1ST PART
Spider Bites- steps
1. If stinger present, remove it. a. Scrape stinger out; e.g., with edge of card. b. Avoid using tweezers or forceps as these can squeeze venom from the venom sac into the wound. 2. Wash area gently. 3. Remove jewelry from injured area before swelling begins, if possible. 4. Place injection site slightly below the level of the patient's heart 5. Contact Medical Control
What are the two phases of Pulmonary ventilation?
1. Inspiration or inhalation. 2. Expiration or exhalation
What are the adverse effects that can occur with high or prolonged gluococorticoid medications?
1. Stimulates Gluconeogenesis & inhibit insulin production which causes hyperglycemia 2.Immuniosuppressant-greater risk for infection, 3.delays wound healing, 4. myopathy (due to gluconeogenesis) 5.Mood affected 6.Decreased bone formation-resorption of Ca 7. Risk for gastric ulcers
What happens during external respiration?
1. also called pulmonary respiration, 2. Gas exchange in lungs between blood and air in alveoli, 3. O2 diffuses from air, through alveolar wall. 4. O2 binds to hemoglobin to be transported to cells throughout the body. 5. CO2 diffuses from blood into the air, and is the exhaled.
List the processes in which the Endocrine system controlls and/ or regulates within the human body.
1. balances the composition and colume of body fluids 2. reulates metabolism and energy production 3. directs the rate and timing of growth and development 4. exerts emergency control during physical and mental stress (ie. trauma, starvation, hemorrhage)
Hormones are regulated by:
1. signals from the nervous system 2. chemical changes in the blood 3. other hormones
WHEN CUTTING SUTURES, WHAT IS THE MAXIMUM ACCEPTABLE LENGTH FOR THE TAILS TO BE?
1/16 INCH
HOW LONG DO YOU WAIT AFTER GIVING THE FIRST MARK 1 KIT BEFORE GIVING ANOTHER IN A PATIENT WITH MODERATE SYMPTOMS?
10 TO 15 MIN
WHAT IS THE USUAL DOSE OF MORPHINE FOR ADULT PATIENTS IN SEVERE PAIN?
10-20 MG
Floating ribs
11-12
How many thoracic vertebrae?
12
Class A Balance
120 mg to 120 g
appendicular skeletal system
126 bones in the appendages (upper and lower limbs, pelvic and pectoral limb girdles)
WHEN PERFORMING A NEEDLE CHEST DECOMPRESSION, WHAT IS THE PREFERRED SIZE OF NEEDLE REQUIRED TO ADEQUATLEY DECOMPRESS THE CHEST?
14 GAUGE
HOW MANY ADDITIONAL ATMOSPHERES OF PRESSURE ARE APPLIED AT A DEPTH OF 33 FEET IN SEA WATER?
14.7
WHEN ESTABLISHING A HELICOPTER LANDING SITE, THE GROUND SLOPE CAN BE NO MORE THAN____DEGREES.
15
How many times do adults breath a minute?
15-20 times per minute
APPROXIMATELY HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE FOR DEATH TO OCCUR FROM MASSIVE HEMMORRHAGE?
2 MINUTES
Angina Pectoris 2
2.Following an angina attack there is no residual damage to the myocardium
THE EFFECTIVE LIFE OF AN OXYGEN BREATHING APPARATUS (OBA) IS?
20-45 MINUTES
Diabetic Ketoacidosis2
2Cells cannot burn sugar; patient experiences hunger (polyphagia) Cells burn fat as alternative fuel Acidic ketone bodies produced Patient tries to correct acidosis; exhales CO2 Rapid, deep breathing (Kussmaul respirations) Exhaled ketone bodies produce nail-polish remover or "fruity"/sweet breath odor
Symptoms - AMI2
2Chest Pain Unrelieved by rest/nitroglycerin Pain lasts longer than angina pain (up to 12 hours) "Silent" MI 15% of patients with MI, particularly common in elderly and diabetics http://www.thedoctorstv.com/main/show_synopsis/180?section=synopsis
Unmodifiable Risk Factors2
2Race African-Americans have more than twice the risk of death & disability Generally have a greater number of risk factors smoking, high blood pressure, sickle cell anemia, diabetes
FOR SEVERE NERVE AGENT SYMPTOMS GIVE HOW MANY MARK 1 KITS IN A ROW?
3
WHAT SIZE BANDAGE IS USED FOR APPLYING A ROLLER BANDAGE TO THE ANKLE OR FOOT?
3 INCHES
Failed Chest
3 or more rib bones broken in 2 or more places
Meninges
3 protective membrane layers for CNS: Dura mater (Duralble,Distant outer layer) Arachnoid mater ( MIDDLE, wispy, collagen & elastin fibers that resemble a Spider Web) PiA mater (Ajoins, Attached to Neural tissue and contains blood vessels to serve the brain and spinal cord.
Spinal nerves
31 segments each with a pair of spinal nerves named for the corresponding vertebrae. (Begins at foramen magnum to L2 the conus medullaris)
How many total vertebrae?
33
Unmodifiable Risk Factors3
3Prior Stroke risk is highest within the first 30 days after a stroke 5. Heredity risk is greater for people with a family history of stroke
Symptoms - AMI3
3Shortness of breath Weakness, dizziness, syncope Nausea, vomiting Pallor and diaphoresis (heavy sweating)
How many coccyx vertebrae?
4
WHAT MOPP LEVEL AFFORDS THE MOST PROTECTION?
4
Malaria
4 types- FALCIPARUM MALARIA, most serious s/s- jaundice, blood coagulation defects, shock, renal failure, liver failure and disorientation, deirium. Transmitted by BITE FROM INFECTED ANOPHELES FEMALE MOSQUITO
A LETHAL FULL BODY DOSE OF RADIATION IS?
4-5 REM
HOW MANY STAGES OF EXTRICATION ARE THERE?
5
How many lumbar vertebrae?
5
How many sacral vertebrae?
5
WHAT IS THE MAXIMUM TIME AMOUNT OF TIME ALLOWED FOR CONTINUOUS SUCTIONING OF AN INFANT'S AIRWAY?
5 SECONDS
DECONTAMINATION OF BLISTER AGENTS WITHIN TWO MINUTES WILL REDUCE THE TOXIC EFFECTS BY?
50%
Cardiovascular Disease
63,400,000 Americans have one or more forms of heart or blood vessel disease 50% of all deaths are cardiovascular disease
Class B Balance
648 mg and up
How many cervical vertebrae?
7
HOW MANY HOURS AFTER THE LAST DOSE DOES NARCOTIC WITHDRAW NORMALLY PEAK?
72 HOURS
False ribs?
8-10 (attach to 7th rib cartilage)
axial skeletal system
80 bones found in the main axis of the body (skull, mandible, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, hyoid)
Blood Glucose Readings
80-120 mg/dl Normal 60-80 mg/dl Moderate hypoglycemia Below 50 mg/dl Severe hypoglycemia Above 140 mg/dl Hyperglycemia Question results that are inconsistent with patient's condition.
IF A PATIENT IS HYPOTENSIVE THEN THE SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE IS BELOW WHAT?
90
Alcohol Intoxication Signs
A CNS Depressant Signs of Intoxication Breath odor Swaying, unsteadiness Slurred speech Nausea, vomiting Flushed face Drowsiness Violent, erratic behavior
Anaphylaxis
A LIFE-THREATENING allergic reaction which causes shock (hypoperfusion) and airway swelling
Bundle of His (AV bundle)
A band of atypical cardiac muscle fibers with few contractile units. It arises from the distal part of the AV node and extends across the AV groove to the top of the intraventricular septum, where it divides into the bundle branches.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
A basis emergency produced for life support, consisting of artificial respiration and manual external cardiac massage. It is used in cases of cardiac arrest to establish effective circulation and ventilation to prevent irreversible cerebral damage resulting from anoxia. External cardiac massage compresses the heart between the lower sternum and the thoracic vertebral column. During compressions, blood is forced into systemic and pulmonary circulation, and venous blood refills the heart when the compression is released. Mouth-to-mouth breathing or a mechanical form of ventilation is used concomitantly with CPR to oxygenate the blood being pumped through the circulatory system.
Capillary beds
A capillary network.
Sudden Death
A cardiac arrest that occurs within 2 hours of onset of symptoms. Nearly 25% of these have no previous history of cardiac problems
Gunstock deformity
A carrying angle of less than the 5 to 15 degrees valgus angulation
Stener lesion
A complication of UCL injury to the thumb in which the adductor aponeurosis gets caught between the ruptured ends of the ligament and prevents healing
Plaque
A deposit of fatty material on the inner lining of an arterial wall
Pericardium
A fibroserous sac that surrounds the heart and the roots of the great vessels. It consists of the serous pericardium and the fibrous pericardium. The serous pericardium consists of the parietal layer, which lines the inside of the fibrous pericardium, and the visceral layer, which adheres to the surface of the heart. Between the two layers is the pericardial space containing a few drops of pericardial fluid, which lubricates opposing surfaces of the space and allows the heart to move easily during contraction. The fibrous pericardium, which constitutes the outermost sac and is composed of tough, white fibrous tissue lined by the parietal layer of the serous pericardium, fits loosely around the heart and attaches to large blood vessels emerging from the top of the heart but not to the heart itself. It is relatively inelastic and protects the heart and the serous membranes.
Vaginal yeast infection
A fungal infection involving the vagina/ vulva
Right subclavian artery
A large artery that arises from the brachiocephalic artery. It has several important branches: the axillary,vertebral thoracic, and internal thoracic arteries and the cervical and costo-cervical trunks, which perfuse the right side of the upper body.
Latex
A latex allergy is a reaction to a material on or contained in latex. Mild Acute Redness Itching, burning, and tingling Mild Chronic Dry, cracked and scaly skin No way to predict how serious reactions will develop. Severe (Urticaria/asthma/anaphylaxis) Immediate (0-30 minutes) with spread to areas remote to site contact (respiratory distress to anaphylaxis)
Chronic prostatitis
A long term inflammation in the prostate gland
Dysmenorrhea
A menstrual disorder characterized by painful menstruation Achy, dull, or sharp pain that may radiate to the lower back
What is a goblet cell?
A mucus-secreting epithelial cell that distends with mucin before secretion and collapses to a goblet shape after secretion.
Angina pectoris
A paroxysmal thoracic pain caused most often by myocardial anoxia as a result of atherosclerosis or spasm of the coronary arteries. The pain usually radiates along the neck, jaw, and shoulder and down the inner aspect of the left arm. It is frequently accompanied by a feeling of suffocation and impending death.
Actual Consent
A patient actually giving you permission to treat them
McBurney point
A point one third of the distance between the ASIS and umbilicus. Indicates appendicitis
Toxins
A poison produced by a living organism
Contraindication
A reason why you WOULDN'T do something
Sinoatrial (SA) node
A region of specialized cardiac muscle cells in the right atrium of the heart that initiate the impules of heart contraction; for this reason the SA node is knownas the 'pacemaker' of the heart.
Ventricles
A small cavity, such as the right and left ventricles of the heart; the two lower chambers of the heart, and they pump blood out to the lungs and body.
Snapping hip syndrome
A snapping sensation either heard or felt during motion of the hip
Acute prostatitis
A sudden inflammation in the prostate gland caused by bacteria
Myocardium
A thick contractile middle layer of uniquely constructed and arranged muscle cells that forms the bulk of the heart wall. Contains a minimum of other tissue, except blood vessels, and is covered interiorly by the endocardium. The contractile tissue of the myocardium is composed of fibers with the characteristic cross-striations of muscular tissue. The fibers are about one third as large in diameter as those of skeletal muscle and contain more sarcoplasm. They branch frequently and are interconnected to forma network that is continuous, except where the bundles and the laminae are attached at their origins and insertions into the fibrous trigone of the heart. Most of the myocardial fibers function to contract the heart.
Jones fracture
A transverse stress fracture of the proximal fifth metatarsal
Aortic valve
A valve in the heart between the left ventricle and the aorta. It is composed of three semilunar cusps that close in diastole to prevent blood from flowing back into the left ventricle from the aorta.
Atrioventricular valves
A valve in the heart through which blood flows from the atria to the ventricles. The valve between the left atrium an the left ventricle is the mitral (bicuspid) valve; the right valve is the tricuspid valve.
What is a Yawn?
A yawn is a very deep inhalation initiated by opening the mouth wide. Some researchers believe that yawning is triggered by the need to increase the oxygen content and decrease carbon dioxide in the blood or as a result of drowsiness, boredom. or depression, but the precise cause is unknown.
ACETABUL/O
ACETABULUM (HIP SOCKET)
Unhappy triad
ACL, MCL, and medial meniscus injury
What is another way to for the body to obtain aldostrone?
ACTH has a brief weak effect on releasing aldosterone
Name the two hormones released by the neurohypophysis
ADH & oxytocin
What are the two posterior pituitary gland hormones?
ADH and oxytocin
Cardiovascular Agents
AFFECT CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
DISINFECTANTS
AGENTS USED IN INANIMATE OBJECTS
WHY IS THE SPICA OR FIGURE EIGHT BANDAGE USED AROUND THE ELBOW?
ALLOWS FOR MOVEMENT WHILE HOLDING A COMPRESS
MILLER BOARD STRETCHER
ALLOWS PASSAGE THROUGH HATCHES AND CROWDED PASSAGEWAYS
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS A TRUE STATEMENT CONCERNING OROPHARYNGEAL AIRWAYS?
AN AIRWAY OF PROPER SIZE IS MEASURED FROM THE TIP OF THE EARLOBE TO THE CORNER OF THE MOUTH
A PATIENT CAN BE CERTIFIED DECONTAMINATED FROM A RADIOLOGICAL INCIDENT WITH?
AN/VDR 2
MALLEOLUS
ANKLE
PUBIS
ANTERIOR PART OF THE PELVIC BONE
Antifectives
ANTIBACTERIAL
Expectorants/Antitussives
ASSIST IN REMOVAL OF SECRETIONS/INHIBIT OR SUPRESS COUGHING
A MARK 1 KIT CONSISTS OF?
ATROPINE AND 2-PAM CL
Cheyne-Stokes respirations
Abnormal breathing pattern of hyperpnea and apnea
Amenorrhea
Absence of menstruation or missed periods for either 3 cycles or six months
Activated Charcoal
Absorbs toxin; prevents absorption by GI tract
Human papilloma virus (genital warts)
Accounts for most cases of cervical cancers
Hair Growth
Active Phase (2-5 Years) Dormant Phase (3-4 Months) grows 2 mm a week
Cardiovascular Disease
Acute Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack) - leading cause of death in U.S. 1.5 million Americans will have AMI's this year Of these .5 million will die! 350,000 will die in first 2 hours!
Cholera
Acute bacteria intestinal infection. s/s- sudden vomiting, watery stools, dehydration. Transmitted by CONTAMINATED WATER WITH EXCRETITIONS OF PATIENTS
Chicken Pox/Herpes Zoster
Acute generalized viral disease w/sudden onset. s/s- begins w/maculopapular rash and rapidly progress to characteristic vescicles Transmitted by DIRECT CONTACT
Influenza
Acute viral disease involving thru UR TRACT. s/s- fever, chiills, H/A, muscular pain, exhaustion, acute rhinitis, sore throat, cough recovery 2-7 days. TRANSMITTED AIRBORNE
Frozen shoulder
Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder
Unmodifiable Risk Factors
Age Single most important risk factor in patients past 55 2. Gender Men are at greater risk; however, more women live past the age of 65, and more women past 65 die from strokes than men
Young's Rule
Age in Years/Age+12 x Adult Dose= Child's Dose
What is respiratory diaphragm?
Airtight seal between thoracic and abdominal cavities and is the main muscle of respiration.
Baldness
Alopecia (hair loss) Diffuse Hair loss Male Pattern baldness is a dominant gene in males
What is the Pharynx?
Also called the throat muscular tube about 5 in. long, shared by the respiratory and digestive tracts
Signs and Symptoms Associated with Poisoning/Overdose
Altered Mental Status (AMS) Abdominal Pain Chemical burns around the mouth Unusual breath odor History of prior ingestion Nausea Vomiting Diarrhea
Activated Charcoal-Contraindications
Altered mental status Inabilit to swallow Ingestion of acids or alkalis Does not bind Alcohol Petroleum products Metals (iron)
What is the the anatomy of the respiratory system?
Alveoli, Bronchi, bronchioles, larynx, lungs, nasal cavity, nose pharynx, respiratory diaphragm, trachea
ABMS
American Board of Medical Specialties
ACP
American College of Physicians
ACS
American College of Surgeons
AOA
American Osteopathic Association
enzyme
An __________ is a type of protein that speeds up the rate of chemical reaction in your body.
Thrombus
An aggregation of platelets, fibrin, clotting factors, and the cellular elements of the blood attached to the interior wall of a vein or artery, sometimes occluding the lumen of the vessel.
Atrioventricular (AV) node
An area of specialized cardiac muscle that receives the cardiac impulse from the sinoartrial node and conducts it to the AV bundle and then to the Purkinje fibers and walls of the ventricles. The node is located in the septal wall between the right and left atria.
Left subclavian artery
An artery, divided into three parts, that arises from the aortic arch to supply the vertebral column, spinal cord, ear, and brain.
Allergic Reaction
An exaggerated reaction by the body's immune system to any substance
Maisonneuve fracture
An external rotation injury of the ankle with an associate fracture of the proximal third of the fibula
Vulvovaginitis
An infection or inflammation of the vagina/ vulva
Blow-out injury
An injury occurring from a hard blow to the chest while the glottis is closed, which results in rupturing of the alveoli
SLAP lesion
An injury to the superior labrum that typically begins posterior and ends anterior
Parietal pericardium
An outer layer of the serous pericardium that is not in direct contact with the heart muscle.
Angina Pectoris
Angere - to choke Myocardial oxygen demand exceeds supply during periods of increased activity, exercise, or stressful event The muscle becomes starved for oxygen, causing pain
Bunionette (Tailor's bunion)
Angulation of fifth metatarsophalangeal joint
Spondylosis
Ankylosis of vertebra
Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome
Anterior shin pain often termed shin splints
Cephalosporins
Antimicrobial agents of fungal origin
Poisons
Any substance that can harm the body
TIAs - Transient Ischemic Attack
Approximately 25% of patients presenting with a stroke have had a previous TIA Treatment options include Carotid Endarterectomy Antiplatelet (ASA) Anticoagulants (Coumadin)
Hypodermis (subcutaneous)
Areolar and adipose CT Anchors skin to underlying structures Allows skin to slide freely Thicker in Women than in men NOT considered part of the Integument
Chondral fracture
Articular cartilage fracture
Chondral ankle fracture
Articular cartilage fracture in ankle
Chrondromalacia
Articular cartilage softening
Generalized Seizure Management- After seizure ends
Assess ABC's Protect airway with positioning & suction. If cyanotic, ventilate with oxygen/BVM. Treat injuries. Transport.
AVPU
Assess medical status
Receiving chambers
Atria are often called receiving chambers because blood enters the heart through veins that open into these upper cavities.
Injected Poisons
Attempt to slow absorption Dependent position Splinting of injected body part Don't use Cold packs - May worsen local injury by concentrating poison
What type of hormone is local and binds to itself after secretion?
Autocrine hormone
Klenbock disease
Avascular necrosis of the lunate
Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease
Avascular necrosis of the proximal epiphysis
Freiberg disease
Avascular necrosis to the second metatarsal head in some adolescents
Axillary nerve contusion
Axillary nerve bruise
Where does the cephalic vein dump into?
Axillary vein (goes through clavipectoral fascia to get there)
VERTEBRA
BACKBONE
WHAT ARE THE 3 TYPES OF BIOLOGICAL AGENTS?
BACTERIA, VIRUSES, TOXINS, AND FUNGUS
WHAT ANTIDOTE IS USED FOR LEWISITE?
BAL
WHEN BANDAGING AN EYE WITH AN IMPALED FOREIGN OBJECT, WHAT SHOULD BE DONE?
BANDAGE BOTH EYES
BIO 171 focus: [gross, microscopic]- and [systemic, regional]-anatomy
BIO 171 focus: gross- and systemic-anatomy
Emollients
BLAND/FATTY SUBSTANCES APPLIED TO SKIN TO MAKE PLIABLE -Coacoa Butter (Theobroma Oil) -Hydrous wool fat (Lanolin -Petrolatum (Petrolium Jelly) -Zinc Oxide Ointment
H, HD, AND HN ARE WHAT TYPE OF CHEMICAL AGENTS?
BLISTER
SYMPTOMS OF MUSTARD AGENT CONTACT ARE?
BLISTERS
OSTE/O
BONE
MYEL/O
BONE MARROW
STERNUM
BREASTBONE
vitamins
Bacteria live in your large intestine and make __________ from undigested food.
Hemorrhage
Bleeding
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Bleeding within the skill
Hemorrhage
Bleeding; blood leaks out of the closed system
Occlusion
Blockage
Tetracycline
Blocking formation iof poly peptides used in protein synthesis
Thrombus
Blood clot of debris from plaque
Discharging chambers
Blood is pumped from the heart into arteries that exit from the ventricles; therefore, the ventricles are sometimes referred to as the discharging chambers of the heart.
Varicose veins
Blood pools causing enlargement
Sphygmomanometer
Blood pressure cuff guage
Subungal hematoma
Blood under fingernail or toenail
Cyanosis ( Cyanotic)
Bluish/ gray skin color de to lack of oxygen
Type II Diabetes - Warning Signs
Blurred vision Numbness in legs and arms Slow healing of cuts and bruises Sleepy
Glucose
Body's basic form of energy Required as fuel for cellular metabolism Brain's need for glucose parallels its demand for oxygen
Crepitus
Bone ends rubbing together
Exostosis
Bony outgrowth from surface
Tackler's exostosis (Blocker's exostosis)
Bony outgrowth on anterolateral humerus
Heel spur
Bony outgrowth on plantar surface of calcaneus
Xiphoid Process
Bottom of the sternum- can brake off with CPR
Central Nervous System
Brain and Spinal cord
Pelvic fracture
Break among any of all bones of the pelvis
Vertebral fracture
Break in a vertebra
Fibula fracture
Break to fibula
Atelectasis
Breaking down of alveoli
Fracture
Broken bone
Talar dome fracture
Broken dome of the talus resulting from significant inversion or eversion sprains
Femur fracture
Broken femur
Metatarsal fracture
Broken metatarsal bone
Scapular fracture
Broken scapula
Tarsal fracture
Broken tarsal bone
Tibial fracture
Broken tibia
Tibial fracture
Broken tibia bone
Humeral fracture
Broken upper arm
Contusion
Bruise
Fat pad contusion
Bruise of infrapatellar fat pad
Radial nerve contusion
Bruise of radial nerve
Quadriceps contusion
Bruise of the quadriceps muscles
Ulnar nerve contusion
Bruise of ulnar nerve
Iliac crest contusion (Hip pointer)
Bruise to iliac crest and attaching musculature
Ecchymosis
Bruising
Long thoraci nerve contusion
Bruising of long thoracic nerve
Peroneal nerve contusion
Brusie to peroneal nerve behind fibula
Arteriosclerosis
Build up of plaque causing walls to become stiff/inelastic - hardening of the arteries
CALCANE/O
CALCANEUS (HEEL)
CALC/O, CALCI/O
CALCIUM
CLAVICUL/O
CALVICLE (COLLAR BONE)
WHAT ARE THE 3 PHASES OF TACTICAL COMBAT CARE (TCCC)
CARE UNDER FIRE, TACTICAL FIELD CARE, AND TACTICAL EVACUATION CARE
WHAT ARE THE PHASES OF CARE OF PATIENT EN ROUTE?
