high o2 in lungs means increase in perfusion )

Menopause

-Ovaries become less responsive to GnRH stimulation -Estrogen/progesterone production decline Symptoms -Hot flashes, sweating, headache, hair loss, vaginal dryness, depression, weight gain, mood swings -Associated with Osteoporosis

Cowper's Gland

-Pea-sized exocrine gland -Located below prostate gland -Contributes 5% of seminal fluid volume -Secretions provide lubrication in preparation for sex

Seminal Vesicles

-Pouch-like glands attached to vas deferens -Located to the side of the bladder -Secretes significant proportion of fluid that becomes semen

Scrotum

-Pouch-like structure -Contains epididymis & testes -Located outside pelvis and base of penis -Keeps temperature of testes cooler than body temp

Estrogen

-Produces female secondary sex characteristics -Stimulates uterine lining development and mammary glands -Stimulates development of uterus, vagina, fallopian tubes -Accelerates growth at puberty -Enhances blood coagulation

Cold Relief Preparations

-Pseudophedrine HCL (Sudafed) -Pseudophedrine HCL and Triprolidine HCL (Actifed) -Phenypropanolamine/Gusifensin (Entex-LA)

Uterine cycle, "menstrual cycle"

-Repeating series of changes in structure of endometrium -Average 28 days Divided in 4 phases Menses Proliferative Ovulation Secretory

MELATONIN -who produces it? -what does it do?

-The pineal gland - maintains the biological clock (sleep)

THYMOSIN -who produces it? -what does it do?

-The thymus gland -promotes growth and development of Tcells

Epididymis

-Tightly coiled mass of tubes -Connect testes & vas deferens -Sperm mature & develop ability to move/swim

Menarche

-Uterine cycle begins at puberty typically around 11-12 -Ends at menopause typically around 45-55

FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH) -who produces it? -what does it do?

-adenhypophysis -in males - produces sperm, in females- maturation of the egg

THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH) -who produces it? -what does it do?

-adenohypophysis -causes the thyroid gland to release hormones: calcitonin, t3 & t4

ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC (ACTH) -who produces it? -what does it do?

-adenohypophysis -release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal gland

PROLACTIN (PRL) -who produces it? -what does it do?

-anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) -mammory tissue 2 produce milk

GROWTH HORMONE (GH) -who produces it? -what does it do?

-anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) -protein synthesis for growth

what controls bronchiole's smooth muscle

-autonomic nerve fibers -local factors (co2 concentration)

MINERALOCORTICOIDS -where are they produced? -what is their function? -what is the major hormone in this group?

-in the adrenal cortex - regulates the concentration of sodium and pottasium in the blood - Aldesterone

GLUCOCORTICOIDS -where are they produced? -what is their function? -what is the major hormone in this group?

-in the adrenal cortex -influence glucose metabolism/ raise blood sugar by break down of proteins and fats -Cortisol

ANDROGENS -what are they? -where are they produced?

-masculinizing sex hormones -produced in the adrenal cortex *** have little effect in men, but promote libido in women

OXYTOCIN (OT) -who produces it? -what does it do?

-neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) -causes uterus to contract during labor && release of milk during nursing

ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH) -who produces it? -what does it do?

-neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) -prevents water loss in kidneys

PROGESTERONE -what does it do? -who produces it?

-prepares the uterus lining for a fertilized sperm -the ovaries

CALCITONIN -is produced by... -what is its main function

-produced by the parathyroid glands - when it is secreted, it lowers blood calcium levels

Gonads

-reproductive organs that produce reproductive cells and hormones -Perineal structures "external genitalia"

OXYTOCIN what is the target? what does it stimulate? what is its function?

-targets smooth muscle in the uterus and breasts -stimulates uterine contraction (birth) && "milk letdown" in the breasts -helps prepare the womans body for labor/delivery and then milk production for breast feeding

ADH what is the target? what does it simulate? what is its function?

-targets the ducts in the kidneys & sweat glands in the skin -stimulates these organs to minimize water loss -it is used as an anti-diaretic (fluid retention)

factors which can influence rate of gas exchange across the respiratory membrane

-thickness of respiratory membrane (ex: pulmonary edema means increase in thickness) -surface area available for gas exchange

when filtrate moves through tubular system 2 processes go on

-tubular reabsorption -tubular secretion

Antidiarrheals

...

NORMALLY, A LOSS OF APPROX ____ OF THE PERSON'S BLOOD VOLUME WILL CREATE A LIFE-THREATENING CONDITION.

1 LITER

Activated Charcoal-Dosage

1 gm/kg of patient body weight Usual adult dose: 25 to 50 grams Usual child dose: 12.5 to 25 grams The guideline is generally <2 hours from the time the substance was ingested

VIRAL HEMORRHAGIC FEVERS ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO?

1% BLEACH SOLUTION

fetal circulation

1) O₂ transferred from placenta to umbilical vein (oxygenated) 2) ductus venosus shunts blood from liver 3) foramen ovale (fossa ovalis post-birth) shunts blood from right atrium to left atrium 4) ductus arteriosus (filled with connective tissue in adult) shunts blood from pulmonary trunk to aorta 5) umbilical arteries branch off internal iliac arteries, carrying deoxygenated blood back to placenta

What are the axillary lines?

1) anterior axillary line 2) mid-axillary line 3) posterior axillary line

What 3 things articulate with the manibrium?

1) clavicle 2) cartilage of first rib 3) cartilage of second rib

3 parts of the sternum

1) manibrium 2) body 3) xiphoid

What are the lines of reference for thoracic cavity?

1) mid-sternal (jugular notch to belly button) 2) mid-clavicuar 3) subcostal (runs horizontal and lines up underneath ribcage)

What are the posterior reference lines?

1) scapular lines 2) posterior median line

Salter Harris epiphyseal plate injuries

1-5 grade from growth plate injuries

Which ribs have cartilage that attach to the sternum?

1-7

True ribs?

1-7 (attach to sternum)

What happens during Internal respiration?

1. Also called tissue respiration. 2. Gas exchange between blood and tissues. 3. O2 diffuses from the blood into the cells, 4. CO2 diffuses from the cells into the blood

What happens during Inspirations?

1. Diaphragm contracts and descends into abdominal cavity to increase size of thoracic cavity. 2. Sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor and external intercostals contract to rais ribs and chest, 3. Air is drawn into lungs

What happens during Expiration?

1. Diaphragm relaxes and ascends toward thoracic cavity to decrease its size 2. This expels air back into the atmosphere