CARE UNDER FIRE, TACTICAL FIELD CARE, TACTICAL EVACUATION CARE
CARP/O
CARPALS (WRIST BONES)
Astringents
CAUSE SHRINCAGE OF MUCUS/SKIN MEMBRANES -Aluminum Acitate Topical Solution (Burrow's Solution) -Calamine Lotion
WHEN APPLYING AID FOR ANIMAL BITES, WHAT SHOULD YOU NEVER DO?
CAUTERIZE AREAS THAT ARE BLEEDING TO AID IN TRANSPORT.
AN INTERRUPTION OF ARTERIAL BLOOD FLOW TO THE BRAIN IS BEST DESCRIBED AS A
CERBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT (STROKE)
WHAT AGENT SMELLS LIKE NEW MOWN HAY?
CG
IN CARING FOR DRUG-INTOXICATED PERSONS, THE HM SHOULD PERFORM WHAT ACTIONS AS THE FIRST PRIORITY?
CHECK FOR AN ADEQUATE AIRWAY
Congestive Heart Failure
CHF; heart can not pump strongly enough; blood back-up; edema
WHICH COLD INJURY IS A MILD COLD INJURY THAT HAPPENS FROM PROLONGED EXPOSURE IN TEMPERATURES ABOVE FREEZING TO AS HIGH AS 60 DEGREES F
CHILBLAIN
COPD
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASES
CLAVICLE
COLLAR BONE
WHAT ARE THE STAGES OF SHOCK?
COMPENSATED, DECOMPENSATED, AND IRREVERSIBLE
Vasoconstrictors
CONSTRICTION OF BLOOD VESSELS. INCREASE B/P -Epinephrine (Adrenalin, Sus-Phrine) -Tetrahydrozaline HCL (Visine) -Phenylephedrine HCL (Neo-Synephrine) -Oxymetazoline HCL (Afrin)
Hemostatics
CONTROL EXTERNAL BLEEDING BY FORMING A CLOT
Autonomic Drugs
CONTROLS AUTONOMIC FUNCTIONS OF THE BODY -Parasym Pathiec Drugs -Neostigmine Methyl Sulfate (Prostigmin) -Bethanechol Chloride (Urecholine Duvoid) -Atropine Sulfate (Obtained from Belladonna)
Antacids
COUNTERACT HYPERACIDITY IN STOMACHE -Magnesium Hydroxide (Milk Of Magnesia USP) -Aluminum Hydroxide Gel (Ampho Jel) -Alumina and Magnesia Oral Suspension (Maalox) -Alumina, Magnesia and Simethicone Oral Suspension (Mylanta, Gelusil) -Magaldrate (Riopan)
CRANI/O
CRANIUM (SKULL)
What causes the release of cortisol?
CRH is released from hypothalamus-->ACTH released from anterior pituitary--->cortisol is released from adrenal cortex
IN CASES OF AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION FROM SEVER GLOTTIC EDEMA, WHAT PROCEDURE MAY BE NECESSARY?
CRICOTHYROIDOTOMY
SCOLI/O
CROOKED, BENT (LATERAL CURVATURE
LORD/O
CUREVE, SWAYBACK (ANTERIOR CURVATURE IN THE LUMBAR REGION)
Stroke
CVA; caused by pressure on structure
CIGARETTE SMOKING
Can cause accelerated atherosclerosis and increased blood pressure Cessation of cigarette smoking reduces risk of stroke
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Can lead to the development of AIDS
Adhesive capsulitis
Capsular adhesions, most commonly in shoulder
What can cause nipple retraction?
Carcinoma involvement of mammary ducts can cause the ducts to shorten and retract
Medical Emergencies
Caused by a acute or sudden deterioration in a chronic illness. They make themselves known to the patient in the form of pain, dyspnea, nausea, dizziness, etc.
Ischemic Stroke
Caused by a clot occluding a blood vessel in the brain Slow onset of symptoms Account for approximately 75% of strokes Rarely immediately fatal Cause classic stoke signs/symptoms
Wrinkles
Caused by age and UV exposure Decreased Flexibility and thickness of dermis
Genital herpes
Caused by the herpes simplex virus, has no cure
Hemorrhagic Stroke
Caused by the rupture of a cerebral artery, causing bleeding on the surface of the brain, or directly in the brain tissue itself Rapid onset of symptoms Severity depends on location and size Often fatal at onset
Syphilis
Causes genital ulcers or sores, and can lead to death if left untreated
Arrector Pili Muscle
Causes hair to stand on end
Altered Mental Status
Causes of Altered Mental Status Hypoglycemia Poisoning (including alcohol & drugs) Infection Head trauma Hypoxia
Testosterone
Causes terminal hair to be replaced by vellus hair
Felon
Cellulitis of the finger
Cervical strain
Cervical muscle/tendon stretch or tear
Spear tackler's spine
Cervical spine is placed at risk for serious injury due to excessive axial loading with spear-tackling
Steps for Epinephrine
Check medication name, expiration date, clarity of solution Remove safety cap. Place the tip of the auto-injector on the side of the thigh, between the hip and the knee. Push firmly against the leg until the auto-injector activates, and hold for at least 10seconds, or until all the medication is injected. Properly dispose of auto-injector, and record time.
Symptoms - AMI
Chest Pain - cardinal sign of myocardial infarction Occurs in 85% of MI's Retrosternal "Crushing," "squeezing," "tight," "heavy" May radiate to arms, shoulders, jaw, upper back, upper abdomen May vary in intensity
Angina
Chest pain
Assessment of Patient- stroke
Chief Complaint Initial Assessment Assess and support airway, breathing, circulation History of present illness follow "Altered Mental Status" history "Onset of Symptoms" very important Cincinnati Stroke Assessment
Syrup of Ipecac- Dose
Children = 15 cc orally Adults = 30 cc orally Repeat once after 20 minutes as needed Be sure patient has H20 in stomach Should not be given at same time as activated charcoal
DC
Chiropractor
Impingement syndrome
Chronic shoulder pain within subacromial space and bursa
Forearm splints
Chronic strain to the forearm muscles
What did the Comprehensive Drug Abouse Provention and Controlled Act of 1970 provide for drugs?
Classifications for drug abuse POTENTIAL. Divided in to "Schedules."
Thrombophlebitis
Clot causes inflammation
Emboli
Clot of debris that breaks loose and occludes (blocks) smaller vessels
Alcohol
Clouds signs, symptoms Complicates assessment Head trauma, diabetes, drug toxicity, CNS infection can mimic EtOH intoxication and vice versa Patient is NEVER "just drunk" until all other possibilities are excluded
Silver fork deformity
Colle fracture
Dead arm syndrome
Common sensation felt with recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation
Pelvic stress fracture
Complete break of a bone within pelvis
Achilles tendon rupture
Complete or incomplete tear of Achilles tendon
Plantaris muscle rupture
Complete or incomplete tear of plantaris tendon; tennis leg
Thoracic outlet syndrome
Compression of brachial plexus and subclavian artery
Thoracic outlet compression syndrome
Compression of neurovascular bundle in neck and shoulder
Nerve root compression (Radiculopathy)
Compression of peripheral nerve at intervertebral foramen
Bowler's thumb
Compression of the digital nerve on the medial aspect of the thumb, leading to paresthesia in the thumb
Raynaud disease
Condition characterized by intermittent bilateral attacks of ischemia of the fingers or toes, marked by severe pallor, numbness and pain
Asthma
Condition where bronchioles constrict and fill with mucus making breathing difficult
Emphysema
Condition where the alveoli lose their elasticity and die off creating space in the lung tissue making it difficult to exhale
Chronic Bronchitis
Condition where the bronchioles become infected, and remain infected causing frequent signs and symptoms of respiratory problems
Ingested Poisons
Conduct a thorough patient assessment Remove pills, tablets or fragments with gloves from patient's mouth, as needed, without injuring oneself. Consult medical direction. If directed administer activated charcoal to absorb the poison. DO NOT make the person vomit! Prevent absorption of toxin from GI tract into bloodstream Activated charcoal Syrup of Ipecac Bring all containers, bottles, labels, etc. of poison agents to receiving facility
Apocrine Glands
Confined to auxillary, nipple, anal and genital areas; produce viscous sweat
Signs and Symptoms-stroke
Confusion Rapid, bounding pulse Dizziness Difficulty breathing Impaired Speech - Aphasia - patients knows what he/she wants to say but words come out wrong Nausea Vomiting
Hemangioma
Congenital Anomaly Port-wine stains
Marfan syndrome
Connective tissue disorder
Patient Care-Stroke2
Conscious Patient: Reassure the patient. Administer high concentration oxygen. Transport in semi-fowlers position. Unconscious patient: Provide high concentration oxygen. Transport in the recovery position - lay them on the affected side.
Implied Consent
Consent given when a patient is unconscious
TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK (TIA)
Considered a TIA when the S/S of the stroke go away within 24 hours - commonly referred to as a "mini-stroke" TIA is the most important forecaster of brain infarction 5% develop actual CVA's within 30 days
Hip pointer
Contusions of the iliac crest
What are the hormones of the Adrenal Cortex?
Cortico-STEROIDS: Mineral corticoids-Aldosterone (primary) Glucocorticoids-cortisol Sex hormones-androgen & estrogen
What are Modified Respiratory Air Movement?
Coughing, Sneezing, Crying, Snoring, Hiccups, Yawning, Laughing
Terminal
Course hair on the head and pubic regions; men's facial hair
# of coccyx vertebrae
Co₄,₅ fused
# of cervical vertebrae
C₇
PRIORITY V
DEAD
THE FIRST PROIRITY FOR FIRST AID FOR A CHEMICAL AGENT PATIENT IS
DECONTAMINATE EXPOSED SKIN
Anticoagulant
DELAY OR PREVENT BLOOD CLOTTING
PRIORITY II (NON TACTICAL)
DELAYED, INJURIES ARE DEBILITATING BUT WHO DO NOT REQUIRE IMMEDIATE MANAGEMENT TO SALVAGE LIFE OR LIMB. EX: LONG BONE FRACTURE
THE VICTIM OF A SCORPION STING MAY SAFELY BE GIVEN ANY OF THE FOLLOWING PHARMACEUTICALS EXCEPT?
DEMEROL OR MORPHINE(CALCIUMGLUCONATE AND VALIUM ARE APPROPRIATE)
WHICH TYPE OF SUTURE MATERIAL IS BEST USED FOR SURFACE CLOSURES AND CASUE VERY LITTLE TISSUE REACTION?
DERMALON (NYLON)
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS IS CONSIDERED A LATE SIGN OF A HEMOTHORAX?
DEVIATED TRACHEA
Vasodilators
DILATION OF BLOOD VESSELS. DECREASE B/P -Amyl Nitrate -Nitroglycerin (Nitrostat, Nitro-Bid) -Isosorbide Sinitrate (Isordil, Sorbitride) -Pyridamole (Pergentine) Procainamide HCL (Pronestyl Procan SR)
WHEN DECONTAMINATING PERSONNEL CONTAMINATED FROM A HAZMAT SITUATION, THE MOST FREQUENTLY APPROPRIATE METHOD OF DECONTAMINATION IS?
DILUTION
Absorbents
DRUGS WICH ATTACH TO ANOTHER SUBSTANCE TO ITS SURFACE -Activated Charcoal USP
THE USUAL TREATMENT FOR CHEMICAL BURNS IS TO FLUSH WITH COPIOUS AMOUNTS OF WATER. THE TWO EXCEPTIONS TO THIS RULE ARE IN THE CASE OF WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING CHEMICALS?
DRY LIME AND CARBOLIC ACID
Type I Diabetes - Treatment
Daily insulin injection Syringe Insulin pump Insulin controls; no cures
Median nerve palsy
Damage to median nerve usually in carpal tunnel
Radial nerve palsy (Wrist drop)
Damage to radial nerve usually from midhumerus fracture
Bankart lesion
Damage to the anterior lip of the glenoid
Syrup of Ipecac-Contraindications
Decreased level of consciousness Seizing or has seized Caustic poison (acids or alkalis) Petroleum based products
Signs & Symptoms- With a SEVERE allergic reaction
Decreasing mental status Signs and symptoms of shock (hypoperfusion) or respiratory distress
Hill-Sachs lesion
Defect on the posterior aspect of the articular cartilage of the humeral head
Raccoon eyes
Delayed discoloration around the eyes from skull fracture
Coronary circulation
Delivery of oxygen and removal of waste product from the myocardium (heart muscle)
Generic Name
Derived from chemical name. Common name of drug.
Penicillin
Derived from pencillium molds, inhibit cell wall synthesis
Progesterone DRUGS
Desogestrel Drospirenone Ethynodiol Levonorgestrel Norethindrone Norgestimate Norgestrel
Type II Diabetes - Treatment
Diet Oral medications: Diabeta, Diabinese, Dymelor, Glucotrol, Micronase, Orinase, Tolinase, Glucophage, Glyburide Insulin injections as disease progresses
Dyspnea
Difficulty or painful breathing
Midhumeral Fracures
Direct blow or twisting forces
Battle sign
Discoloration behind the ear due to a basilar skull fracture
Embolism
Dislodged blood clot traveling and becoming wedged
Reye syndrome
Disorder in kids following acute illness that may result in coma and increased intracranial hypertension
Ankle dislocation
Displacement of one or more bones in the ankle
Management of Cardiac Chest Pain DONTS
Do not walk patient to the ambulance Do not use lights/siren if patient is awake, alert, breathing without distress Monitor vital signs every 5 minutes The purpose of NTG is to dilate the coronary arteries and increase the amount of oxygen getting to the myocardium
D.C
Doctor of Chiropractic Medicine
D.D.S.
Doctor of Dental Surgery
M.D.
Doctor of Medicine
O.D.
Doctor of Optometry
D.O.
Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
D.P.M.
Doctor of Podiatric Medicine
Ph.D.
Doctor of Psychology
NINDS RECOMMENDATIONS
Door to doctor 10 Minutes Door to CT completion 25 Minutes Door to CT read 45 Minutes Door to treatment 60 Minutes
Sulfonamides
EFFECTIVE GRAM +/- ORGANISMS SYNTHETICALLY PRODUCED
OLECRANON
ELBOW
-BLAST
EMBRYONIC OR IMMATURE CELL
PRIORITY IV (NON TACTICAL)
EXPECTANT, INJURIES SO SEVERE THAT THEY HAVE ONLY MINIMAL CHANCE OF SURVIVAL EX: 90% FULL THICKNESS BURN
NERVE AGENTS ENTER THE BODY THROUGH WHAT AREA?
EYES, SKIN, RESPIRATORY TRACT
Myositis ossificans
Ectopic calcification of muscle
Aminoglycosides
Effective against most grams +/- share chemical, andimicrobial, pharmacologic toxin characteristics
Elbow dislocation
Elbow joint displacement
This type of gland secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream
Endocrine glands
What type of hormone is secreted into interstitual fluid and then absorbed into the bloodstream?
Endocrine hormone
Androgen Blockers
Endometriosis Prostate Cancer Breast Cancer Inhibits hypothalamic secretion of GnRH
Tarsal tunnel syndrome
Entrapped posterior tibial nerve along medial malleolus
Common causes of allergic reactions
Environmental (Dogs, Cats, Molds) Plants (Poison Ivy, Poison Oak) Foods ( Peanuts, and Shellfish) Insect Stings (Bees, Wasps) Medications
Tennis elbow
Epicondylitis of extensor/supinator muscles lateral condyle
Regions of Skin
Epidermis Dermis Hypodermis
Medications
Epinephrine Auto-injector Generic - epinephrine Trade - adrenaline Dose Adult - one adult auto-injector (0.3mg) Child/Infant - one child/infant auto-injector (0.15mg) Action Dilation of bronchioles Constriction of blood vessels Improves perfusion
Congestive Heart Failure
Excessive fluid build-up in the lungs and/or other organs and body parts. CHF = Inability of heart to pump blood out as fast as it enters. May be left-sided, right-sided, or both.
What is the physiology of respiratory system?
Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, olfaction, sense of smell, speech, homeostasis
This type of gland secretes their production into ducts
Exocrine glands (ie pores, hair follicle, sweat glands)
Alcohol Addicts
Experience alcohol withdrawal syndrome if they reduce intake: Restlessness, tremors Hallucinations Seizures Delirium tremens--all of above plus tachycardia, nausea, vomiting, hypertension, elevated body temperature
Ape hand deformity
Extension of the thumb and alignment in the same plane as the fingers
LAXATIVES
FACILITATE PASSAGE/ELIMINATION OF FECES
INJURIES RESULTING FROM A NUCLEAR EXPLOSION ARE TREATED DIFFERENTLY.
FALSE
WITHDRWAL FROM BARBITURATES IS LESS LIFE THREATENING THAN NARCATIC WITHDRAWAL.
FALSE
HETASTARCH IS A SUBSTITUTE FOR BLOOD PLASMA AND HAS OXYGEN CARRYING CAPABILITIES.
FALSE (USED TO PREVENT SHOCK. IT IS USED TO INCREASE BLOOD VOLUME TO MOVE O2 IN THE BODY)
FEMOR/O
FEMUR (THIGH BONE)
FIBUL/O
FIBULA (SMALLER LOWER LEG)
Antihistamine
FIGHTS HISTAIMINE FOUND IN TISSUE -Diphenhydramine HCL (Benadryl) -Chlorpheniamine Maleate (Chlor-Trimeton) -Meclizine HCL (Andivet-Bonine) -Dimenhydrinate (Dramamine)
PHALANGES
FINGER AND TOE BONES
A PERSON MAY DISPLAY WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING SIGN AFTER USING A HALLUCINOGENIC DRUG?
FLUSHED FACE
WHAT IS A BARTON BANDAGE USED FOR?
FRACTURES OF THE LOWER JAW
An example of positive feedback for hormonal regulation is:
FSH FSH released---> follicle development in ovaries---> estradiol secreted by follicle ---> FSH release ---> continues until follicle ruptures
Laxatives
Facilitate passage/elimination of feces.
Hyperglycemia- Causes
Failure to take insulin Overeating, eating wrong diet Stress (fever, infection, emotional stress) New-onset diabetics usually present with an episode of hyperglycemia
True or False Water soluble hormones require a protein carrier to help transport the hormone.
False. Lipid Soluble hormones
True or False T4 is the more active hormone out of the two
False. T3 is more active
lipids
Fats are also called __________.
unsaturated
Fats are classified as __________ if they have any double bonds.
saturated
Fats are classified as __________ if they have no double bonds.
Hip dislocation
Femoral acetabular joint displacement
Dupuytren contracture
Fibrosis of the palmar fascia with flexion deformity of the fourth and fifth digits
Languo
Fine Downy Hair on the fetus
Vellus
Fine hair on the arms and legs
Finger dislocations
Finger joint displacement at DIP, PIP, or MCP
Frigid Ridges
Fingerprints Formed by large folds and valleys of the dernal papillae and epidermis Patterns are well formed by the 4th month of fetal development
Monophasic
Fixed dose ratio of estrogen and progesterone throughout cycle
Coach finger
Fixed flexion deformity resulting from dislocation at the PIP joint
Pes planus
Flat longitudinal arch; pliable foot
Hammer toe
Flexion deformity of DIP
accessory
Food does not pass through the __________ organs which include the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
peristalsis
Food moves through your digestive system by waves of muscle contractions called __________.
Metatarsals
Foot bones
Thrombosis
Formation of a blood clot
Hemoglobin
Found in Blood, causes pink hue in Caucasian skin
Carotene
Found in plants; yellow to orange pigment
Osteochondral ankle fracture
Fracture extending from cartilaginous surface into bony matrix
Colle fracture
Fracture involving a displaced radius 1.5 in. from the wrist
Jones fracture
Fracture of base of fifth metatarsal
Barton fracture
Fracture of distal radius
Galeazzi fracture
Fracture of distal radius with subluxation or dislocation of distal radioulnar joint
Boxer's fracture
Fracture of the fifth metacarpal
Hamate fracture
Fracture of the hamate (carpal bone)
Patella fracture
Fracture of the kneecap
Pott fracture
Fracture of the lower part of the fibula and of the malleolus of the tibia, with lateral displacement of the foot
Blow-out fracture
Fracture of the orbital floor occuring as a result of a sudden increase in orbital pressure from a direct blow to the eye
Little Leaguer's shoulder
Fracture of the proximal humeral growth plate
Osteochondral fracture
Fracture to joint cartilage and underlying bone
Nightstick fracture
Fracture to the ulna due to a direct blow
Bennett fracture
Fracture-dislocation to the proximal end of the first metacarpal at the carpal-metacarpal joint
Type I Diabetes- Warning Signs
Frequent urination and unusual thirst Extreme hunger Rapid weight loss Tire easily, weak and fatigued Irritability Nausea
Iliotibial (IT) band syndrome
Friction of IT band over lateral femoral epicondyle
What are the four groups of sinuses?
Frontal sinuses, Spenodial sinuses, Ethmodidal sinuses, and Maxillary sinuses.
Coronary Arteries
Furnish the myocardium with oxygenated blood
WHAT TYPE OF RADIATION IS SOMETIMES CALLED PENETRATING RADIATION
GAMMA
M8 CHEMICAL DETECTION PAPER TURNS WHAT COLOR WHEN IT COMES INTO CONTACT WITH VX?
GREEN
Skier's thumb
Gamekeeper's thumb
Agonal
Gasping, dying breaths
Suspected Poisoning 1st Steps in Emergency Care
Gather information. Try to determine: What? How much? How long ago? Patient's estimated weight Length of exposure Patient interventions? Underlying illness?
Patient Care-Stroke
Goals for EMS providers: Rapid recognition of stroke signs/symptoms Support of vital functions Rapid transport to an appropriate facility Pre-arrival notification of receiving hospital
Seizure Types
Grand mal (Tonic Clonic) Petit mal (absence) Focal motor (simple partial) Psychomotor (complex partial)
anatomy
Greek derivation means "cut up"; the study of structure
Chordae tendinae
Group of string-like structures that attach the atrioventricular valves to the wall of the heart.
METACARPALS
HAND BONES
WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON CONDITION CAUSED BY WORKING OR EXCERCISING IN HOT ENVIRONMENTS?
HEAT EXHAUSTION
CALCANEUS
HEEL
Schedule 2
HIGH abuse poetntial with accepted medical. usefullnes. abuse leads to moderate dependance. refill 5x in 6 months
TARSALS
HIND FOOT BONES
ACETABULUM
HIP SOCKET
HUMER/O
HUMERUS (UPPER ARM BONE)
KYPH/O
HUMPBACK, HUNCHBACK
DURING A PATIENT ASSESMENT THE HM NOTICES THAT THE PATIENT SEEMS TO HAVE A FRUITY BREATH ODOR, THE HM SUSPECTS THE PATIENT IS SUFFERING FROM
HYPERGLYCEMIA
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF STIMULANT INTOXICATION INCLUDE ALL OF THE FOLLOWING?
HYPERTENSION, DILATED PUPILS, INCREASED BODY TEMP
What is the cilia?
Hairlike projections on outer surface of some cells.
Faun beard
Hairy patch over lumbar spine indicating spina bifida occulta
Bunion (Hallus valgus)
Hallux valgus of first MTP joint causing bony outgrowth
Metacarpals
Hand Bones
Arteriosclerosis
Hardening of the arteries; less elasticity
Epinephrine is needed if the pt.
Has come in contact with something that caused an allergic reaction in the past AND IF The patient has prescribed epinephrine auto-injectorAND IF Patient shows S/S of shock (hypoperfusion) OR Complains of respiratory distress (sometimes BOTH)
Inhaled Poisons
Have trained rescuers remove patient from poisonous environment. Thorough patient assessment Administer high concentration oxygen Bring all containers, bottles, labels, etc. of poison agents to receiving facility. CO poisoning patients should be transported where there is a hypobaric chamber - currently Millard Gates
Ask All Diabetics
Have you eaten today? Have you taken your medication today? When in doubt, give Sugar!
Carbon Monoxide signs and symptoms
Headaches Nausea Sleepiness Dizziness and disorientation Cherry Red skin is a LATE sign Treatment High concentration oxygen - 1st drug of choice Hypobaric chamber
Myocardial infarction
Heart Attack
HEART DISEASE
Heart disease significantly increases the risk of stroke. CAD and CHF double the risk of strokes Prone to the formation of blood clots
Myocardium
Heart muscle
Tachycardia
Heart rate greater than 100 bpm
Bradycardia
Heart rate less than 60 bpm
BLOOD DISORDERS
Hematological disorders which may produce hypercoagulatory conditions - as seen with sickle cell anemia
What is a Hiccup?
Hiccups, or hipcoughs are intermittent involuntary contractions of the diaphragm followed by a spasmodic closure of the vocal cords. The sound occurs when inhaled air hits the closed vocal cords. Hiccups have a variety of causes that appear to be linked to irritation of the gastrointestinal sensory nerve endings.
HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE
High blood pressure is one of the most important modifiable risk factors for both types of stroke Risk of hemorrhagic stroke greatly increases with elevated systolic pressure
Pes cavus
High longitudinal arch; rigid foot
Valsalva effect
Holding one's breath against a closed glottis
Parrot-Break tear
Horizontal meniscal tear
Insulin
Hormone Insulin allows sugar to pass from the bloodstream into the cells. Produced by Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas
Claw toe
Hyperextension of MTP joint and hyperflexion of IP joints
Swan neck deformity
Hyperextension of the PIP and hyperflexion of the DIP due to disruption of the volar plate and tensioning of the flexor tendons
Hammer toe
Hyperflexion of PIP with hyperextension DIP
Problems in Diabetes-Blood Sugar Imbalance
Hyperglycemia (diabetic coma) Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) Hypoglycemia (insulin shock)
Where are ADH & oxytocin produced?
Hypothalamus
How does the immune-endocrine regulation of the system work?
Hypothalamus interacts with adrenal gland Macrophages produce interleukin I Interleukin I stimulates secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from hypothalamus CRH release adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) from pituitary gland ACTH causes release of cortisol (glucocorticoid) from adrenal cortex
How does the neuro-endocrine regulation of the body work in the system?
Hypothalamus interacts with pituitary gland Nervous system produces catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine) as neurotransmitters
ILI/O
ILIUM (UPPER PART OF PELVIC BONE)
A PATIENT IN A TACTICAL SETTING WITH AN UPPER AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION AND LIFE THREATENING BLEEDING WOULD FALL INTO WHICH CATEGORY?
IMMEDIATE
PRIORITY I (NON TACTICAL)
IMMEDIATE CASUALTIES WHOSE INJURIES ARE CRITICAL BUT WHO WILL REQUIRE ONLY MINIMAL TIME ORE EQUIPMENT TO MANAGE. EX: MASSIVE EXTERNAL HEMORRHAGE
DELAYED (TACTICAL)
IN NEED OF TIME CONSUMING SURGERY. SUSTAINING TREATMENT WILL BE REQUIRED EX: SEVERE BLEEDING, COMPENSATED SHOCK
Diuretics
INCREASE URINE FORMATIO N TX->INCREASE B/P, EDEMATOUS CONDITIONS
THE HM SUSPECTS A PATIENT IS SUFFERING FROM A BRAIN INJURY. UPON ASSESSMENT, THE HM DISCOVERS THE PATIENT HAS ASYMMETRICAL PUPILS, HEADACHE, NAUSEA, AND VOMITING. THE HM SUSPECTS THE PATIENT IS SUFFERING FROM
INCREASED INTERCRANIAL PRESSURE
WHEN INSERTING THE COMBITUBE AND AFTER THE DEVICE IS SITTING BETWEEN THE TEETH AND PROPERLY ALIGNED BETWEEN THE PRINTED BLACK RINGS, WHAT IS THE NEXT STEP?
INFLATE THE BLUE CUFF
Four Routes of Poisoning
INHALATION INJECTION INGESTION ABSORPTION
0TOME
INSTRUMENT TO CUT
ISCHI/O
ISCHIUM (POSTERIOR PART OF PELVIC BONE)
Implanted Defibrillator
If performing CPR on a patient: Implanted defibrillator may "fire" May feel slight "tingle"
stomach
In the __________, food is mechanically digested by peristalsis and chemically digested by enzymes and hydrochloric acid.
mouth
In the picture of the digestive system what is letter "A" pointing to?
esophagus
In the picture of the digestive system what is letter "D" pointing to?
liver
In the picture of the digestive system what is letter "F" pointing to?
gall bladder
In the picture of the digestive system what is letter "G" pointing to?
stomach
In the picture of the digestive system what is letter "H" pointing to?
pancreas
In the picture of the digestive system what is letter "I" pointing to?
large intestine
In the picture of the digestive system what is letter "K" pointing to?
appendix
In the picture of the digestive system what is letter "L" pointing to?
small intestine
In the picture of the digestive system what is letter "M" pointing to?
rectum
In the picture of the digestive system what is letter "N" pointing to?
mechanically
In the stomach, food is __________ digested by peristalsis and chemically digested by enzymes and hydrochloric acid.
chemically
In the stomach, food is mechanically digested by peristalsis and __________ digested by enzymes and hydrochloric acid.
Subdural bleeds
In veins under dura mater; slow with less pressure
filtration slits
In visceral layer. Formed by the visceral bowmans capsule
Acute Myocardial Infarction "Heart Attack"
Inadequate perfusion of myocardium
Finger subluxations
Incmoplete or partial dislocation of finger
Fibular stress fracture
Incomplete break of fibula
Femoral stress fracture
Incomplete break of the femur, particularly the neck
Subluxation
Incomplete or partial dislocation
Elbow subluxation
Incomplete or partial dislocation of the elbow
Vertebral subluxation
Incomplete or partial dislocation of vertebrae
Patella subluxation
Incomplete or partial dislocation to kneecap
Signs & Symptoms- Cardic
Increased heart rate Low blood pressure
Hump back
Increased kyphotic curve
Sway back
Increased lordotic curve
Anterior compartment syndrome
Increased pressure in lower leg compresses neurovascular vessels
Syrup of Ipecac
Induces vomiting by irritating stomach and stimulating vomiting center in brainstem Seldom used anymore May be helpful if ingestion has occurred within last 30 minutes
Death of myocardium
Infarct
Trichomoniasis
Infects the urogenital tract, vagina in women, urethra in men
Osteochondritis
Inflamed bone and cartilage
Trochanteric bursitis
Inflamed bursa around greater trochanter
Fasciitis
Inflamed fascia
Capsulitis
Inflamed joint capsule
Osteitis pubis
Inflamed pubic bone
Enthesitis
Inflammation at tendon/muscle attachment
Achilles bursitis
Inflammation of Achilles bursa
Acihlles tendinitis
Inflammation of Achilles tendon
Achilles tenosynovitis
Inflammation of Achilles tendon sheath
Phlebitis
Inflammation of a vein
Anterior elbow capsulitis
Inflammation of anterior elbow capsule
Osteomyelitis
Inflammation of bone and marrow
Periostitis
Inflammation of bone convering
Apophysistis
Inflammation of bony outgrowth
Bursitis
Inflammation of bursa
Suprapatellar bursitis
Inflammation of bursa above patella
Retrocalcaneal bursitis
Inflammation of bursa between Achilles tendon and calcaneus
Epicondylitis
Inflammation of epicondyle and associated tissues
Forearm compartment syndrome
Inflammation of forearm with increased neurovascular pressure
Infrapatellar bursitis
Inflammation of infrapatellar bursa
Lateral epicondylitis (Extensor tendonitis)
Inflammation of lateral epicondyle of elbow
Medial epicondylitis (Flexor tendonitis)
Inflammation of medial epicondyle of elbow
Olecranon bursitis
Inflammation of olecranon bursa of the elbow
Patella tendinitis (Jumper's knee)
Inflammation of patella tendon
Popliteal tendinitis
Inflammation of popliteus tendon
Radiculitis
Inflammation of spinal nerve root
Subacromial bursitis
Inflammation of subacromial bursa
Subdeltoid bursitis
Inflammation of subdeltoid bursa
Synovitis
Inflammation of synovial membrane
Tendinitis
Inflammation of tendon
Quadriceps tendinitis
Inflammation of tendon of quadriceps muscles
Tenosynovitis
Inflammation of tendon sheath
Adductor tendinitis
Inflammation of tendons of adductor longus, brevis, magnus, gracilis, pectineus
Hamstring tendinits
Inflammation of tendons of biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus
Bicipital tendinitis
Inflammation of the biceps tendon
Bicipital tenosynovitis
Inflammation of the biceps tendon synovial sheath
Endocarditis
Inflammation of the endocardium and heart valves. The condition is characterized by lesions caused by a variety of diseases.
Epiphysitis
Inflammation of the epiphysis
Iliopectineal bursitis
Inflammation of the iliopectineal bursa
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the pericardium associated with trauma, malignant neoplastic disease, infection, uremia, myocardial infarction, collagen disease, or unknown causes. The first stage is characterized by fever, substernal chest pain that radiates to the shoulder or neck, dyspnea, a dry, nonproductive cough, a rapid and forcible pulse, a pericardial friction rub, and a muffled heartbeat over the apex. The patient becomes increasingly anxious, tired, and orthopenic. If treatment is not effective, the condition progresses to the extremely grave second stage, in which a serofibrinous effusion develops within the pericardium, restricting cardiac activity. If the effusion is purulent (caused by bacterial infection), a high fever, sweat, chills, and prostration also occur. The heart sounds become muffled, weak, and distant on auscultation and a bulge is visible on the chest over the precoridal area.
Pes anserine bursitis
Inflammation of the pes anserine bursa
Piriformis syndrome
Inflammation of the piriformis muscle with radiating pain
Plantar fasciitis
Inflammation of the plantar fascia
Rotator cuff tendinitis
Inflammation of the rotator cuff tendons
Spondylitis
Inflammation of vertebral synovial joints
Larsen-Johansson disease
Inflammation or partial avulsion of the apex of the patella
Osgood-Schlatter disease
Inflammation or partial avulsion of the tibial apophysis
Myositis
Inflammatory condition of muscle
Neuritis
Inflammatory condition of nerve
de Quervain's syndrome
Inflammatory stenosing tenosynovitis of the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis tendons
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis
Injured growth plate of proximal femur; femoral neck moved up and forward
Epiphyseal plate injury
Injury to cartilaginous growth plate (Salter Harris injuries)
Distal femur epiphyseal plate injury
Injury to distal femur cartilaginous growth plate
Claw hand deformity
Injury to the median and ulnar nerves, hyperextension of MCP joints, and flexion of PIP and DIP
Lisfrank injury
Injury to the tarsometatarsal joint
Hypoglycemia- Causes
Insulin overdose Normal insulin use without eating Over-exercise Pale, cool skin; sweating; nausea; tachycardia This is why hypoglycemia sometimes is called "Insulin Shock"
Hypoglycemia
Insulin shock isn't really shock Patient just looks "shocky" because of epinephrine adrenals are releasing Can occur in non-diabetics Most common cause = ETOH on empty stomach A patient is never "just drunk"
What lies in the costal groove?
Intercostal nerve or vein
Vertebral dislocation
Intervertebral joint discontinuation
Amebaisis
Intestinal infection. maybe asymptomatic s/s- diarrhea w/ blood or mucous, abcesses of liver, lung or brain. Spread by INTESTINAL PARASITE (entamoeba histolytic)
Plantar wart
Inward growing wart common to sole of foot
What is essential for TH synthesis?
Iodine
DIABETES
Is associated with accelerated atherosclerosis
Damage to myocardium
Ischemia
Volkmann contractures
Ischemic necrosis of the forearm muscles
What is Epiglottis?
It closes trachea during swallowing and is the guardian of the airways.
What is the diaphragm?
It is a dome shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity and is thee main muscle or respiration.
What is a sneeze?
It is a forceful involuntary expulsion of air through the nose and mouth to clear the upper respiratory passage way. Most sneezes occur as a result of irritation of the respiratory lining by foreign particles such as dust or pollen.
What is a cough?
It is a sudden expulsion of air to clear the lower respiratory passage way of irritants or foreign materials. Coughing is a protective reflex but can be voluntarily induced or inhibited. The act of coughing occurs after a brief inhalation. Abdominal muscles contract, which forces air out of the lungs during exhalation. Productive coughing helps clear the respiratory tract.
Significance of mammallary crease?
It is always in the same place, even when breasts droop--it's where breast attaches and is usually around the 6th rib
What is Hypoxia?
It is inadequate oxygen at the cellular level
What is Dyspnea?
It is labored or difficult breathing.
What is Anoxia?
It is the lack of oxygen at either locally or sytemically
What is the visceral pleura?
It is the membrane that is attached to the lung.
What is the parital pleura?
It is the membrane that is attached to the mediastinum and the internal chest wall.
What is Diffusion?
It is the tendency of molecules to move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration.
What is the Larynx?
It is the voice box formed by three single and three paired cartilages. Two sets of vocal cords false vocal cords are superior, true vocal cords are inferior. Epiglottis- closes trachea during swallowing and is the guardian of the airways.
What is the trachea?
It is the windpipe, a tube about 9-10 in. long leading from larynx to upper chest. Consists of about 18 half-ring cartilages that allow esophagus to expand into the trachea when food is swallowed.
What is olfaction?
It refers to the sense of smell. Olfactory nerves lie in the upper third of both nasal cavities. The olfactory nerves connect to the olfactory bulb and then to the cerebral cortex, which interprets the scent nerve impulses.
Signs & Symptoms- Skin
Itching Rash/Hives - red, itchy, raised blothches Flushing Warm, tingling feeling Swelling (especially face, neck, hands, feet, tongue)
Facial laceration
Jagged cut on face
Scalp laceration
Jagged cut on scalp
Dislocation
Joint displacement
What is the nasal cavity?
Just behind nose, leads to nasal conchae (three ridges) and meatuses (grooved passage way between each conchae). It is seperated into right and left halves by the septum. The nasal cavity is also know as the air conditioning chambers.
Germicides
KILL SUSCEPTIBLE ORGANISMS
PATELLA
KNEECAP
Epidermis
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium Avarcular Epithelial tissue
LAMIN/O
LAMINA (PART OF THE VERTEBRAL ARCH)
Schedule 3
LESSER degree of abuse potential with accepted medical usefulness, abuse leads to moderate dependence. Refil 5x in 6 months
Macrolides
LIMITS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS EFFECTIVE AGAINST GRAM+COCCI, NEISSERIA, HEMPHILUS, MYOBACTERIA
LUMB/O
LOINS, LOWER BACK
Schedule 4
LOW abuse potential. Refills 5x in 6 months
ULNA
LOWER ARM BONE (LITTLE FINGER SIDE)
RADIUS
LOWER ARM BONE (THUMB SIDE)
MANDIBLE
LOWER JAW BONE
Hypoxia
Lack Of oxygen
Posterior axillary line lines up with what muscle?
Lateral border of the latissimus dorsi
Lymphatics of the breast?
Lateral drainage by axillary lymph nodes and medial drainage by parasternal and both dump into clavicular nodes
What are the two main arteries that supply the breast?
Lateral thoracic (axillary artery) and internal thoracic (subclavian artery)
Supine
Laying on your back
Breast cancer
Leading cause of cancer in women
Lecture Exam II Begins Here
Lecture Exam II Begins Here
Acromioclavicular Seperation
Ligament injury; First Degree Sprain - stretched; Second Degree Sprain - ruptrued and coracoclavicular ligament stretched; Third Degree - both Acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular ligaments ruptured
Sprain
Ligamentous or capsular stretch or tear
What are the two chemical classes that hormones can be divided into?
Lipid Soluble hormone & Water soluble hormone
Which type of chemical class is faster in distributing hormones? why?
Lipid Soluble hormones. They are able to pass through the plasma membrane of cells.
LMP
Liters Per Minute
Rapid Transport- Stroke
Load and Go Patients! Be prepared to suction Request ALS back-up Rapid transport to an appropriate facility MFG, KMH, ECMC, Buffalo Mercy, Sisters Notify receiving hospital Activation of the "Stroke Team"
Pancreas
Located in retroperitoneal space Produces, releases Digestive enzymes into duodenum Insulin, glucagon into blood
Bucket-handle tear
Longitudinal meniscal tear
Joint mice
Loose fragments within a joint
Grand Mal Seizure-Convulsion
Loss of consciousness with uncontrolled, violent muscular contractions Tonic phase - rigidity Clonic phase - rhythmic jerking, incontinence, ineffective breathing
Apolecia Areata
Loss of hair in one spot
What is the function of calcitonin?
Lowers serum calcium levels when too high (hypercalcemia) Inhibits calcium (bone) resorption from the bone
# of lumbar vertebrae
L₅
WHAT ARE THE RULES TO FOLLOW WHEN PROVIDING FIRST AID?
MAINTAIN BREATHING, STOP BLEEDING, PREVENT OR TREAT FOR SHOCK
MALLEOL/O
MANDIBLE (LOWER JAW BONE)
MAXILL/O
MAXILLA (UPPER JAW BONE)
Schedule 1
MAXIUMUM abuse poential with little or NO accepted medical usefunesss. abuse leads to psychological dependance (herioin, cocaine, LSD) NO REFILLS
THE INDEX OF SUSPICION IS DERIVED DIRECTLY FROM WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING?
MECHANISM OF INJURY
CNS protective membranes from innermost to outermost
MENINGES = pia mater, arachoid, dura mater
METACARP/O
METACARPALS (HAND BONES)
METATARSALS
MIDFOOT BONES
CNS DEPRESSANTS
MILD SEDATION
MINIMAL (TACTICAL)
MINOR INJURIES AND CAN CARE FOR THEMSELVES
PRIORITY III (NON TACTICAL)
MINOR WALKING WOUNDED, HAVE MINOR INJURIES THAT CAN WAIT FOR TREATMENT.
Mallet toe
MTP and PIP neutral and flexed DIP of toe
Cervical cancer
Main cause of cervical cancer is the human papilloma virus (HPV)
What is the "milk line"?
Mammallary ridge--line from armpit down through nipple/breast and down to groin where breast tissue can develop
enzymes
Many __________ are involved in the chemical digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
What is the projection origin of appendix from cecum? Found 1/3 way from ASIS to umbilicus
McBurney's Point
Golfer's elbow
Medial epicondylitis
Pronator syndrome
Median nerve entrapped by the pronator teres
OPQRSTI
Medical Assessment
Sudoriferous glands
Merocrine and Apocrine glands
Estrogen DRUGS
Mestranol Ethinyl estradiol
Causes of Inaccurate Reading
Meter not calibrated Low batteries in meter Improperly stored or expired test strip Insufficient blood on test strip
Where is a chest tube usually placed?
Mid-axillary line in the 6th intercostal space
Bifurcated ligament sprain
Midtarsal joint stretch or tear of calcaneocuboid/calcaneonavicular ligament
Prickly heat
Miliaria
What 3 hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete
Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids, & Androgens
Forms of Angina Pectoris-Unstable Angina
More frequent/severe Can occur during rest May indicate impending MI Requires immediate treatment and transport to appropriate facility
Opium and Alkaloids
Morphine/Codine
Plantar neuroma
Morton neuroma; interdigital neuroma
Keratinocytes
Most abundant cells in epidermis Produce keratin Found in all layers
Scaphoid fracture
Most common carpal bone fracture
Generalized Seizure Management
Most common cause of seizure deaths is post-ictal airway loss
Type II Diabetes
Most common form (95%) At risk: over 40, overweight, history of inactivity Inadequate insulin production Gradual/non-dramatic onset. Other life threatening complications develop before finding (heart disease, kidney, eye problems
Merocrine (eccrine) glands
Most numerous; produce watery sweat or "sensible perspiration"
What is the nose?
Mostly hyaline and elastic cartilage, but bone in center and bridge.
Straing
Muscle or tendon stretch or tear
Adductor strain
Muscle or tendon stretch/tear of adductor longus, brevis, magnus, gracilis, pectineus
Hamstring strain
Muscle or tendon stretching/tearing to biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus
LINE #3 IN THE MEDEVAC REQUEST IS?
NUMBER OF PATIENTS BY PRECEDENCE
Nail Structure
Nail Matrix (Where the nail grows) Lunula (white moon) Cuticle (skin covering nail on bottom) Free Edge (edge of the nail where it grows)
Trade Name
Name given by manufacturere and is a proprietary name aka "Brand Name"
Activated Charcoal- side effects
Nausea, vomiting Black stools
Two types of hormone regulations are:
Negative feedback Positive feedback
Which two body systems does the endocrine system work with to maintain homeostasis?
Neurological Immune
Runner's nipples
Nipple irritation due to friction as the shirt rubs over the nipples
Cyclist's nipples
Nipple irritation due to perspiration and wind-chill
Management of Cardiac Chest Pain
Nitroglycerin 0.4mg tablet sublingual Patient should be sitting or lying down Has Pt. Taken nitroglycerin in last 10 minutes? Is pain relieved? Headache? Is BP 120 systolic or are there clinical signs of shock? May take every 5 minutes until pain relieved or 3 tablets have been administered
Progesterone only
No estrogen and fixed progesterone throughout cycle
Type I Diabetes
No insulin production Takes insulin injections Usually young children or adolescents affected (juvenile diabetes) Quick onset, progresses rapidly unless treated.
Ovarian cancer
No symptoms until it has spread extensively
Heberden nodes
Nodules or bony enlargement of the DIP of the hand
Bouchard nodes
Nodules or bony enlargement of the PIP joint of the hand
Air-conduction Pathway
Nose - Nasal cavity - Pharynx- Larynx-Trachea-Bronchi-Bronchioles-(lung)-Alveoli-lung
What is in the upper repiratory tract?
Nose, Nasal cavity, cilia, Goblet cells, contains openings for the paranasal sinuses, Paranasal Sinuses, Four Sinus cavities, Named for the bones they are located: Frontal sinus, Sphenoidal sinus, Ethmoidal sinus, Maxillary sinus, Pharynx. also called the throat. Larynx (voice box)
Apnea
Not Breathing
Signs and Symptoms-stroke2
Numbness or paralysis (one side of body) Seizures Loss of muscle tone on one side of the face - facial drooping Unconsciousness Headache (uncommon) Loss of bowel or bladder control Unequal pupils Impaired vision
Impingement Syndrome
OVERUSE; swimmers shoulder
OTR
Occupational Therapist
Epidural bleeds
Occur in arteries in the head between skull and dura mater; develop symptoms quickly
Sebaceous glands
Occur over entire body, except palms and soles produce sebum as lubricant Holocrine secretion method
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)
Occurs in the early phases of menstrual cycle Involves changes in mood and behavior with suicidal thoughts, psychosis, or mania
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
Occurs prior to the beginning of the menstrual cycle Involves changes in mood and behavior Thought to be caused by a drop in estrogen levels
Forms of Angina Pectoris-nStable Angina
Occurs with exercise Predictable Relieved with rest or Nitroglycerin
Inhalations-What to look for...
Odors on breath, clothing or skin Redness or stains (ie. Paint) on hands or around mouth Huffer's rash Empty canisters, other devices
Prone
On stomach
blood
Once nutrients are absorbed by the villi they are then transported to all body cells by the __________.
Coronary artery
One of a pair of arteries that branch from the aorta, including the left and right coronary arteries. Because these vessels and their branches supply the heart, and dysfunction or disease that affects them can cause serious, sometimes fatal complications. The branches of these arteries are affected by many different disorders such as emoblic, neoplastic, inflammatory, and noninflammatory diseases.
Left coronary artery
One of a pair of branches from the ascending aorta, arising in the left posterior aoritc sinus, dividing into the left interventricular artery and the circumflex branch, and supplying both ventricles and the let atrium.
Right coronary artery
One of a pair of branches of the ascending aorta, arising in the right posterior aoritc sinus, passing along the right side of the coronary sulcus, dividing into the right interventricular artery and large marginal branch. It supplies both ventricles, the right atrium, and the sinoatrial node.
Ascending aorta
One of the four main sections of the aorta, branching into the right and left coronary arteries.
Capillary
One of the microscopic blood vessels (about 0.8 mm in diameter) joining arterioles and venules. The wall consists of a single layer of endothelial cells, which are specialized squamous epithelial cells. Blood and tissue fluids exchange various substances across these walls.
Atrium (atria)
One of the two upper chambers of the heart. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the superior vena cava, the inferior vena cava, and the coronary sinus. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins.
Pulmonary veins
One of two pairs of large vessels that return oxygenated blood from each lung to the left atrium of the heart.
Management of Cardiac Chest Pain OPQRSTI
Onset Provokes Quality Radiates Severity Time Interventions by patient
Due regard
Operating an emergency vehicle in a safe manor
Hypoglycemia Management-Conscious patient
Oral Glucose - given orally Names Insta-glucose Glutose Indications Altered level of consciousness *** Anxiety Agitation Lethargy Unusual behavior History of diabetes or other possible cause of hypoglycemia*** Able to swallow medication*** When in doubt, give sugar!!!
Cleavage Lines
Orientation of collagen bundles
Sever disease
Osteochondrosis of the calcaneal apophysis
Scheuermann disease
Osteochondrosis of the spine allowing disc herniation
Scope of Practice
Outline by public health law: allows the doctor to tell you what to do without actually having to be there
Nevus, Mole, or Birthmark
Overgrowth of melanin-forming cells Harmless unless it mutates and becomes malignant
Metatarsal stress fracture
Overload-induced discontinuation of metatarsal bone
Tibial stress fracture
Overload-induced discontinuation of tibial bone
pulmonary capillaries
O₂ in blood CO₂ out blood
systemic capillaries
O₂ out blood CO₂ in blood
boyles law
P = 1/v decreases in volume, pressure goes up
Anti-Parasitic
PARACITIC INFECIONS ACCOUNT FOR LARGEST # OF CHRIONIC DISABLING DISEASES KNOWN
Anti-Parasitic
PARASITIC INFECTIONS OR INFESTATIONS ACCOUNT FOR LARGEST # OF CHRONIC DISABLING DISEASES KNOWN
Giardasis
PARASITIC infection fo small intestine. s/s chronic diarrhea, fat in stools, loose pale stools
THE PUFFER, SURGEON, TRIGGER, AND PARROT FISH ARE KNOWN TO BE
POISONOUS AT ALL TIMES
POROSIS
PORE, PASSAGE
ISCHIUM
POSTERIOR PART OF THE PELVIC BONE
CASUALTIES IN A NON-TACTICAL ENVIRONMENT WHOSE INJURIES ARE CRITICAL BUT WHO WILL REQUIRE ONLY MINIMAL TIME OR EQUIPMENT ARE?
PRIORITY 1
Anesthetics
PRODUCE INSENSIBILITY OF PAIN
Oxytocics
PRODUCE RHYTHMIC CONTRACTION OF UTERUS -Ergo Ovine Maleate (Ergotrate) -Oxytocin (Pitocin)
Symptoms -Angina Pectoris
Pain Retrosternal Squeezing/Crushing/Heaviness May radiate to arms, shoulders, jaw, upper back, upper abdomen May be associated with shortness of breath, nausea, sweating Pain Retrosternal Squeezing/Crushing/Heaviness May radiate to arms, shoulders, jaw, upper back, upper abdomen May be associated with shortness of breath, nausea, sweating
Endometriosis
Painful condition Uterine tissue becomes implanted in the fallopian tubes during menstruation Can lead to infertility Treatment
What type of hormone locally binds to neighboring cells that are secreted into the interstitual fluid?
Paracrine hormone
Cyclist's palsy
Paresthesia in the ulnar nerve distribution
Spondylolisthesis (Step Defect)
Pars interarticularis defect with forward vertebral slippage
Ulnar stress fracture
Partial fracture of the ulna
What is the Bronchi?
Passageways leading from trachea to lungs, bronchioles, smaller division of bronchi
Syncope
Passed out of fainted ( syncable episode)
Patellar dislocation
Patellofemoral joint displacement
SAMPLE
Patient Assessment
ARM DRIFT
Patient closes eyes and holds both arms out
Recovery Position
Patient positioned on their LEFT side
Respiratory Arrest
Patient stopped breathing completely, but still has pulse
Name the three main types of water soluble hormones
Peptide, protein hormones, and eicosanoids
TREATMENT- Allergies
Perform initial assessment Perform focused history and physical exam History of allergies? What was the patient exposed to? How was the patient exposed? What effects? Progression Interventions Assess baseline v.s. & SAMPLE history Administer oxygen if not already done Determine if pt. has prescribed epi pen available. Assist with administration Follow local protocol for epi pen use when working with an EMS service Contact M/C Reassess in 2 minutes & document findings
R. Ph. or Pharm.
Pharmacist
What are Surfactants?
Phospholipids that assist in gas exchange in the alveoli and contrivute to elasticity of pulmonary tissue
Rapid Recognition
Physical Exam Check for facial droop ask patient to smile Check for neurological disability grip strength arm drift patient closes eyes, holds both arms out normal - both arms move the same or not at all abnormal - one arm does not move or one arm drifts down compared with the other Check for speech abnormalities Ask patient to say, "you can't teach an old dog new tricks" or "the chicken wings taste great in Buffalo" assess for slurred words, inappropriate words, or inability to speak
MPT, DPT, MSPT
Physical Therapist
What controls the Thyroid gland?
Pituitary which is controlled by hypothalamus
Name the 8 ductless endocrine glands
Pituitary, Adrenal, Thyroid, Islet cells of pancreas (isles of Langerhans) Parathyroid, Gonads and Hypothalamus (not gland but has endocrine function)
Spring ligament
Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament
Management of Cardiac Chest Pain
Position of Comfort Patent Airway High concentration O2 non-rebreather mask 10-15 lpm
Pacemaker Failure
Position of comfort Patent airway High Concentration O2 Assist ventilations as needed ALS Intercept CPR as needed DO NOT worry about damage to pacemaker
Testing Blood Sugar
Prepare blood glucose meter and test strip. Cleanse skin with alcohol prep. Use lancet to perform finger stick. Apply the blood to test strip. Read blood glucose test results.
Hypothalamic---pituatory comples is described as:
Primary control of neuroendocrine system Interaction between hypothalamus & pituitary gland: Hypothalamus gets info from the CNS and either releases inhibitory or releasing hormones which have an effect on the anterior pituitary gland.
What is the primary role of the endocrine system?
Primary role-maintain homeostasis
Melanocytes
Produce Melanin In Stratum Basale
Melanin
Produced by melanocytes UV exposure darkens existing melanin and stimulates melanocytes
Functions of Integumentary System
Protection Prevents water loss Temp. regulation Metabolic regulation immune defense sensory receptors Excretion by means of secretion
Hair Functions
Protects from the Sun Senses touch reduces heat loss
amino acids
Proteins are made of __________ __________.
What is another name for breathing?
Pulmonary Ventilation
P.E.A.R.L.
Pupils Equal And reactive to Light
M9 CHEMICAL AGENT DETECTION PAPER TURNS WHAT COLOR IF A NERVE AGENT IS PRESENT?
RED
Histaimine H1 Receptor Antagonist
REDUCE OR ELIMINATE EFFECTS MEDIATED BY HISTAMINE (Antihistamine) -Cimetidine (Tagament) -Ranitidine (Zantac)
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
RELAX DURING SURGICAL ANESTHESIA
INITIAL MANAGEMENT OF A CHEMICAL AGENT CASUALTY IS?
REMOVAL OF MOPP GEAR AND DECONTAMINATION WITH 0.5% HYPOCHLORITE SOLUTION.
A PATIENT PRESENTS EXHIBITING SIGNS OF ANAPHYLACTIC REACTION TO A ABEE OR WASP STING. OH THE FOLLOWING WHICH ARE CONSIDERED APPROPRIATE TREATMENT?
REMOVAL OF PATIENT'S JEWELRY, SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION OF EPINEPHRINE, AND REMOVAL OF THE STINGER BY SCRAPING WITH A DULL KNIFE.
IMMEDIATE (TACTICAL)
REQUIRE LIFESAVING SURGERY, SHOULD NOT BE TIME-CONSUMING, HIG CHANCE OF SURVIVAL EX: TENSION PNEUMOTHORAX, UPPER AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
WHAT IS THE THE FIRST STEP IN THE MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR CARE UNDER FIRE?
RETURN FIRE/ TAKE COVER
COST/O
RIBS (TRUE RIBS, FALSE RIBS, AND FLOATING RIBS)
Wrist drop
Radial nerve damage causing weakness and/or paralysis of the wrist and finger extensors
Kehr sign
Referred pain down the left shoulder indicative of a ruptured spleen
What is the function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
Regulates calcium levels-opposite of calcitonin-PTH released to increase serum Ca-resorption of calcium from bone, increases calcium absorption from GI and increases calcium resorption from kidney
Generalized Seizure Management-During seizure
Remove from potential harm Protect patient from injury; do not hold patient still or place anything in mouth. Roll on side when possible(after the SZ) Administer Oxygen
Treatment for Inhalation OD
Remove pt. from the source Rapid ABC's Oxygen Remove clothing Check breath sounds ALWAYS transport
Nephron consists of
Renal Corpuscle Renal Tubules
What stimulates the secretion of aldostrone?
Renin Angiotension Aldosterone system or RAAS=Kidneys not adequately perfusing --->secrete renin ---> causes conversion of angiotensin I to angiotension II---> angiotension II is a potent vasoconstrictor--->more blood shunted to kidneys. Angiotension II causes the release of aldosterone causing fluid retention. Adrenal cortex has angiotension receptors and aldosterone is
RRT or CRT
Respiratory Therapist
What is a typical rib?
Rib that has 3 attachments: body/pedicle and transverse process of it's own vertebrae, and body of vertebrae above it
Congestive Heart Failure3
Right-sided failure most commonly caused by Left-sided failure. Blood "backs up" into systemic circulation Distended neck veins (JVD) Fluid in abdominal cavity Pedal edema (swelling in the lower ext.)
R.L. or R/L
Ringer's Lactate
Baseball Finger (Mallet finger)
Rupture of extensor tendon from DIP joint
Jersey finger
Rupture of flexor digitorum profundus
Gamekeeper's thumb
Rupture of the UCL of the thumb secondary to hyperextension and abduction
Boutonniere deformity
Rupture of the central slip of the extensor tendon at the PIP resulting in no active extensor mechanism at the PIP joint
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ARE COMPONENTS OF SCENE SIZE UP?
SAFETY, MOI, NUMBER OF PATIENTS
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF FIRST AID?
SAVE LIFE, PREVENT FURTHER INJURY, PRESERVE RESISTANCE AND VITALITY
PERSONS WHO REGULARLY ABUSE INHALANTS RISK WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING INJURIES?
SEVERE BRAIN DAMAGE
TIBIA
SHIN BONE (LARGER OF TWO LOWER LEG BONES)
SCAPULA
SHOULDER BLADE
WHAT IS THE METHOD FOR SORTING CASUALTIES IN A MULTIPLE CASUALTY INCIDENT
SIMPLE TRIAGE AND RAPID TREATMENT
CRANIUM
SKULL
-LISTHESIS
SLIPPING
CROTALIDS ARE IDENTIFIED BY
SLIT-LIKE PUPILS OF THE EYES AND FLAT, TRIANGULAR HEADS
FIBULA
SMALLER LOWER LEG BONE
A PERSON SUFFERING FROM AVENOMOUS FISH STING SHOULD?
SOAK THE WOUND IN HOT WATER FOR 30-90 MIN
TO DECONTAMINATE A PATIENT WITH NERVE AGENT YOU USE?
SOAP AND WATER, 0.5% HYPOCHLORITE SOLUTION, AND M291
WHAT IS THE INITIAL TREATMENT FOR CYANIDES?
SODIUM NITRATE, IV
-MALACIA
SOFTENING
WHAT IS THE FIRST STEP IN TREATING FOR HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK?
START AN IV
CNS STIMULANTS
STIMULATE ACTIVITIY OF VARIOUS PORTIONS OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
ORTH/O
STRAIGHT
ANTISEPTICS
SUPRRESS THE GROWTH OF MICROORGANISMS
cholesterol
Saturated fats are associated with high __________.
Nails
Scale like Modification of epidermis Contains hard Keratin
2 Neroglia in PNS
Schwann's cells (create myelin sheath in PNS) Satillite cells (support cells of PNS)Glia=glue
Gonorrhea
Second most common STD, can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease in women
Endocrine system key feature is?
Secretion of hormones
Emergency Care of Altered Mental Status- diabetics
Secure airway. Ventilate and suction as needed. Transport. When transporting a pt. with AMS, they should be transported with the head elevated. Evaluate potential causes. Treat patient as trauma patient if injury cannot be ruled out.
Position of Comfort
Semi Fowlers; patient sitting at a 45 degree angle
Grand Mal Seizure- Aura
Sensation coming before convulsion- smell, taste, bright lights, colors Patient may recognize as sign of impending seizure May help locate origin of seizure in brain
Symptoms - AMI4
Sense of impending doom Denial 50% of deaths occur in first two hours Average patient waits 3 hours before seeking help
Ulnar nerve palsy
Sensory changes along ulnar nerve distribution in hand
Osteochondritis dissecans
Separation of articular cartilage from bone
Botulism
Serious condition cause by poisioning from BACTERIA PRODUCED TOXINS Toxin produced by Clostridium Botulinum
What is between the visceral pleura and the parital pleura and what does it do?
Serous fluid, it is a lubricating fluid that helps reduce friction between the two layers as we breathe.
Anaphylaxis
Sever Allergic Reaction
Trendelenberg
Shock Position: Legs Elevated
Glenohumeral dislocation
Shoulder joint displacement
What is peau d'orange
Skin edema that looks like orange peel, caused by obstruction of lymphatics (skin can become thick, hard, and orange)
Integument Structure
Skin, Nail, hair, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands Largest Organ in the Body 1.5-2 square meters of skin Skin Accounts for 7-8% of body weight Skin Thickness ranges 1.5-4mm
Methods of Inhalation
Sniffing - direct inhalation of spray Huffing - get a bigger high Bagging - fill a bag with the substance; put over head and seal around neck Canning - put substance in pop can, pretend to drink when really inhaling
Chondromalacia patella
Softening of articular cartilage behind the patella
Allergen
Something that causes an allergic reaction
Snowball crepitation
Sound of crunching with tenosynovitis
SLP-CCC
Speech Language Pathologist
Turf toe
Sprain of the first MTP joint
Trigger finger
Stenosing of tendon sheath in finger flexors
List the different types of lipid soluble hormones
Steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, and gas nitric oxide(NO) hormones.
Torticollis (Wry Neck)
Stiff neck
Hallux rigidus
Stiffness or fusion of first MTP joint
Brachial plexus stretch
Stinger or burner
5 Layers of Epidermis
Stratum Corneum Stratum Ludicum Stratum Granulosum Stratum Spinosum Stratum Basale
MCL sprain
Stretch or tear of MCL
Anterior talofibular sprain
Stretch or tear of anterior talofibular ligament
Fibular collateral ligament (LCL) sprain
Stretch or tear to LCL
ACL sprain
Stretching or tearing of ACL
PCL sprain
Stretching or tearing of PCL
Acromioclavicular joint sprain (Shoulder pointer)
Stretching or tearing of acromioclavicular and/or coracoclavicular ligament
Syndesmotic sprain
Stretching or tearing of anterior and/or posterior tibiofibular ligaments
Great toe sprain (Turf toe)
Stretching or tearing of extensor or flexor tendon of first toe
Glenohumeral joint sprain
Stretching or tearing of glenohumeral ligaments
Hip sprain
Stretching or tearing of hip ligament
Lumbosacral sprain
Stretching or tearing of ligaments between L5-S1
Sacroiliac sprain
Stretching or tearing of ligaments between sacrum and ilium
Intervertebral sprain
Stretching or tearing of ligaments between vertebrae
Lumbosacral strain
Stretching or tearing of muscles affecting lumbosacral region
Longitudinal arch sprain
Stretching or tearing of the longitudinal arch
Transverse arch sprain
Stretching or tearing of the metatarsal arch
Metatarsal arch sprain
Stretching or tearing of the transverse arch
Quadriceps strain
Stretching or tearing to the muscle/tendon of quadriceps muscles
Incidence
Stroke is the third leading cause of death in the United States leading cause of brain injury in adults Leading diagnosis from hospital to long-term care New treatments may alter the outcome of stroke patients TPA
Causes of Seizures
Substance abuse Brain tumor Congenital brain defects Trauma - head injury Infection/Fever (#1 cause in pediatric patients 6 months to 3 years old)-called a febrile seizure Hypoglycemia Hypoxia Unknown
Seizures
Sudden change in sensation, behavior, or movement caused by irregular electrical activity of the brain Signs/symptoms depend on area involved
Activated Charcoal- Names
SuperChar InstaChar Actidose Liqui-Char
SLAP lesion
Superior labral tear from posterior to anterior and long head of biceps tendon pathology
Hypoglycemia Management- Unconscious patient
Support ABC's Get ALS back-up for IV glucose
Hyperglycemia- Management
Support ABC's Treat for hypovolemic shock Transport When in doubt, give sugar!
Coronary bypass surgery
Surgery to relieve severely restricted coronary blood flow; veins are taken from other parts of the body to bypass the partial blockage.
Uterine/ endometrial cancer
Sustained high levels of estrogen may lead to this type of cancer
Diaphoretic
Sweating, cool skin
Edema
Swelling (Fluid collection)
What is the control for the release of catecholamines?
Sympathetic nervous system-stress response
Wrist ganglion
Synovial cyst
Plica syndrome
Synovial fold inflammation of the knee
Baker cyst
Synovial membrane herniation into the popliteal fossa
# of sacral vertebrae
S₄ fused
Location of kidneys
T12 - L3
What is the primary hormone released from the thyroid gland?
T4 which is mostly converted to T3 in the liver & kidney. T3 is the more active & potent hormone.
COCCYX
TAILBONE
FEMUR
THIGH BONE
-CLAST
TO BREAK
-PHYSIS
TO GROW
THE GENERAL IMPRESSION IS CRUCIAL TO IDENTIFYING WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING?
TRANSPORT DECISION, PATIENT'S OVERALL SYSTEMIC CONDITION, OBVIOUS SIGNIFICANT EXTERNAL PROBLEMS
WHICH IS A TRUE STATEMENT WHEN TREATING A PATIENT THAT IS RADIOACTIVLEY CONTAMINATED?
TREATMENT OF THE LIFE THREATENING INJURIES TAKES PRECEDENCE OVER DECONTAMINATION PROCEDURES.
What are the 7 anterior pituitary gland hormones?
TSH, LH, FSH, PRL, GH, ACTH, MSH
Intervertebral disc rupture
Tear of intervertebral disc
Patellar tendon rupture
Tear of the patella tendon
Triangular fibrocartilage complex tear
Tear or wrist cartilage between ulna and fifth metacarpal
Biceps tendon rupture
Tearing of biceps tendon
Glenoid labrum tear
Tearing of shoulder labrum
Sternoclavicular joint sprain
Tearing or stretching capsule or ligaments of sternoclavicular joint
MCL sprain
Tearing or stretching of MCL of elbow
Calcaneofibular ligament sprain
Tearing or stretching of calcaneofibular ligament of ankle
Deltoid ligament sprain
Tearing or stretching of deltoid ligament of ankle
Lateral collateral ligament sprain (elbow)
Tearing or stretching of lateral collateral ligament of elbow
Hypothalamus non-endocrine function:
Temperature, sleep, hunger, thirst
Epilepsy
Tendency to have repeated episodes of seizure activity troke
Little Leaguer's elbow:
Tension stress injury of the medial epicondyle
large intestine
The __________ __________ absorbs water from undigested food.
small intestine
The __________ __________ is lined with villi which increase surface area to help with the absorption of nutrients.
rectum
The __________ and anus control the release of solid wastes from the body.
esophagus
The __________ is a muscular tube that moves food to the stomach using peristalsis, or waves of muscle contractions.
mouth
The __________ is where digestion begins.
Which part of the hypophysis releases most of the hormones, and thus does most of the work
The adenohypophysis
Great cardiac vein
The anterior vein of the heart that runs in the interventricular sulcus, and feeds into the coronary sinus at its left end
Central venous pressure
The blood pressure in the large veins of the body, as distinguished from peripheral venous pressure in an extremity. It is measured with a water manometer that may be attached to the head of a patient's bed and to a central venous catheter inserted into the vena cava.
Diabetes Mellitus
The condition brought about by decreased insulin production, or the inability of the body cells to use insulin properly (which prevents the body's cells from taking the simple sugar called glucose from the bloodstream) It is a metabolic disease
Cardiac cycle
The cycle of events in the heart during which an electrical impulse is conducted from the sinus node to the atrioventricular (AV) node, to the AV bundle, to the bundle branches, and to the Purkinjie fibers, causing depolarization of the atria followed by depolarization of the ventricles. Depolarization leads to contraction. The contractions of the left and the right atria are nearly simultaneous; they precede the nearly simultaneous contractions of the ventricles.
chyme
The food liquid produced by the stomach is called __________.
Ependymal
The glial cells that cover and line cavities
Polycystic ovarian syndrome
The growth of multiple cysts on the ovaries Eggs are unable to be released from ovaries Eggs develop into cysts Leads to infertility
Apical pulse
The heartbeat as head with a stethoscope placed on the chest wall adjacent to the apex cordi.
What is the major link between the nervous and endocrine system
The hypothalamus
What is the adrenal medulla
The inner region of the adrenal gland
Arteries
The large blood vessels carrying blood in a direction away from the heart.
Inferior vena cava
The large vein that returns deoxygenated blood to the heart from the parts of the body below the diaphragm. The vessel receives blood from the two common iliacs, the lumbar veins, and the testicular veins.
Endocardium
The lining of the heart chambers, containing small blood vessels and a few bundles of smooth muscle. It is continuous with the endothelium of the great blood vessels.
Right pulmonary artery
The longer and slightly larger of the two arteries conveying venous blood from the heart to the lungs. It arises from the pulmonary trunk, bends to the right behind the aorta, and divides into two branches at the root of the right lung.
Left common carotid artery
The longer of the two common carotid arteries, arising from the aoritc arch and having cervical and thoracic parts.
Apex of the heart
The lowest superficial part of the heart, formed by the inferolateral part of the left ventricle.
What are the primary organs of respiration?
The lungs
water
The main function of the large intestine is to re-absorb excess __________ before eliminating solid waste.
Descending aorta
The main portion of the aorta, consisting of the thoracic aorta and the abdominal aorta, which continues from the aortic arch into the trunk of the body. It supplies many structures, including the esophagus, lymph glands, ribs, stomach, liver, spleen, intestines, kidneys, reproductive organs, and eventually the lower limbs.
carbohydrates
The main source of energy for your body is __________.
Aorta
The main trunk of the systemic arterial circulation, comprising four parts: the ascending aorta, the arch of the aorta, the thoracic portion of the descending aorta, and the abdominal portion of the descending aorta. It starts at the aortic opening of the left ventricle, rises a short distance, bends over the root of the left lung, descends within the thorax on the left side of the vertebral column, and passes through the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm into the abdominal cavity.
vital capacity
The max amount of air that can be expelled from the lungs after maximum inspiration.
What is breathing?
The mechanical process to oxygen from environment to cells
Chlamydia
The most common STD, and can lead to infertility in women
Cardiovascular System
The network of anatomic structures, including the heart and blood vessels, that circulate blood throughout the body. The system includes thousands of kilometers of vessels that deliver nutrients and other essential materials to the fluids surrounding the cells and that remove waste products and convey them to excretory organs.
Left atrioventricular valve
The opening between the left atrium and the ventricle of the heart.
Somatic Nervous System
The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscles
The hypothalamus mainly controlls what
The pituitary gland
digestion
The process that breaks down food into small molecules that can be absorbed by blood is called __________.
Arch of aorta
The proximal one of the four portions of the aorta, giving rise to three arterial branches called the innominate (brachiocephalic), left common carotid, and left subclavian arteries.
Relationship to Airway Management
The pt. may need aggressive airway management immediately because of swelling in the airway or respiratory compromise The pt's condition may be stable initially but deteriorate to the point where he/she needs aggressive airway management
Angioplasty
The reconstruction of blood vessels damaged by disease or injury.
Pulse
The regular, recurrent expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. The pulse is easily detected on superficial arteries, such as the radial and carotid arteries, and corresponds to each beat of the heart.
Right ventricle
The relatively thin-walled chamber of the heart that pumps blood received from the right atrium into the pulmonary arteries to the lungs for oxygenation. The right ventricle is shorter and rounder than the long conical left ventricle.
Peripheral resistance
The resistance to blood flow in the systemic circulation. Peripheral resistance increases if arteries constrict (diameter decreases), and an increase in peripheral resistance leads t o an increase in blood pressure.
dup
The second heart sound is caused by the closing of both the semilunar valves when the ventricles undergo diastole
Superior vena cava
The second largest vein of the body, returning deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body to the right atrium.
Pulmonary trunk
The short, wide vessel that conveys venous blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs.
Left pulmonary artery
The shorter and smaller of two arteries conveying venous blood from the heart to the lungs, rising from the pulmonary trunk, and connecting to the left lung.
Right common carotid artery
The shorter of the two common carotid arteries, arising from the brachiocephalic trunk, passing obliquely from the level of the sternoclavicular articulation to the upper border of the thyroid cartilage and dividing into the right internal and external carotids.
surface area
The small intestine contains villi which increase __________ __________ to help with the absorption of nutrients.
villi
The small intestine is lined with __________ which increase surface area to help with the absorption of nutrients.
Arteriole
The smallest of the arteries. Blood flowing from the heart is pumped through the arteries, to the arterioles, to the capillaries, into the veins, and returned to the heart. The muscular walls of the arterioles constrict and dilate in response to both local factors and neurochemical stimuli; thus arterioles play a significant role in peripheral vascular resistance and in regulation of blood pressure.
Diameter of the axon and presence or absence of myelin
The speed of impulse conduction is determined by these 2 characteristics of the neuron
Visceral pericardium
The surface of the pericardial membrane that is in direct contact with the heart.
Left ventricle
The thick-walled chamber of the heart that pumps blood through the aorta and the systemic arteries, the capillaries, and back through the veins to the right atrium. It has walls about three times thicker than those of the right ventricle and contains a mitral valve with two flaps that controls the flow of blood from the left atrium.
What is Vital capacity?
The total amount of air that can forcibly be inspired or expired from lungs in one breath.
Right atrium
The upper right chamber of the heart, where deoxygenated blood is received from the vena cava and then sent to the right ventricle.
Left atrium
The uppermost chamber on the left side of the heart. It receives blood from the pulmonary veins.
The lungs are lined by what two pleural membranes?
The visceral pleura and the parital pleura
Cardiac output
The volume of blood expelled by the ventricles of the heart with each beat (the stroke volume) multiplied by the heart rate. A normal, resting adult has a cardiac output of 4 to 8 liters per minute.
Interventricular septum
The wall between the ventricles of the heart.
Interatrial septum
The wall or septum that divides the left and right atria.
Coronary sinus
The wide venous channel, about 2.25 cm long, situated in the coronary sulcus and covered by muscular fibers from the left atrium. It drains five coronary veins: the great cardiac vein, the small cardiac vein, the middle cardiac vein, the posterior vein of the left ventricle, and the oblique vein of the left atrium.
Purkinje fibers
These fibers (formed from the bundle of HIS), are a network of conducting strands, that spread wave of depolarization thru the ventricles. Can act as pacemaker with rate at 20-40 BPM when higher pacemakers fail.
Intercalated disks
These structures branch and connect cardiac cells. They contain specialized gap junctions and coordinate muscle contractions.
What is Bronchiles?
They are smaller divisions of bronchi.
What are lungs?
They are spongy, elastic organs that ffill most of thoracic cavity and main organs of respiration, External surfaces covered with serous membranes, Pleural membrane encases both lungs and secretes fluid that reduces friction
What are surfactants?
They assist in the exchange of gas by stabilizing the alveolus and reducing surface tension.
How many times to children breathe a minute?
They breathe twice as fast.
What is the significance of Langer's lines?
They correspond to the alignment of collagen fibers in the dermis. Therefore surgical incisions parallel to these lines often heal with less scarring.
What is goblet cells?
They produce mucus to moisten air.
Soft corn (Callus molle)
Thickening of soft tissue between toes (usually 4th and 5th)
Hard corn (Callus durum)
Thickening of the soft tissue on dorsum of toes
Tunica media
This is the name for the third layer from the lumen of blood vessels. It is primarily smooth muscle cells and is much thicker in arteries (about 40 cells in most arteries) than in veins (about 2 to 3 cells in most veins). The veins can have thinner walls because they typically experience less pressure.
Tunica externa
This is the outermost layer of blood vessel walls. It is mostly connective tissue and contains the vasa vasorum. It is usually between half and a third as thick as the tunica media in arteries.
esophagus
This picture shows which part of the digestive system?
gall bladder
This picture shows which part of the digestive system?
large intestine
This picture shows which part of the digestive system?
liver
This picture shows which part of the digestive system?
rectum
This picture shows which part of the digestive system?
small intestine
This picture shows which part of the digestive system?
stomach
This picture shows which part of the digestive system?
Why do lipid soluble hormones need a protein carrier?
This protein carrier helps the lipid (Fatty) hormone move through the watery enviornment of the blood
Absorbed Poisons
Thorough patient assessment Remove the poison: Powders - brush off the patient Liquids/eyes - irrigate with clean water for at least 20 min. and continue enroute if possible.
Triphasic
Three separate phases of estrogen/ progesterone throughout cycle
An example of negative feedback for hormonal regulation is:
Thyroid hormone increased circulating TH --> suppresses TSH---> inhibits TH secretion ---> decreases TH---> releases TSH-->stimulation of TH secretion
What are the hormones produced by the thyroid glands
Thyroxine (T4) & T3
Osgood-Schlatter disease
Tibial tubercle apophysitis
Tibiofemoral dislocation (Knee)
Tibiofemoral joint disarticulation
Signs & Symptoms- Respirations
Tightness in throat/chest Cough Rapid, labored, noisy breathing Hoarseness Stridor and wheezing
Jock itch
Tinea cruris- fungal infection
Athlete foot
Tinea pedis- fungal infection
What is the Alveoli?
Tiny sacs attached to alveolar ducts. Alveolar sacs. Surfactants
Treatment- stroke
Tissue Plasminogen Activator (TPA) First approved therapy for ischemic stroke Patients treated within 2 hours (NYS Protocol) of the onset of symptoms are at least 30% more likely to have minimal or no disability after 3 months Stroke type must be confirmed by CAT scan prior to treatment Increases our sense of urgency
Abandonment
To leave a patient without handing care over to someone of equal or higher level of training
Atelectasis
To listen
Ingrown toenail
Toenail edges embed in soft tissue
Inhalants
Toluene - laminate glue Propane, butane, methane Nitrous oxide Volatile - paint, gasoline, paint thinner Dry erase markers, felt tip pens Whipped cream cans (whippets) Chargers - small canisters of nitrous oxide
Systolic
Top number in a blood pressure: When heart is contracting
Striae (stretch marks)
Torn Collagen
Meniscal tear
Torn knee cartilage
What is the Lower Respiratory Tract?
Trachea, Bronchi, Alveoli, Lungs, Repiratory diaphragm
Singing-Larson-Johansson disease
Traction injury to inferior pole of patella at tendon origin
Spinal cord concussion
Transient disturbances of spinal cord functions
Snake Bites
Treat for shock Lower the injection site below the heart Wash area around the site Remove any rings or other constricting items on the bitten extremity Keep bitten extremity immobilized NEVER EVER EVER EVER apply a cold pack to the injury - it concentrates the toxin Apply light constricting band above and below the wound (ONLY IF NECESSARY) Contact Medical Control Keep patient calm to help prevent the spread of the toxin
What are the three hormones secreted by the thyroid gland?
Triiodothyronine (T3) Thyroxine (T4) & Calcitonin
True or False Peptide and protein hormones are animo acid polymers.
True
True or False The Pancreas is both an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland
True
True or False The posterior pituitary gland releases, but does not synthesize any hormones
True
True or False. Prostaglandins (PGs) mediate pain, platelet aggregation, fever, and inflammation.
True
Umbilical arteries
Two arteries in which blood flows from the internal iliac arteries in the fetus to the placenta
Dermis
Two layers papillary layers (areolar CT) Reticular Layer (dense irregular CT) Epidermal ridges Dermal papillae (pap=nipple)
What are Alveolar sacs?
Two or more alveoli that share a common opening.
Biphasic
Two ratio strengths of estrogen/ progesterone throughout cycle
# of thoracic vertebrae
T₁₂
WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF SHOCK THE HM WILL ENCOUNTER?
UNCONTROLLED HEMORRHAGE
EXPECTANT (TACTICAL)
UNLIKELY TO SURVIVE EX; MASSIVE BRAIN INJURY
HUMERUS
UPPER ARM BONE
MAXILLA
UPPER JAW BONE
ILLIUM
UPPER PART OF PELVIC BONE
DURING TACTICAL FIELD CARE, WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO CONTROL COMPRESSIBLE HEMORRHAGE WHEN A TOURNIQUET IS NOT AMENDABLE?
USE COMBAT GAUZE AS TEH HEMOSTATIC AGENT OF CHOICE WITH AT LEAST 3 MINUTES OF DIRECT PRESSURE
STOKES STRETCHER
USED TO TRANSPORT SICK OR INJURED PERSONS TO AND FROM BOATS
Cubital tunnel syndrome (Ulnar neuropathy)
Ulnar nerve entrapment
Hypoglycemia Management- Contraindications
Unable to protect airway Unable to swallow
Sprengel deformity
Undersized scapula that sits hi on the posterior chest wall
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Usually Type I diabetic (no insulin) Blood sugar rises Kidneys try to remove excess sugar Urine production increases (polyuria) Patient becomes volume depleted Thirst (polydypsia) Tachycardia Hypotension Dry skin, mucous membranes
Congestive Heart Failure2
Usually begins with left-sided failure. Left ventricle fails Blood "stacks up" in lungs High pressure in capillary beds Fluid forced out of capillaries into alveoli
SPONDYL/O (USED TO MAKE WORDS ABOUT CONDITIONS OF THE STRUCTURE)
VERTEBRA
VERTEBR/O (USED TO DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE ITSELF)
VERTEBRA
A DILUTED SLOUTION OF WHICH OF THE LISTED SUBSTANCES WILL NEUTRALIZE ALKALI BURNS TO THE SKIN?
VINEGAR
Intervertebral disc herniation
Varied levels of protrusion, extrusion, or sequestration
Plantar warts
Verrucae plantaris
Wedge fracture
Vertebral compression fracture with anterior vertebral narrowing
Spondylolysis
Vertebral degenerations; pars interarticularis defect
Aspiration
Vomit or other substance getting in patients lungs
AFTER THE BABY HAS BEEN DELIVERED AND THE CORD HAS BEEN CUT, WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING STEPS IS CORRECT WHEN DELIVERING THE PLACENTA?
WAIT APPROX 10-20 MIN FOR THE PLACENTA TO DELIVER SPONTANEOUSLY
IN HAZMAT MANAGEMENT SITUATIONS, SITE CONTROL IS DIVIDED INTO 3 ZONES, IN WHICH ZONE DOES PERSONNEL DECONTAMINATION HAPPEN?
WARM ZONE
DECONTAMINATION FOR HARASSMENT AGENTS GENERALLY CONSISTS OF?
WASHING WITH BABY SHAMPOO
WHEN IS IT ACCEPTABLE TO MOVE A PATIENT WITH A SUSPECTED PELVIC FRACTURE?
WHEN ABSOLUTELY NECESSARRY AFTER MAST GARMENTS HAVE BEEN APPLIED TO STABILIZE THE PELVIC REGION
WHAT IS THE INTERNATIONAL COLOR CODE OF OXYGEN BOTTLES?
WHITE
CARPALS
WRIST BONES
Benediction deformity (Bishop deformity)
Wasting of the hypothenar, dorsal interossei and fourth and fifth lumbrical muscles resulting from ulnar nerve palsy
Aneurysm
Weak spot in the arterial wall (dilates/balloons out) - may burst. It deprives tissue of oxygenated blood
Symptoms of CHF
Weakness Dyspnea Dyspnea on exertion Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea Attacks of SOB that usually occur at night that awakens the patient Orthopnea Difficulty breathing in any position other than standing or sitting Abdominal discomfort Pedal "Pitting" edema in lower extremities Tachycardia Pulmonary Edema Noisy, labored breathing Coughing Rales, wheezing Pink, frothy sputum
Clark's Rule
Weight of Child/150lbs X Adult Dose= Child's Dose
Information to Obtain
What was the patient doing before seizure? What movements were exhibited? Loss of bladder or bowel control? What did the patient do after seizure? Length of the episode? Anti-seizure medications Consider trauma/brain injuries as cause
chemical
When food is broken down by enzymes or acid, __________ digestion is taking place.
mechanical
When food is chewed, mixed, and churned __________ digestion is taking place.
On- Line Medical direction
When you actually talk to the doctor via cell phone about treatment for the patient
small intestine
Where does most digestion take place?
M8 CHEMICAL DETECTION PAPER TURNS WHAT COLOR WHEN IT COMES INTO CONTACT WITH G CLASS NERVE AGENTS?
YELLOW
Freckles
Yellowish or brown spots from excessive melanocyte activity, not increased melanocyte cells
Does temperature effect breathing?
Yes body temperature increases or decreases respiration
Where is the pint of entry of air conduction?
Your nose
construction of bone
[compact, dense] outside (no marrow), [cancellous, spongy] inside (marrow)
Bacteria
__________ live in your large intestine and make vitamins from undigested food.
Hemangioma
a benign tumor made up of dilated or newly formed blood vessels
Ductus arteriosus
a blood vessel in a fetus that bypasses pulmonary circulation by connecting the pulmonary artery directly to the ascending aorta
Cauda Equina
a bundle of spinal roots located caudal to the end of the spinal cord that float in CSF.
anticoagulant
a chemical agent that reduces the clotting process
Pernicious anemia
a chronic progressive anemia of older adults
Shock
a clinical syndrome marked by inadequate blood flow, usually as a result of extreme hypotension; it can result in failure of multiple organ systems (brain, heart, kidneys, lungs, and GI tract)
ventilation-perfusion coupling ensures
a close match between the amount of gas reaching the alveoli and the blood flow in the pulmonary capillaries
Metabolic syndrome
a cluster of conditions - increased blood pressure, elevated insulin levels, excess body fat around the waist or abnormal cholesterol levels - that occur together, increasing your risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes
Hematoma
a collection of blood under the skin caused by blood escaping into the tissue from damaged blood vessels (also called a bruise)
Hypertension
a common disorder in which blood pressure remains abnormally high (a reading of 140/90 mm Hg or greater)
complete blood count
a common laboratory blood test that provides diagnostic information of a patient's general health; includes several more specific tests including hematocrit, hemoglobin, red blood count, and white blood count
Valvular stenosis
a condition in which there is narrowing, stiffening, thickening, or blockage of one or more valves of the heart
Anemia
a deficiency of red blood cells
Polycythemia
a disorder characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of red blood cells in the blood
serosa
a double-layered sac formed by the pleurae
Cholesterol
a fatty substance in the blood
What is a ductless endocrine gland?
a gland that secretes hormones directly into the blood stream
Electrocardiogram
a graphical recording of the cardiac cycle produced by an electrocardiograph
Semilunar valve
a heart valve with half-moon-shaped cusps
Malaria
a hemolytic disease caused by infection with a protozoan, resulting in chills (and then fever), fatigue, and muscle aches
Sickle cell anemia
a hereditary condition characterized by abnormal sickle shape of erythrocytes and by hemolysis
pulmonary ventilation
a mechanical process causing gas flow into and out ot the lungs according to volume changes in the thoracic cavity
concussion
a mild traumatic brain injury
Hepatic portal circulation
a network of veins that carries venous blood from the gastrointestinal organs and spleen to the liver
respiratory volumes are used to assess
a person's respiratory status. They include : -tidal volume (TV) -inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) -expiratory reserve volume (ERV) -residual volume (RV)
gastroenterologist
a physician who specializes in the field of medicine that focuses on the treatment of diseases of the stomach and small intestine
coronary stent
a plastic scaffold that is used to anchor a surgical implantation (graft); in this case, the stent is implanted in a coronary artery to prevent closure of the artery after angioplasty or atherectomy
Sphygmomanometer
a pressure gauge for measuring blood pressure
angiogram
a recording obtained from an angiography procedure--an x-ray of a blood vessel after injection of a contrast medium
arteriogram
a recording of an x-ray of a particular artery
venogram
a recording of an x-ray of a vein
aortogram
a recording of an x-ray of the aorta
coronary angiogram
a recording of an x-ray of the heart's circulation
Pulmonary valve
a semilunar valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
Coronary artery disease
a stage of arteriosclerosis involving fatty deposits (atheromas) inside the arterial walls
qs
a sufficient quantity
qs ad
a sufficient quantity to make
antibiotic
a therapeutic treatment in which a substance with known toxicity to bacteria is administered, may be obtained from a mold (fungus) or from other bacteria; effective only against bacteria, many types o which are capable of developing resistance, especially when antibiotics are not administered properly
coagulation time
a timed blood test to determine the time required for a blood clot to form; one type of this test, called prothrombin time, measures the time required for prothrombin, a precursor protein, to form thrombin and is often used to monitor anticlotting therapy; another type of test is partial thromboplastin time, which is used to evaluate clotting ability
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
a timed test to measure the rate at which red blood cells fall through a volume of plasma to provide information on their hemoglobin content; commonly used to evaluate nonspecific systemic inflammation
immunotherapy
a treatment of infectious disease; the use of agents (serum, gamma globulin, treated antibodies, etc.) to activate or strengthen the immune response
eversion
a turning inside out, a turning outward
Umbilical vein
a vein in the umbilical cord
cerebral arterial circle circulation
a) INTO CIRCLE internal carotid arteries (branches of common carotid arteries) basilar artery (merge of vertebral arteries) b) GAS EXCHANGE VIA CAPILLARIES c) OUT OF CIRCLE internal jugular veins
hepatic portal circulation
a) [superior, inferior] mesenteric veins absorb nutrients from [small, large] intestines, then merge to form hepatic portal vein b) nutrients delivered to liver by hepatic portal vein (detoxification occurs if necessary) c) nutrients sent into circulation, delivered via hepatic veins, which empty into inferior vena cava
Renal Corpuscle of Nephron
a) bowmans capsule b) glomerulus
Renal tubules of nephron
a) proximal convulted tubule (pcl) b) loop of henle c) distal convoluted tubule d) collecting duct
abdominal
abdomen
Arrhythmia
abnormal heart rhythm
Aneurysm
abnormal outward bulging in weakedned area in wall
Tachycardia
abnormally rapid heartbeat (over 100 beats per minute)
Bradycardia
abnormally slow heartbeat
Varicose veins
abnormally swollen and twisted veins, usually occuring in the legs
superior
above or directed upward
superior
above, in relation to another structure
Petit Mal Seizure
absence seizure Loss of consciousness No loss of postural tone More common in children Can create a problem with learning-miss bits and pieces of information during lessons. Usually resolves by adulthood
Behavioral methods
abstinence (most effective method of pregnancy prevention)
estrone
abundant after menopause
What do thyroid hormones do in concerns of the body
accelerate body growth
APAP
acetominophen
IM injection arm landmark
acromion
anesthesiologist
administration of anesthetics
What is the function of the sex hormones found in the adrenal cortex?
affect sexual maturation & secondary sex characteristics in both genders (both estrogen & androgens)
What are the functions of thyroid hormone (T3 & T4)
affects all body tissues, regulates O2 consumption and requirements, affects metabolism, helps with protein synthesis, can cause catabolism(when high), temperature regulation
bring blood into glomerulus
afferent arteriole
brings blood into glomerulus
afferent arteriole
granular cells wrap around
afferent arteriole. They are mechanoreceptors (can sense BP in afferent arteriole). Low BP -> release renin -> angiotensin -> aldosterone
post
after
Repolarization
after Na+ ions have rushed into the cell, K+ ions rush out of the cell to restore the balance and the original polarity
p.c.
after meals
post-op
after surgery
p.m.
afternoon, evening
pulmonary ventilation
air getting in and out of lungs according to volume changes in the thoracic cavity
pneumothorax
air in lungs
key solute in keeping osmotic pressure
albumin
SVR
alcohol
function of obturator foramen
allows blood vessels and nerves to pass from the pelvic cavity to the lower limb
placenta
allows diffusion of O₂ and CO₂ between mother and fetus
Pancreatic islets contain what four hormones?
alpha (a), beta (b), delta (d), and f cells
AVR
alveolar ventilation rate = [tv-dsv] * respiratory rate
surface tension
alveoli want to collapse. Alveoli prevent surface tension.
amp.
ampul
Heart murmur
an abnormal sound of the heart
Endothelium
an epithelium of mesoblastic origin
arteriotomy
an incision into an artery
peripheral
an outward structure or surface
et
and
Iron-deficiency anemia
anemia that results from having insufficient iron to manufacture hemoglobin
tarsal
ankle
coronal
anterior from posterior heels on elevator, toes off
The hypophysis (pituitary gland) is further divided into anterior and posterior sections, known as what
anterior-adenohypophysis posterior- neurohypophysis
lungs expand
anteriorly to posteriorly vertically
What are the primary reasons glucocorticoids are given by a nurse?
anti-inflammatory, immuno-suppressant and replacement due to lack of cortisol
vaccine
any preparation used to activate an immune response
prophylaxis
any treatment that tends to prevent the onset of an infection or other type of disease
What is the opening to the appendix called?
appendicular orifice
antiretroviral therapy
application of drugs to battle against a class of viruses that tends to mutate quickly, known as retroviruses, of which HIV is a member; also known as combination therapy, the drugs form a cocktail that includes nucleotide analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors, all of which bock HIV replication by a variety of means
brachial
arm
axillary
armpit
ATC
around the clock
e.m.p.
as directed
u.d. or ut dict
as directed
ASAP
as soon as possible
ASA
aspirin
4 Neuroglia in CNS
astocytes (abundant, versatile), microglia (ingests denies access), oligodendrocytes (makes fat/myellin sheath),ependymal cells (line brain, cilia circulate CSF)
hs
at bedtime
rheumatologist
autoimmune diseases, in which the body is attacked by its own defense system
occipital
back of head
popliteal
back of knee
dorsum of the hand
back of the hand
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
bad cholesterol
Nodes of Ranvier
bare spots between myelin sheaths that allow the action potential to flow down the axon hurridly.
lub dup
basic rhythm of the heart associated with closing of heart valves
cardiac pacemaker
battery-powered device that is implanted under the skin and wired to the SA node; produces timed electric pulses that replace the pacemaking function of the SA node
a
before
pre-op
before surgery
posterior
behind, in relation to another structure
inferior
below or directed outward
inferior
below, in relation to another structure
Where can you find the cephalic vein?
between deltoid and pectorals major
Epidural space
between the Dura mater and the vertebral column (filled with fat and blood vessels)
Thrombus
blood clot
Thrombolitic
blood clot in vessel
Blood circulation
blood leaves the heart via the left ventricle into the aorta and onto the body through the artery, arterioles then capillary beds, venules and then veins to the superior and inferior vena cava and into the right atrium, right ventricle out the pulmonary artery to the lungs and back into the left atrium, then left ventricle and back out the aorta to the body.
BP
blood pressure
Blood pressure gradient
blood pressure gradient is best represented by arteries having a higher blood pressure than veins, Blood continually moves from areas of high pressure to areas of lower pressure -Lg. Arteries have highest, vena cavae have lowest -If blood return to heart does not rely solely on blood pressure; instead valves, skeletal muscle activity, and pressure changes in thorax help to move blood back to heart -Continual blood flow depends on stretchiness of larger arteries and ability to recoil & keep pressure on blood as it flows off into the circulation
BUN
blood urea nitrogen
Veins
blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart
BSA
body surface area
BW
body weight
ligaments
bone to bone
pectoral girdle
bones holding upper limb to torso (scapula and clavicle)
o2
both eyes
BM
bowel movement
In between serous and parietal space
bowmans capsule
surrounding the glomerulus
bowmans capsule
plasma leaves glomerulus into
bowmans space : filtration (glomerular filtration)
mammary
breast
gluteal
buttock
p or per
by
PO
by mouth
Rhythm method
calculating fertile period during menstrual cycle
platelet count
calculation of the number of platelets in the blood
sural
calf
Radial Nerve Injury
can be caused by spiral fractures
Leukemia
cancer of white blood cells
CA
cancer or cardiac arrest
cap
capsule
What are the functions of glucocorticoids?
carb, protein & fat metabolism Stress response immunosuppressant
the partial pressure gradients of oxygen and carbon dioxide differences reflect that
carbon dioxide is much more soluble than oxygen in the blood
arteries
carry blood away from heart
What hormones are produced in the Adrenal Medula?
catecholamines-epinephrine & norepinephrine
What does the release of aldosterone cause?
causes resorption of sodium and water from renal tubules into the intervascular space -increasing fluid volume, peripheral vasoconstriction-shunting blood to vital organs
C
centigrade
CNS
central nervous system
APAP
cervical bows anterior thoracic bows posterior lumbar bows anterior sacral bows posterior
pathologist
changes in body tissue/organs caused by disease
buccal
cheek
maculadensa cells
chemoreceptor cells located in loop of henle. They monitor sodium content of filtrate
pectoral
chest
Angina pectoris
chest pain due to reduced oxygen to the heart
mental
chin
CPZ
chlorpromazine
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
cross section
circular, made at 90 deg angle to organ
Pulmonary circulation
circulation of blood between the heart and the lungs
Systemic circulation
circulation that supplies blood to all the body except to the lungs
gastric lavage
cleansing procedure in which the stomach is rinsed with a saline solution; performed before or after surgery or endoscopy
medial
closer to the mid-sagittal plane, in relation to another structure
Embolic
clot developed elsewhere in the body (usually the heart) and then migrates to the brain
pulmonary embolism
clot in pulmonary circulation (ventilation and perfusion don't match)
solubility coefficient
co2 is higher (can dissolve in liquid faster)
LCD
coal tar solution
renal pyramids are made up of
collecting duct
stool culture and sensitivity
collection of a fecal (stool) sample and the growth of microogranisms from the sample in a culture to identify a pathogenic cause of disease
CBC
complete blood count
Psychomotor Seizure
complex partia Loss of consciousness Staring/eyelid fluttering Sterotyped movements (automatisms) May look purposeful, but aren't Lip smacking, movements of hands May be called in as "drunk", "O.D.", "psych patient"
Eclampsia
complication of pregnancy
tunica externa
composed of connective tissue (reinforcement of veins) thickest in veins
tunica media
composed of smooth muscle thickest in arteries (provide reinforcement due to ↑ pressure) can contract or dilate note: not present in capillaries
comp.
compound
Mechanical barrier methods
condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps (block sperm from entering uterus)
CHF
congestive heart failure
Essential (or primary) hypertension
consistently elevated blood pressure of unknown cause
lung tissue
consists of air spaces
parasympathetic motor fibers
constrict airways
co2 level is lower in alveoli bronchioles that are
constricted
parasympathetic stimulation _ bronchiles
constricts - bronchioconstriction
cerebral arterial circle
contingency pathways for oxygen deficiency due to arterial blockage
scapula processes
coracoid process anterior to acromion
3 regions of kidney
cortex, medulla, renal pelvis
2 types of nephrons
cortical nephrons (85%) juxtamedullary nephrons
visceral pleura
covers the external lung surface, following its contours and fissures
parietal pleura
covers thoracic wall, superior face of the diaphragm and continues around the heart between the lungs
crm
cream
CCT
crude coal tar
cc
cubic centimeter
C&S
culture and sensitivity
Peripheral neuropathy
damage to peripheral nerves related to many causes.
DOB
date of birth
d
day
Infarction
death of tissue that results from deprivations of its blood supply
flexion
decrease in the angle of rotation at a joint
bursae
define
3 parts of every neuron
dendrites (digits gathering information) Body (cell metabolism) Axon (takes impulse to next neuron)
What is the nursing concern for glucocorticoids ?
depending on the duration of use and dosage there can be adverse effects.
lower arteries
descending aorta bifurcates to [right, left] common iliac arteries, each branching into [internal, external] iliac arteries external iliac arteries exits abdominopelvic cavity, becoming femoral artery to popliteal artery to tibial artery branching to become dorsalis pedis artery
Myocardial infarction
destruction of heart tissue resulting from obstruction of the blood supply to the heart muscle
lung compliance
determined by the distensibility of lung tissue and surrounding thoracic cage, and alveolar surface tension
D5(1/2)NS
dextrose 5% in 1/2 normal saline
D5NS
dextrose 5% in normal saline (0.9% sodium chloride)
D5W
dextrose 5% in water
DX
diagnosis
pediatrician
diagnosis and treatment of children's diseases
dermatologist
diagnosis and treatment of skin disease
geriatrics
diagnosis and treatment of the diseases of the aging and elderly
endoscopic ultrasound
diagnostic procedure that combines the use of an endoscope and an ultrasound probe to generate images of the intestinal wall to evaluate tumor progression
Lumbar puncture
diagnostic test of CSF with the fluid being removed by a needle between the L3/L4 or L4/L5
upper GI series
diagnostic x-ray images of the stomach and duodenum following the administration of barium as a radiopaque contrast medium; also called barium swallow
labored breathing involves
diaphragm scalenes pec minor external intercostals SCM
quiet inspiration involves
diaphragm and external intercostals contracting
inspiration
diaphragm contracts
expiration
diaphragm expands
lower veins
digital veins to dorsal venous arch to tibial vein to popliteal vein (and great saphenous vein) drain into femoral vein to external iliac vein (in abdominopelvic cavity) [external, internal] iliac vein merge to form common iliac vein [left, right] common iliac veins merge to form inferior vena cava
sympathetic motor fibers
dilate airways
co2 level is higher in alveoli bronchiles that are
dilated
DPT
diptheria, pertussis, tetanus
posterior
directed toward or situated at the back
disc or D.C.
discontinue
gynecologist
diseases of the genital tract of women/reproduction
nephrologist
diseases of the kidney
pulmonologist
diseases of the lungs
proctologist
disorders of the rectum and anus
disp.
dispense
anatomical to clinical phalanx syntax
distal phalanx I (anatomical) first distal phalanx (clinical)
DW
distilled water
ad. dist.
distilled water
div.
divide
DS
double strength
gtt
drop
thalidomide
drug prescribed to pregnant women in the 50s and 60s to control morning sickness which caused phocomelia
antispasmodic
drug that decreases peristalsis in the GI tract to arrest spasm or diarrhea
antacid
drug that neutralizes stomach acid
antiemetic
drug that prevents or stops vomiting
cathartic
drug that stimulates peristalsis of the colon; also called a laxative
alveolar surface tension
due to water in the alveoli acts to draw the walls of the alveoli together, presenting a force that must be overcome in order to expand the lungs
Foramen ovale
during fetal development - interarterial opening which allows blood to flow freely from the right to left atrium - bypassing pulmonary circulation
a.u.
each ear
o.u.
each eye
auricular
ear
otohinolaryngologist
ear, nose, and throat
ENT
ear, nose, throat
EDTA
edetate
brings blood away from glomerulus
efferent arteriole
olecranial
elbow
defibrillation
electrical charge to the heart in an effort to defibrillate, or to stop fibrillation, of the heart; delivered by paddles onto the skin of the chest, or to the heart muscle directly if the chest has been opened
ECG
eletrocardiogram
elix.
elixir
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
emergency response procedure that includes artificial ventilation and external heart massage in an effort to resuscitation, or revive, the patient
ER
emergency room
endocrinologist
endocrine system (ie. diabetes mellitus)
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
endoscopic procedure that includes x-ray fluoroscopy to visualize the ducts of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
tunica intima
endothelium (simple squamous epithelium) modified in veins to form valves (prevent backflow due to low pressure)
barium enema
enema that contains barium (a contrast medium used for x-ray); administered for a lower GI series diagnostic test
EC
enteric coated
EPI
epinephrine
What catecholamines are secreted within the adrenal medulla
epinephrine and norepinephrine
EES
erythromycin ethylsuccinate
EPO
erythropoietin
EFAD
essential fatty acid deficiency
bone superior to vomer
ethmoid bone
pulmonary function tests
evaluate losses in respiratory function using a spirometer to distinguish between obstructive and restrictive pulmonary disorders
q
every
qd
every day
qh
every hour
qod
every other day
stroma
everything that is not alveoli
lordosis
exaggerated anterior lumbar curvature (swayback), pregnant
scoliosis
exaggerated lateral lumbar curvature
kyphosis
exaggerated posterior thoracic curvature (hunchback), elderly
Acetylcholine
example of a a neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junctions and some autonomic nervous system synapses.
Hemorrhage
excessive bleeding
lymphadenectomy
excision of a lymph node
phlebectomy
excision of a vein
diverticulectomy
excision of an abnormal pouch in the intestinal wall, or diverticulum
colectomy
excision of the colon
cholecystectomy
excision of the gallbladder
splenectomy
excision of the spleen
thymectomy
excision of the thymus gland
latissimus dorsi action
extension
Polythelia
extra nipple, third nipple, usually in chest area and looks like a mole more common
Heart murmur
extra or unusual heart sound
ophthalmologist
eye
orbital
eye
EENT
eyes, ears, nose, thoart
F
fahrenheit
Aplastic anemia
failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow
[accessory, supernumerary] bones
failure of parts of bones to fuse together, development of extra pair of [vertebrae, ribs] or facial bones
FBS
fast blood sugar
Atherosclerosis
fatty deposits / narrowing of the artery
Hepatitis A
fever, malaise, loss of appeptite, nausea, abd discomfort, a few days later jaundice, fecal/oral route
tepatobiliary
field of medicine that focuses on diseases of the liver, gallbladder, and bile ducts
toxicology
field of medicine that focuses on the study and treatment of toxins and the diseases they cause; one who specializes in this field is called a toxicologist
virology
field of medicine that focuses on the study of viruses and the treatment of the diseases they cause; one who specializes in this field is a virologist
proctology
field of medicine that focuses on the treatment of diseases of the rectum and anus; a physician who specializes in this field is a proctologist
gastroenterology
field of medicine that focuses on the treatment of diseases of the stomach and small intestine
cardiology
field of medicine that focuses on the treatment of patients with heart disease also a department within a hospital where heart disease patients receive care
bacteriology
field of science and medicine focused on the study of bacteria and prevention of bacterial diseases; one who specializes in this field is a bacteriologist
in order for plasma to go from glomerulus into bowmans space it must pass
filtration membrane
plasma must be able to pass
filtration slits
filtration membrane
filtration slits basement membrane (protien) fenestrations (pores)
digital
finger, toe
sartorius (meditation muscle) action
flexion
biceps brachii actions
flexion and supination
deltoid does three
flexion, extension and abduction
fl
fluid
Subdural space
fluid between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater
FU
fluorouracil
pes
foot
Perfuse
force a fluid through (a body part or tissue)
antebrachial
forearm
frontal
forehead
clavicle
forms joint with acromion
qid
four times a day
FFA
free fatty acid
antecubital
front of elbow
lateral
furthest from another structure in relation to the mid-sagittal plane
partial pressure (of o2)
gases move from area of higher partial pressure to lower partial pressure
GI
gastrointestinal
internal medicine
general name for all the non-surgical specialties
angioplasty
general surgical repair of a blood vessel; includes procedures to reopen blocked vessels
perineal
genitals and anus
GU
genitourinary
Pregnancy- diabetes
gestational diabetes Risk for not carrying full-term Higher risk for birth defects
d.t.d.
give of such doses
GFR
glomerular filtration rate
if hydrostatic pressure decreases BP
goes down
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol
good cholesterol
gr
grain
g
gram
ventrogluteal injection
greater trochanter distal plalanx II on ASIS phalanx III, IV, V extended shot delivered in V-shape
inguinal
groin
GYN
gynecology
1/2NS
half-strenght normal saline
manus
hand
Atherosclerosis
hardening and narrowing of the arteries caused by a buildup of cholesterol plaque on the interior walls of the arteries
Arterioslcerosis
hardening of arterial walls that causes them to become thickened and brittle
Each secretory unit of the breast...
has a duct that leads milk out towards nipple to the lactiferous sinus
indication of thoracic vertebra
has costal rib facets lacks transverse foramen medium transverse processes looks like giraffe
indication of female by skull (second-best method)
has thin, sharp supraorbital margins has a small mastoid process the mandibular angle is greater than 125 deg no brow ridges (unreliable)
GFR Glomerular Filtration Rate
has to do with afferent arteriole
narrow, unmyelinated axons
have the slowest ionic flow
bilateral
having two side
cephalic
head
HA
headache
audiologist
hearing, evaluation and measurement of hearing
cardiologist
heart and its functions
Myocardial infarction (MI)
heart attack; death of myocardial tissue (infarction) owing to loss of blood flow (ischemia) as a result of an occlusion (plugging) of a coronary artery--usually caused by atherosclerosis; symptoms including pain in the chest or upper body (shoulders, neck, and jaw), shortness of breath, diaphoresis, and nausea
HR
heart rate
Cardiac arrest
heart stops
calcaneal
heel
HT
height or hypertension
What is the endocrine system's role in the internal environment?
helps adapt to shock and F&E imbalances
What is the endocrine systems role in the external environment?
helps adapt to stress, trauma and temperature
HCT
hematocrit
Hb
hemoglobin
Hemophilia
hereditary bleeding disorder marked by deficiency of blood- clotting proteins
HBP
high blood pressure
Hypertension
high blood pressure
HEPA
high-efficiency particulate air
air moves from
higher to lower pressure
coxal
hip
Describe paracrine mode of communication in the endocrine system
hormone has an effect on cells neighboring where it was released (local effect) Ex: Blood sugar increases, insulin released from beta cells from the isles of langerhans in pancreas, suppresses release of glucogon from alpha cells
Describe autocrine mode of communication in the endocrine system?
hormone has an effect on the cell that is releasing it (as well as other areas of the body) EX: Growth hormones
Describe the Traditional theory of modes of communication in the endocrine system
hormone released into blood and effect distant organ
HRT
hormone replacement therapy
h or hr
hour
HCTZ
hydrochlorothiazide
HC
hydrocortisone
Secondary hypertension
hypertension that is secondary to another disease
H
hypodermic
The Pituitary gland is also referred to as what
hypophysis
Name the organs that also contribute to the endocrine system, that are not exclusively endocrine glands
hypothalamus, thymus, pancreas, ovaries/testes (kidneys, stomach, liver, small intestine, skin, heart, and placenta also contribute)
IBW
ideal body weight
myogenic mechanism
if BP goes up afferent arteriole recoils, blood going into glomerulus will decrease
How is dimpling of the breast caused?
if there is a carcinoma, it can cause involvement and retraction of suspensory (cooper's) ligaments which causes retraction of skin and thus dimpling
s.o.s.
if there is need
midline of the body
imaginary line created when the body is divided into equal
stat.
immediately
P wave
in an ECG corresponds to depolarization of the atrial fibers (leads to contraction, the primary wave arrives at a given point before any other type of seismic wave, the wave also travels through solids, liquids, and gases
Congestive heart failure
inability to pump enough blood to avoid congestion in the tissues
epidemiologist
incidence and frequency of diseases in various populations
lymphadenotomy
incision into a lymph node
phlebotomy
incision into a vein, usually to remove blood for sampling or to donate blood; a technician who performs this procedure is called a phlebotomist
laparotomy
incision into the abdomen
celiotomy
incision into the abdominal cavity
choledocholithotomy
incision into the common bile duct, which is performed to remove one or more obstructive stones
ADH causes
increase in water absorption directly primarily in collecting duct
Septicemia
infection in the blood
Where is the thyroid gland located
inferior to the larynx (voice box) and anterior to the trachea
Adhesive Capsulitis
inflammation and fibrosis of joint capsule that leads to pain and loss of ROM; "Frozen Shoulder"
Phlebitis
inflammation of a vein (usually in the legs)
Endocarditis
inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
Thalassemia
inherited defect in the ability to produce hemoglobin
Antifungal
inhibit or suppress of fungi, dermatophytes or candida
inj.
injection
Tunic intima
innermost tunic/layer of blood vessels. has "intimate" contact with blood in the lumen. contains the endothelium of the vessel.
vaccination
inoculation of a culture that has reduced virulence, as a means of providing a cure or a prophylaxis (prevention)
I&O
input and output
cardiac catheterization
insertion of a narrow flexible tube, or catheter, through a coronary blood vessel to withdraw blood samples, measure pressures, and inject contrast medium for imaging purposes
Ischemia
insufficient blood flow to an area
ICU
intensive care unit
IPPD
intermittent positive-pressure breathing
Accessory muscles of expiration
internal intercostals rectus abdominus
IU
international units
Intervertebral foramen are formed by
intervertebral notches (nerves go through these)
ID
intradermal
IM
intramuscular
IV
intravenous
IVPB
intravenous piggy back
IVP
intravenous push
blood transfusion
introduction of blood, blood products, or a blood substitute into a patient's circulation to restore blood volume to normal levels; the two main types of blood transfusions are autologous transfusions and homologous transfusions
Spermicidal methods
involve the use of preparations that kill sperm (supplied as foams, jellies, & creams)
external respiration
involves 02 uptake and co2 unloading from hemoglobin in red blood cells
respiratory membrane
is in alveoli. Gases need to get through it. It is made up of connective tissue. Presents a huge surface area for gas exchange.
inferior bone of os coxae
ischium
INH
isoniazid
What is Thyroid-binding Globulin (TBG)
it is a specific protein carrier for t3&t4 an the albumin they are connected to
Where is the cecum?
it's the pouch below the ileocecal junction that the appendix branches off
structural arrangement between the afferent arteriole and the distal convoluted tubule that forms granular cells and macula densa cells
juxtaglomerular apparatus
patellar
kneecap
fecal occult blood test
lab test performed to detect blood in the feces
Secondary -Amenorrhea
lack of menstruation for 3 cycles/6 months despite starting cycle at appropriate age
Ischemias
lack of oxygen / blood flow to heart
indication of lumbar vertebra
lacks rib facets and transverse foramen large transverse processes looks like moose
LR
lactated Ringer's injection
longitudinal section
largest sample size
a.s.
left ear
o.l.
left eye
o.s.
left eye
sinistro-
left side
crural
leg
less ventilation =
less perfusion
intercalated cells
line DCT. Regulate PH
Triglyerides
lipids made up of a glycerol molecule linked to three fatty acids
L
liter
Aneurysm
local widening of an arterial wall
olecranon process
located on proximal ulna fits into olecranon fossa (located on posterior, distal humerus)
Bicipital Tendonitis
long head of Biceps ruptures during repetitive or forceful overhead positions
Schedule 5
low abuse potential accepted medical usefullness. Refills 5x in 6 months.
Hypotension
low blood pressure
Orthostatic hypotension
low blood pressure that occurs upon standing up
pressure in pleural cavity is _ than pressure in alveoli
lower
lumbar
lower back
decubitus
lying down
recumbent
lying down
prone
lying face downward
supine
lying with the face upward
If sodium is too high
maculadensa cells release vasoconstricting chemical. Glomerular filtration goes down
If sodium is too low
maculadensa cells release vasodilating chemical that causes afferent arteriole to dilate which causes glomerular filtration to go up
magnetic resonance angiography
magnetic resonance imaging of the heart and coronary blood vessels
major functions of kidney
main site of blood filtration formation of urine controls blood pressure stabilizes blood PH water balance in the body activation of vitamin D
bronchioles
main vessel of peripheral resistance in respiratory system
What are the actions of Hormones in the body system?
maintain internal environment, Help regulate energy production and usage Exert an effect on reproduction Impact growth and development
What is the primary function of aldostrone?
maintains extracellular fluid volume
collect urine and empty it into renal pelvis
major and minor calyces
f.
make
ft.
make
McBurney's point
make a line using point on ASIS and point on umbilicus ¹/₃ from ASIS or ²/₃ from umbilicus
Gynecomastia
male breasts (usually endocrine problem)
Pathological Fractures
may be caused by benign tumors or metatastic carcinoma
MR
may repeat
MRX
may repeat__times
MMR
measles,mumps,rubella
red blood count
measures the number of red blood cells per cubic centimeter
white blood count
measures the number of white blood cells per cubic centimeter
What nerve innervates the pectoralis minor?
medial pectoral nerve
upper superficial veins
median cubital vein merges to [basilic, cephalic] veins emptying in [axillary, subclavian] vein(s)
Electrocardiograph
medical instrument that records electric currents associated with contractions of the heart
Diuretics
medications administered to increase urine secretion in order to rid the body of excess water and salt
Umbilical cord
membranous duct connecting the fetus with the placenta
palmar arch
merge of radial and ulnar arteries digital arteries to each finger
MDI
metered-dose inhaler
mcg
microgram
differential count
microscopic count of the number of each type of white blood cell, using a stained blood smear
MOM
milk of magnesia
mEq
milliequivalent
mg
milligram
ml
milliliter
mOsm
milliosmoles
MO
mineral oil
min
minute
M.
mix
Warm breasts is a sign of
more vasculature, can occur during different times of cycle or lactation, or carcinoma can recruit more blood vessels
a.m.
morning
MS
morphine sulfate
hematologist
morphology of blood and blood forming tissues and their physiology and pathway
estradiol
most abundant and active female sex hormone
oral
mouth
Embolus
moving blood clot
MVI
multivitamin
tendons
muscle to bone
Vasomotor mechanism
muscles in walls of arteriole may constrict or dilate, thus changing the diameter of the arteriole
MI
myocardial infection
NG
nasogastric
N&V
nausea and vomiting
NVD
nausea, vomiting and diarrhea
cervical
neck
accessory muscles of inspiration
neck thorax
structural and functional units of kidney
nephrons
neurologist
nervous system
Motor neurons
nervous system output side
albumin
never filtered from the blood, it is too big
noct.
night
NTG
nitroglycerin
no rep. or N.R.
no refills
NK
none known
NS
normal saline
nasal
nose
n
nostril
Secondary Infertility
not being able to conceive again after an initial success
NPO
nothing by mouth
no.
number
hepatic portal
nutrient absorption from the intestines
OB/GYN
obstetrics and gynecology
OB-GYN
obstetrics-gynecology
Embolism
occlusion of a blood vessel by an embolus (a loose clot or air bubble or other particle)
OT
occupational therapy
aa
of each
oint.
ointment
ung.
ointment
sid
once a day
ss.
one-half
secondary active transport
only happens in PCT majority of ions get absorbed in PCT
Hepatitis B
onset progresses gradually s/s loss of appetite, slight abdomen discomfort, n/v/ jaundice. INCUBATION PERIOD 60-90 DAYS. TRANSMITTED THRU SERUM
sympathetic stimulation _ bronchioles
opens - bronchiodilation
OR
operating room
OC
oral conceptive
DO
osteopathic physician--doctor of osteopathy
oz
ounce
oblique section
oval
OTC
over-the-counter
OD
overdose
Sublexing of Biceps Tendon
overloading the muscle in an abducted and laterally rotated position sublexes the tendon out of the bicipital groove
palmar
palm
Attached to the exocrine gland cells are endocrine tissues called what
pancreatic islets
Rest and Digest
parasypathetic nervous system's calming effects with lower heart rate, respirations and increased circulation to GI tract.
PPM
parts per million
quiet breathing involves
passive recoil
PPI
patient package insert
Anterior axillary line corresponds to what muscle?
pectoralis major
most accurate gender-specific bone
pelvis
PCN
penicillin
body always tries to match ventilation (airflow to lungs) with
perfusion (blood flow to lungs)
arise off of efferent arteriole
peritubular cappilaries
dorsal
pertaining to the back
cephalic
pertaining to the head or the head end of the body
ventral
pertaining to the internal organs
pathology of the foot
pes cavus: clawfoot (high medial longitudinal arch, overextension of the metatarsal--phalange joint), due to damage to the muscles or nervous system talipes equinovarus: clubfoot (congenital), due to insufficient space in the womb ples planus: (medial longitudinal arch flattended) flat feet due to excessive weight, postural abnormalities, weakened connective tissue in the foot metatarsal stress fracture: repetitive stress on foot
Pb
phenobarbital
auscultation
physical examination that consists of listening to internal sounds using a stethoscope; sounds that suggest abnormalities are often caused by dysrhythmias
physiatrist
physical restoration, rehabilitation, and maintenance
PT
physical therapy
cardiologist
physician who specializes in the treatment of patients with heart disease
O.
pint
Name the gland contributors to the endocrine system
pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands
Holter ambulatory monitor
portable electrocardiograph worn by the patient; monitors electrical activity of the heart over twenty-four-hour periods, proving useful in detecting periodic or transient abnormalities
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
possible autoimmune destruction of myelin slowing impulse conduction-S&S begin with area myelin destroyed.
pleural cavity
potential space filled with excess fluid, pus, air
Palpitation
pounding or racing heart
chart
powder
pulv.
powder
obstetrician
pregnancy, labor, and recovery
Rx (symbol)
prescription symbol
Hyperlipidemia
presence of excess lipids in the blood
orthopedist
preservation and restoration of the function of the skeletal system
atmospheric pressure
pressure exerted on you by surrounding air. 760ml at sea level
intrapulmonary pressure
pressure in the alveoli, which rises and falls during respiration, and equalizes with atmospheric pressure
aldosterone goes to
principal cells, which cause principal cells to take up more sodium
Grand Mal Seizure-Post-ictal Phase
probably the most common way EMS provider will find their seizure pt. Exhaustion Drowsiness Headache Confusion/lethargy
sphygmomanometry
procedure that measures arterial blood pressure using a device called a sphygmomanometer, which consists of an arm cuff and air pressure pump with a mercury pressure gauge
positron emission tomograpy (PET) scan
procedure that provides blood-flow images using PET-scan techniques with radioactive-isotope labeling
immunization
procedure that provides immunity against a particular antigen
attenuation
process in which pathogens are rendered less virulent, prior to their incorporation into a vaccine preparation
-tomy
process of cutting
thrombolysis
process of dissolving a blood clot
gavage
process of feeding a patient through a tube that is inserted into the nose and drops into the stomach; called a feeding tube or nasogastric tube
lymphangiography
process of x-ray photography of lymphatic vessels following injection of a contrast medium; produces an x-ray recording called a lymphangiogram
lymphadenography
process of x-ray photography of the lymph nodes following injection of a contrast medium
flow of urine
produced in renal medulla + renal cortex (renal parenchyma) -> minor calyx- major calyx -> renal pelvis -> ureter
What are the two major types of eicosanoids?
prostaglandins and leukotrienes
function of sesamoid bones
protect tendons; new sesamoid bones may develop later in life and aren't named
carpals
proximal, lateral to medial distal, lateral to medial _proximal_ scaphoid (some) lunate (lovers) triquetrum (try) pisiform (positions) _distal_ trapezium (that) trapezoid (they) capitate (can't) hamate (handle)
anterior bone of os coxae
pubis
PPD
purified protein derivative
Atrial fibrillation
rapid, random, ineffective contractions of the atrium
Ducts
receive and transport reproductive cells
Ovulation method
recording temperature using a basal thermometer
r or R
rectal
pr
rectally
Heart block
recurrent sudden attacks of unconsciousness caused by impaired conduction of the impulse that regulates the heartbeat
Hemolytic anemia
reduction in red cells due to excessive destruction
Precapillary sphincters
regulate capillary blood flow thus directing which organs and body regions are served with oxygen and nutrients under varying circumstances
What is the primary function of Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) ?
regulates cortisol's release from the adrenal cortex
Electrical synapses
related to the electrical special connections called gap junctions that allow direct transfer of information (as in cardiac muscle = intercalated discs)
What are the endocrine functions of the Pancreas?
releases insulin (beta cells of islet of Langerhans) releases glucagon (alpha cells of islet of Langerhans)
distal
remote, further from any point of reference
pheresis
removal of a donor's blood, which is then separated into blood components, with one portion retained for use and the remainder returned to the donor; includes plasmapheresis, in which plasma is used, leukapheresis, in which white blood cells are used; and plateletpheresis, in which platelets are used
lymph node dissection
removal of lymph nodes for pathological study to assist in a diagnosis; also known as lymph node biopsy
Malignant hypertension
renal failure; encephalopathy; BP >210/120 mm Hg; IV nitroprusside
renal parenchyma
renal medulla + renal cortex
where urine is produced
renal parenchyma
drains blood from kidney
renal vein
Chemical synapses
require neurotransmitters to send a signal across the synapse to the next cell in line (can excite the recieving cell or calm it down)
Torn Rotator Cuff
results from acute trauma or degeneration
a.d.
right ear
o.d.
right eye
sagittal
right from left one foot on elevator, one foot off
dextro-
right side
[left, right] common carotid arteries
run on anterior neck next to trachea
Dengua Hemorhhagic Fever
s/s- circulatory shock,increased fever, loss of appetitie, abd pain, excessive bleeding at venipuncture sites, nose and gums. Transmitted by ADED AEGYPTI MOSQUITO
Dengue Fever- (Break Bone Fever)
s/s-sudden fever, H/A, pain behind eyes, muscle pain , rash, small discolored raised spots or closely aggravated bright spots. Transmitted by AEDES MOSQUITO
sacral
sacrum
sacroiliac joint
sacrum and os coxae
dorsum of the foot
same
pelvic
same
pubic
same
upper deep veins
same name of near artery digital to [palmar, dorsal] venous arches to [ulnar, radial] veins to brachial veins to axillary vein to subclavian vein, merges into jugular vein to form brachiocephalic veins, draining into superior vena cava
sat.
saturate
SS
saturated solution
SSKI
saturated solution of potassium iodide
phoc/o
seal
What do Alpha cells within the pancreatic islets secrete? why?
secrete glucagon, it increases blood sugar
Glenohumeral Sublaxtion
seen due in CVA and hemiplegia; paralysis and gravity cause the partial dislocation
SZ
seziure
male pelvis sex ID
short pubis triangular shape ilium flares superiorly deep pelvis
SOB
shortness of breath
deltoid
shoulder
Focal Motor Seizure
simple partia Rhythmic jerking of limb and/or one side of body No loss of consciousness - pt. can describe seizure
anterior
situated at or directed toward the front
external
situated or occuring on the outside
internal
situated or occurring within or on the inside
medial
situated toward the midline
caudal
situated toward the tail
indication of cervical vertebra
small no rib facets small transverse processes has transverse foramen
local potentials
small change in charge in just one portion of a cell. (SIZE of Stimulus determines how Large the Change in Charge is) LOCAL HAS LEVELS Can add together to make an ACTION POTENTIAL.
Venules
small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins
aldosterone cuases
sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion
plantar
sole of foot
sol.
solution
Lumen
space within a tubular part or organ, such as the space within a blood vessel
keystone bone
sphenoid bone
vertebral
spinal column
purpose of vertebral foramen
spinal cord
purpose of intervertebral foramen
spinal nerves
Peripheral Nervous System
spinal nerves between vertebrae that send (sensory) information TO the Brain and (motor) information FROM the Brain
m2
square meter
boyles law
states that at a constant temp, the pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume
structures of the sternum
sternal notch sternal angle body xiphoid process
sternal
sternum
gastroenterologist
stomach/intestines and their diseases
hemostasis
stoppage of bleeding
physiology
study of function of body structures
pharmacology
study of medications and how they affect the body
immunologist
study of the body's defense system
histologist
study of the microscopic structures of the body
subc, subq, SC, or SQ
subcutaneously
SL
sublingual
tubular reabsorption
substances within filtrate move from lumen into cells to peritubular capillaries * occurs in PCT
tal.
such
tal. dos.
such doses
transverse
superior from inferior laying across elevator entrance
pelvic inlet
superior opening between the true and false pelvis
Polymastia
supernumerary breasts (more than 2) very rare
external iliac artery
supplies blood to lower limbs
internal iliac artery
supplies blood to pelvic organs
Brachiocephalic artery
supplies blood to the tissues of the upper limb and head, as its name suggests. It is the first branch from the aortic arch and rises through the mediastinum to a point near the junction of the sternum and the right clavicle. There it divides
supp.
suppository
Calcific Tendonitis
supraspinatus inflammation with mineral deposits
alveoli don't collapse because of
surfactant
vascular surgery
surgery of the blood vessels
thoracic surgery
surgery of the chest cavity
gastrostomy
surgical creation of a new opening into the stomach; a popular form is called percutaneous endogastric gastrostomy, in which a gastrostomy is made through the skin (percutaneously) with an endoscope to determine where to position a feeding tube in the stomach and to secure it in place
pericardiostomy
surgical creation of an opening in the pericardial sac, usually to relieve pressure that results from pericarditis or cardiac tamponade
colostomy
surgical creation of an opening into the colon by way of the abdominal wall, which establishes an artificial anus; may be temporary or permanent as a treatment for cancer, obstructions, or ulcerative colitis
vagotomy
surgical dissection of branches of the vagus nerve, which innervates much of the GI tract; performed to reduce gastric juice secretion to treat chronic gastric ulcers
polypectomy
surgical excision of a polyp
hemicolectomy
surgical excision of approximately one-half of the colon
hemorrhoidectomy
surgical excision of hemorrhoids
uvulectomy
surgical excision of the uvula
splenopexy
surgical fixation of the spleen
ileostomy
surgical opening through the abdominal wall and into the ileum to establish a secondary anus for the passage of feces
coronary artery bypass graft
surgical procedure in which a blood vessel is removed from another part of the body and inserted in the coronary circulation to bypass blood flow around an occluded (blocked) coronary artery
abdominocentesis
surgical puncture through the abdominal wall to remove fluid; also called paracentesis
endarterectomy
surgical removal of a fatty plaque or a blood clot from the interior of an artery
atherectomy
surgical removal of a fatty plaque within a blood vessel using a specialized rotary knife and a catheter (a flexible tube)
embolectomy
surgical removal of a floating blood clot, or embolus
aneurysmectomy
surgical removal of an aneurysm
gastrectomy
surgical removal of any part of the stomach or, in extreme cases, the entire organ
gingivectomy
surgical removal of diseased tissue in the gums
hemorrhoidectomy
surgical removal of hemorrhoids
abdominoperineal resection
surgical removal of the colon and rectum that includes entry through both the abdomen and perineum (the area in front of the anus); includes a colostomy and is performed to treat colorectal cancer and severe IBD
appendectomy
surgical removal, or excision, of the appendix
valvuloplasty
surgical repair of a heart valve; if repair is not possible, a valve replacement may be required using an artificial valve or a porcine (pig) valve
herniorrhaphy
surgical repair of a hernia
abdominoplasty
surgical repair of the abdomen
anoplasty
surgical repair of the anus
palatoplasty
surgical repair of the palate, usually as a treatment for cleft palate, an inherited defect
pyloroplasty
surgical repair of the pylorus region of the stomach or of the pyloric valve
uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
surgical repair of uvula, palate, and pharynx; usually performed to correct obstructive sleep apnea
cranial
surrounding the brain
susp.
suspension
most common [accessory, supernumerary] bones
sutural AKA Wormian bones in the skull (small, flat bones trapped within sutures of the skull)
angiorrhaphy
suturing a blood vessel to close an incision
cheilorrhaphy
suturing of the lip
glossorrhaphy
suturing of the tongue
the lungs are innervated by
sympathetic motor fibers, parasympathetic motor fibers, and visceral sensory fibers
Fight or Flight
sympathetic nervous system response to fear or confrontation related to adrenaline/epinephrine rush and increased heart rate, respirations.
syr.
syrup
tbsp.
tablespoon
tab
tablet
Rotator cuff tear
tearing of muscle or tendon within rotator cuff (subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor)
tsp.
teaspoonful
Chemical Name
tells the chemical and molecular structure
temp
temperature
thickest bone in the human body
temporal bone
Spinal block (as with childbirth)
temporary anesthetic into the subarachnoid space that causes rapid loss of sensory and motor activity below the injection
Anterior Shoulder Dislocation
tends to be caused by a forced shoulder abduction and lateral rotation
myocardial radionuclide perfusion scan
test in which blood flow (perfusion) to cardiac cells is monitored following injection of an isotope; the test may be performed while the patient is under stress or at rest
blood chemistry
test or series of tests on blood samples to measure the levels of particular components (glucose, albumin, cholesterol, etc.)
hemoglobin
test that measures the level of hemoglobin in red blood cells (in grams)
hematocrit
test that measures the percentage of red blood cells in a volume of blood; obtained from centrifuging a sample of blood to separate blood cells
blood culture
test to determine infection in the blood by placing a blood sample on a nutritive media in an effort to grow populations of bacteria for analysis
What is the main hormone produced by the testes
testosterone
TAC
tetracaine, adrenalin, and cocaine
TCN
tetracycline
compliance
the ability of lungs to stretch
flexion
the act of bending or the condition of being bent
What are the two regions of the adrenal glands
the adrenal cortex & the adrenal medulla
expiratory reserve volume
the amount of air that can be evacuated form the lungs after tidal expiration
inspiratory reserve volume
the amount of air that can be forcibly inspired beyond the tidal volume
tidal volume
the amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs with each breathe during quiet breathing
residual volume
the amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximal forced expiration
Tropic hormones are hormones produced and secreted from where
the anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)
Diastolic pressure
the blood pressure (as measured by a sphygmomanometer) after the contraction of the heart while the chambers of the heart refill with blood
Systolic pressure
the blood pressure (as measured by a sphygmomanometer) during the contraction of the left ventricle of the heart
Internal carotid artery
the branch of the carotid artery that supplies blood to the brain and eyes and internal parts of the head
External carotid artery
the branch of the carotid artery that supplies blood to the face and tongue and external parts of the head
functional residual capacity
the combined residual volume and expiratory reserve volume, and represents the amount of air that remains in the lungs after a tidal expiration
action potential
the completion of a cell's process of depolarization and repolarization
Systole
the contraction of the chambers of the heart (especially the ventricles) to drive blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery
Ductus venosus
the fetal structure that allows most of the blood to bypass the liver and to flow from the umbilical vein to the vena cava
airway resistance
the friction encountered by air in the airways; gas flow is reduced as airway resistance increases
hematology
the general field of medicine that focuses on blood-related disease; one who specializes in this field is a hematologist
Epicardium
the innermost of the two layers of the pericardium
Endocardium
the membrane that lines the cavities of the heart and forms part of the heart valves
extension
the movement bringing the members of a limb or toward a straight condition
Autonomic Nervous System
the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its Sympathetic division STIMULATES; its parasympathetic division calms
intrapleural pressure
the pressure in the pleural cavity. Rises and falls during respiration, is always 4mm Hg less than intrapulmonary pressure
What are hormones?
the primary source of communication within the body system, produced by glands
Depolarization
the process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive; loss of polarity or polarization
renal tubule beings at the glomerular capsule as
the proximal convulted tubule - loop of henle - distal convoluted tubule - collecting duct
Ventricular fibrillation
the rapid, irregular, and useless contractions of the ventricles
renal pyramids constitute
the renal medulla
QRS complex
the second wave on the EKG that begins as a downward deflection, continues as a large, upright, triangular wave, and ends as a downward wave; represents rapid ventricular depolarization
lub
the sound of the heartbeat when the valves between chambers close and the ventricles contract, which means that blood is pumped out of the ventricles and enters the atria.
immunology
the study concerned with immunity and allergy
physiology
the study of body function
total lung capacity
the sum of all lung volumes. Max volume to which the lungs can be expanded with greatest possible inspiration
inspiratory capacity
the sum of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume, and represents the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration
T wave
the third, dome-shaped upward deflection of the EKG that represents ventricular repolarization, and occurs just as the ventricles begin to relax
Placenta
the vascular structure in the uterus of most mammals providing oxygen and nutrients for and transferring wastes from the developing fetus
Stroke Volume
the volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each heartbeat
Diastole
the widening of the chambers of the heart between two contractions when the chambers fill with blood
What do the exocrine glands within the pancreas do
they are arranged in clusters and produce digestive enzymes which flow within the GI tract
Where are the parathyroid glands located?
they are attached to the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
What is the function of both prostaglandins and leukotrienes?
they help in mediating the inflammatory response
What do estrogens do within the body
they regulate menstrual cycle, maintain pregnancy, & prepare for lactation
What do Beta cells within the pancreatic islets do?
they secrete insulin (lowers blood sugar)
Where are the adrenal glands located
they sit right above the kidneys
femoral
thigh
tid
three times a day
twi
three times a week
Most of the thyroid gland is composed of sperical grouped cells called what
thyroid follicles
X
times
tr.
tincture
anterior
to the front of, in relation to another structure
hyperkalemia
too much potassium. Can cause death. Hyperkalemia triggers aldosterone which causes potassium secretion
top
topically
Occlusion
total blockage
TPN
total parenteral nutrition
proximal
toward the center or median line, the point of attachment or origin
lateral
toward the side of the body
autologous transfusion
transfusion of blood donated by a patient for personal use; this is a common procedure before a surgery to avoid potential incompatibility or contamination
homologous transfusion
transfusion of blood that is voluntarily donated by another person; requires blood-type matching, known as crossmatching, to prevent incompatibility
universal features of C#, T#, L#
transverse and spinous processes body lamina pedicle vertebral foramen
DCAP-BTLS
trauma Assessment
psychiatrist
treatment and prevention of mental illness
thrombolytic therapy
treatments that dissolve blood clots, or thrombi, using drugs such as streptokinase or tissue plasminogen activator; this treatment is often applied within six hours of an MI--if possible--and has been credited with saving many lives
TCA
tricyclic antidepressant
TMP/SMX
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxizole
types of ribs
true false false floating
true or false: bones are organs
true, all systems in the body are composed of organs categorized according to their shapes
Surgical methods
tubal ligation & vasectomy
oncologist
tumors cancer
bid
twice a day
biw
twice a week
What type of steroid hormones does the ovaries produce
two estrogens (estradiol & estrone), progesterone, relaxin, and inhibin
T&C
type and cross match
echocardiography
ultrasound procedure in which sound waves are directed through the heart to evaluate heart anomalies--the recorded date is called an echocardiogram; if performed during exercise to identify heart conditions, the procedure is called a stress echocardiogram
Doppler sonography
ultrasound procedure that evaluates blood flow in an effort to determine the cause of a localized reduction in blood flow
UV
ultraviolet
subarachnoid space
under the arachnoid mater and above the pia mater in the cerebrospinal fluid cushion
Paradoxical
uneven
U or u
units
anatomic position
universal frame of reference erect on the plantar surface, facing forward with palms supinated
ana-
up
ad
up to
URI
upper respiratory infection
UA
urinalysis
urologist
urinary system in females and the genitourinary system in males
UUN
urine urea nitrogen
angioscopy
use of a flexible fiberoptic instrument, or endoscope, to observe a diseased blood vessel in order to assess the lesion and decide upon a mode of treatment; the procedure also includes use of a camera, video recorder, and monitor
radiologist
use of x-rays, radioactive substances and other forms of radiant energy in diagnosis and treatment of disease
proximal
used to describe a structure on the same appendage which is closer to the core in relation to another structure
distal
used to describe a structure on the same appendage which is further from the core in relation to another structure
respiratory volumes and specific combinations of volumes (respiratory capacities)
used to gain info about a person's respiratory status
pv
vaginally
Right atrioventricular valve
valve with three cusps, tricuspid valve
2nd set of capillaries coming off of efferent arterioles only in juxtamedullary nephrons
vasa recta
varicose veins
venous valve leakage leads to pooling of blood susceptible occupations: anyone standing for prolonged periods of time (stress to valves)
On the head of the rib, there are two articulating surfaces that articulate with what?
vertebrae
bones of the thoracic column
vertebrae sternum ribs
DVM
veterinarian--doctor of veterinary medicine
2 layers to bowmans capsule
visceral layer - podocytes parietal layer
GI endoscopy
visual examination of the GI tract using an endoscope, which includes a camera, fiber optics, and a long flexible tube
laparoscopy
visual examination of the abdominal cavity with a laparoscope; often replaces open abdominal surgery (laparotomy) when an invasive procedure should be avoided
colonoscopy
visual examination of the colon using a colonoscope
esophagoscopy
visual examination of the esophagus with an esophagoscope, a specialized form of endoscope
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
visual examination of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum with an endoscope
proctoscopy
visual examination of the rectum with a proctoscope, a specialized type of endoscope
sigmoidoscopy
visual examination of the sigmoid colon with a sigmoidoscope, a specialized type of endoscope
gastroscopy
visual examination of the stomach with a gastroscrope, a specialized type of endoscope
nuclear medicine imaging of the heart
visualization of the heart following administration of radioactive isotopes to aid in diagnosis
VS
vital signs
vol.
volume
aq.
water
Guillian-Barre syndrome (GBS)
weakness and ascending paralysis of the limbs, face, and diaphragm relating to an autoimmune attack on myelin and/or axons in the PNS
wk.
week
What is positive feedback system? Give an example
when a hormone output reinforces and encourages the stimulus. Child Birth
What is negative feedback system
when a hormone output reverses a particular stimulus (they counter act one another)
p.r.n.
when required or as needed
anatomical dead space
where air is conducted but no gas exchange occurs. It is always 150ml in anatomical dead space.
alveoli
where gas exchange occurs
w.a. or WA
while awake
WBC
white blood cell count
female pelvis sex ID
wide pubis rectangular shape ilium flares laterally shallow pelvis (quicker route for fetus)
Sig.
wite on label
c.
with
w/
with
s or s
without
w/o
without
carpal
wrist
cholangiogram
x-ray image of the bile ducts between the liver, gallbladder, and duodenum
cholecystogram
x-ray image of the gallbladder; used to confirm diagnosis of cholelithiasis
y.o.
year old
you might need a Cesarian section if
your pelvic outlet isn't large enough
Off- Line Medical Direction
your protocols: Standard orders
ZnO
zinc oxide
structural organization of the human body
{atoms < molecules} < [cells] < tissues < organs < organ systems < organism {chemical level} [first living level, functional unit of body]
number of bones in the human body
~206
Carbon Monoxide
"Silent Killer" - it is odorless and colorless Sources: Motor vehicles Space heaters Poorly maintained chimneys Inadequate ventilation Anything above 10 parts per million is considered unsafe.
What is the adrenal cortex
"inner membrane" - makes up 80-90% of gland
Neuroglia
"nerve glue"; many types of cells that support, insulate, and protect neurons
Long Term Complications of Both- Diabetes
#1 Cause of blindness in people between the ages of 20-74 Kidney disease (10%) Amputations - 45% of all non-traumatic leg and foot amputations Heart disease and stroke
five categories of bones
#1 long #2 short #3 flat #4 irregular #5 sesamoid
skeletal system function
#1 provide protection #2 provide support and form for body #3 storage site for calcium, phosphorus and other minerals #4 hemopoiesis #5 attachment for skeletal muscle to aid in locomotion and leverage
POLIO
(POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS INFECTION) 99% have mild GI or Respiratory illness 1%develop the paralytic form. The virus killed the motor neurons in the ventral horn of the spinal column, so movement is stopped, but sensation continues since sensory neurons were unaffected. Post-polio syndrom (PPS) is progressive weakness decades after the paralytic form.
Cerebral Vascular Accident
(Stroke) A neurological impairment caused by disruption of blood supply to a portion of the brain - an artery becomes blocked or ruptures two different types of stroke Ischemic Hemorrhagic
Epidermal Dendritic Cells
(aka Langerhans Cells) Macrophages from the immune response In Stratum spinosum
Tactile Cells
(aka Merkel Cells) Sensory receptors In Stratum Basale
Clavicular fractures
(children) clavicle breaks mid portion; from fall on outstretched hand or lateral side of shoulder
Humeral Neck Fractures
(elderly) from fall on outstretched hand; impacted fracture
What are the Paranasal sinuses?
(sinuses) are four groups of air filled cavities in the skull. Sinuses lighten the head and act as resonance chambers for sound. Sinuses are named for the bones near which they are located.
trabeculae
(small beam) scaffold-like structures which provide support and ample space for bone marrow increase supported weight, increase compact bone thickness
Where will you normally find the appendix?
- 2/3 are retrocecal - 1/3 are pelvic
What is the major functions of the pectoralis minor?
- Depress shoulder - Accessory muscle to inspiration by raising the rib cage
What is 2 major movements of pectoralis major?
- adducts the arm - some medial rotation of arm
blood vessels (3)
- arteries - capillaries - veins
aortic arch branches
- brachiocephalic artery - left common carotid artery - left subclavian artery
bones covered with hyaline cartilage!
- capitulum (lateral humerus, sits on radial head) - trochlea (medial humerus, rotates in the trochlear notch) - acetabulum (lateral pubis, articulates with head of femur) - talus (forms a joint with the tibia)
What are the 3 origins of the pectoralis major?
- clavicle - sternum - ribs
What are the 2 heads of the pectoralis major?
- clavicular - sternocostal (sternum and ribs)
superficial
- closer to the surface in relation to another structure - is on the outside or surface
Where does the pectoralis minor attach?
- coracoid process of scapula and down to ribs 2-5
general bone structures
- epiphyseal line - articular cartilage - spongy bone - proximal epiphysis - red bone marrow - compact bone - medullary cavity - yellow bone marrow - periosteum - diaphysis - proximal and distal epiphysis
deep
- further from the surface in relation to another structure - is inside or underneath
medial longitudinal, lateral longitudinal and transverse arches
- help support weight of body - prevent compression of blood vesses and nerves on the plantar surface of the foot
pelvis
- ilium - ischium - pubis (most anterior bone of the pelvis)
true pelvis
- inferior to pelvic brim - forms deep bowl containing pelvic organs
bunion development and progression
- inflammation of the tissues surrounding the joint - progresses to involve ligaments, tendons and bursae - irreversible bone spurs
Primary -Amenorrhea
- lack of menstruation prior to 16 years old
What nerves innervate the pectoralis major?
- lateral pectoral nerve supplies upper part - medial pectoral nerve supplies lower part
The rectum is complete covered by _____________. It is lined by _________. It has 3 ___________ which help support feces.
- longitudinal (tenia coli mergence) - smooth mucosa - semicircular rectal valves/folds
What are some physical findings on breast exam?
- lump - dimpling - retracted nipple - peau d'orange - warmth/redness - less mobile
bunion
- occurs between metatarsal I and first proximal phalanx - due to snug shoes
fibrocartilaginous structures
- pubic symphasis (high pressure, may separate during childbirth) - menisci of the knee
extension
- return to anatomic position - posterior to anatomic position
brachiocephalic artery branches
- right common carotid artery - right subclavian artery ∴ there is no brachiocephalic artery on the left side of the aortic arch
The sigmoid colon has a very long _________ which causes what kind of complication?
- sigmoid mesocolon - volvulus (rotation of gut on its mesentery which can lead to strangulation of the tissue) usually have to surgically remove
capillaries
- smallest blood vessels - where gas exchange occurs - composed of tunica intima only
false pelvis
- space between the ala of the ilium bones - superior to pelvic brim - contains the lower abdominal organs
SITS (rotator cuff)
- superspinatus - infraspinatus - teres minor - subscapularis
What fuses at the rectum to form a complete muscle layer over rectum? Where else do they converge?
- the 3 tenia coli longitudinal muscles - appendix
Primary Infertility
- the inability to conceive after 1 year of "trying"
The neurovascular bundle located in the shoulder includes
- thoracoacromial artery - thoracoacromial vein - lateral pectoral nerve
vessel anatomy
- tunica interna - tunica media - tunica externa
appendicular skeleton
- upper and lower limbs - bones holding limbs to trunk
phocomelia
- upper limb reduced in size, resembling a seal flipper - environmental abnormality from medication, such as thalidomide
pelvic outlet
- where the baby comes out - inferior opening to the pelvic cavity - boundaries: pubis, ischial spine(s), coccyx
Pregnancy
-Begins with sperm fertilizing an egg and ends with birth -Lasts about 38-40 weeks -Includes implantation, embryonic growth, fetal growth -Most opportune time for fertilization is 24 hours after female's body temp rise during ovulation -Hormones: high during pregnancy -Corpus luteum produces hormones until placenta takes over -High hormones during pregnancy suppress FSH prevents development of follicles
Phsychotherapeutic Agents Tranquilizers/Mood Modifiers
-Chloropromazine HCL (Thorazine) -Thiorizadine (Mellaril) -Prochlorperiznine (Compazine) -Haloperidol (Haldol) Lithium (Eskalith, Lithune) -Amitriptyline HCL (Elavil) -Chlordiazapoxide HCL (Librium) Hydro Xizine HCL (Vistrail) Diazepam (Valium) Flurazepam (Dalmine)
Ovulation Phase
-Day 14 of cycle -Follicle ruptures releasing egg
Menses Phase
-Days 1-5 of cycle -Corpus luteum degenerates -Female hormone production stops
Secretory Phase
-Days 14-28 of cycle -Glandular activity declines -Uterine cycle ends as the corpus luteum stops producing hormones
Proliferative Phase
-Days 6-13 of cycle -Ovaries contain undeveloped ovarian follicles -FSH causes follicle to develop -Uterus thickens
Estrogen
-Decreases loss of calcium from the bone -Controls fluid and electrolyte balance -Increase protein synthesis -Decreases cholesterol production
Progesterone
-Developing endometrium -Decreases motility of uterus -Develops secretory portion of breast during pregnancy -Minimal effect in suppressing ovulation
Prostate
-Doughnut-shaped gland -Surrounds ejaculatory ducts just below the bladder -Secretes thin, milk-colored fluid that makes 30% of seminal fluid volume -Activates sperm to maintain mobility -Helps neutralize acidity of vaginal tract
Ovulation Phase
-Egg passes into fallopian tube -Body temp increases 0.4-0.6 degrees Fahrenheit -Ovary pain
Menses Phase
-Endometrial lining sloughs off -Menstruation begins -New follicle in ovary starts to develop
Penis
-External male sex organ -Spongy, erectile tissue -Disposal of urine -Transfer sperm during intercourse
Fallopian Tubes
-Funnel shaped tubes -"Connect" the ovaries to the uterus -Transport ova from ovaries to the uterus
Progesterone
-Involved in menstrual cycle, pregnancy, embryogenesis -Produced in ovaries, placenta, corpus luteum -Preparing/maintaining female body for pregnancy
Secretory Phase
-LH causes follicle to become corpus luteum that produces estrogen and progesterone -Secretory activities peak around day 26
Uterus
-Lies behind bladder in front of bowel -Two portions, Upper: body ,Lower: cervix -Accepts fertilized egg -Provides structural support bladder, bowel, pelvic bones
Vagina
-Located between bladder and rectum -Distendable tube -Extends from vaginal opening to the uterus -Consists of smooth muscle -Provides path for menstrual blood to leave body -Channel through which the baby moves out of mother -Location of intercourse
Ovaries
-Located in lower abdomen on either side of uterus just below the opening to the fallopian tubes -Resemble large almonds in size and shape -Produce, store, and release eggs -Produce estrogen and progesterone
Cervix
-Lower portion of uterus -Located at top end of vagina -Allow flow of menstrual blood from uterus into vagina -Directs sperm into uterus
Testes
-Male gonads -Located in scrotum -Produces sperm & testosterone -Promote and maintain development of male reproductive organs
Androgen
-Male sex hormone -Produced by testes -Stimulates development of male sex organs and secondary male sex characteristics -Accelerates growth at puberty -Increases protein synthesis -Decreases protein breakdown
Vas Deferens
-Muscular tube that passes alongside testicles fromepididymus into abdominal cavity -Transport sperm in anticipation of ejaculation
what controls blood flow into the lungs (PERFUSION)
-O2 levels in alveoli (high o2 in lungs means increase in perfusion )
Menopause
-Ovaries become less responsive to GnRH stimulation -Estrogen/progesterone production decline Symptoms -Hot flashes, sweating, headache, hair loss, vaginal dryness, depression, weight gain, mood swings -Associated with Osteoporosis
Cowper's Gland
-Pea-sized exocrine gland -Located below prostate gland -Contributes 5% of seminal fluid volume -Secretions provide lubrication in preparation for sex
Seminal Vesicles
-Pouch-like glands attached to vas deferens -Located to the side of the bladder -Secretes significant proportion of fluid that becomes semen
Scrotum
-Pouch-like structure -Contains epididymis & testes -Located outside pelvis and base of penis -Keeps temperature of testes cooler than body temp
Estrogen
-Produces female secondary sex characteristics -Stimulates uterine lining development and mammary glands -Stimulates development of uterus, vagina, fallopian tubes -Accelerates growth at puberty -Enhances blood coagulation
Cold Relief Preparations
-Pseudophedrine HCL (Sudafed) -Pseudophedrine HCL and Triprolidine HCL (Actifed) -Phenypropanolamine/Gusifensin (Entex-LA)
Uterine cycle, "menstrual cycle"
-Repeating series of changes in structure of endometrium -Average 28 days Divided in 4 phases Menses Proliferative Ovulation Secretory
MELATONIN -who produces it? -what does it do?
-The pineal gland - maintains the biological clock (sleep)
THYMOSIN -who produces it? -what does it do?
-The thymus gland -promotes growth and development of Tcells
Epididymis
-Tightly coiled mass of tubes -Connect testes & vas deferens -Sperm mature & develop ability to move/swim
Menarche
-Uterine cycle begins at puberty typically around 11-12 -Ends at menopause typically around 45-55
FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH) -who produces it? -what does it do?
-adenhypophysis -in males - produces sperm, in females- maturation of the egg
THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH) -who produces it? -what does it do?
-adenohypophysis -causes the thyroid gland to release hormones: calcitonin, t3 & t4
ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC (ACTH) -who produces it? -what does it do?
-adenohypophysis -release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal gland
PROLACTIN (PRL) -who produces it? -what does it do?
-anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) -mammory tissue 2 produce milk
GROWTH HORMONE (GH) -who produces it? -what does it do?
-anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) -protein synthesis for growth
what controls bronchiole's smooth muscle
-autonomic nerve fibers -local factors (co2 concentration)
MINERALOCORTICOIDS -where are they produced? -what is their function? -what is the major hormone in this group?
-in the adrenal cortex - regulates the concentration of sodium and pottasium in the blood - Aldesterone
GLUCOCORTICOIDS -where are they produced? -what is their function? -what is the major hormone in this group?
-in the adrenal cortex -influence glucose metabolism/ raise blood sugar by break down of proteins and fats -Cortisol
ANDROGENS -what are they? -where are they produced?
-masculinizing sex hormones -produced in the adrenal cortex *** have little effect in men, but promote libido in women
OXYTOCIN (OT) -who produces it? -what does it do?
-neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) -causes uterus to contract during labor && release of milk during nursing
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH) -who produces it? -what does it do?
-neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) -prevents water loss in kidneys
PROGESTERONE -what does it do? -who produces it?
-prepares the uterus lining for a fertilized sperm -the ovaries
CALCITONIN -is produced by... -what is its main function
-produced by the parathyroid glands - when it is secreted, it lowers blood calcium levels
Gonads
-reproductive organs that produce reproductive cells and hormones -Perineal structures "external genitalia"
OXYTOCIN what is the target? what does it stimulate? what is its function?
-targets smooth muscle in the uterus and breasts -stimulates uterine contraction (birth) && "milk letdown" in the breasts -helps prepare the womans body for labor/delivery and then milk production for breast feeding
ADH what is the target? what does it simulate? what is its function?
-targets the ducts in the kidneys & sweat glands in the skin -stimulates these organs to minimize water loss -it is used as an anti-diaretic (fluid retention)
factors which can influence rate of gas exchange across the respiratory membrane
-thickness of respiratory membrane (ex: pulmonary edema means increase in thickness) -surface area available for gas exchange
when filtrate moves through tubular system 2 processes go on
-tubular reabsorption -tubular secretion
Antidiarrheals
...
NORMALLY, A LOSS OF APPROX ____ OF THE PERSON'S BLOOD VOLUME WILL CREATE A LIFE-THREATENING CONDITION.
1 LITER
Activated Charcoal-Dosage
1 gm/kg of patient body weight Usual adult dose: 25 to 50 grams Usual child dose: 12.5 to 25 grams The guideline is generally <2 hours from the time the substance was ingested
VIRAL HEMORRHAGIC FEVERS ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO?
1% BLEACH SOLUTION
fetal circulation
1) O₂ transferred from placenta to umbilical vein (oxygenated) 2) ductus venosus shunts blood from liver 3) foramen ovale (fossa ovalis post-birth) shunts blood from right atrium to left atrium 4) ductus arteriosus (filled with connective tissue in adult) shunts blood from pulmonary trunk to aorta 5) umbilical arteries branch off internal iliac arteries, carrying deoxygenated blood back to placenta
What are the axillary lines?
1) anterior axillary line 2) mid-axillary line 3) posterior axillary line
What 3 things articulate with the manibrium?
1) clavicle 2) cartilage of first rib 3) cartilage of second rib
3 parts of the sternum
1) manibrium 2) body 3) xiphoid
What are the lines of reference for thoracic cavity?
1) mid-sternal (jugular notch to belly button) 2) mid-clavicuar 3) subcostal (runs horizontal and lines up underneath ribcage)
What are the posterior reference lines?
1) scapular lines 2) posterior median line
Salter Harris epiphyseal plate injuries
1-5 grade from growth plate injuries
Which ribs have cartilage that attach to the sternum?
1-7
True ribs?
1-7 (attach to sternum)
What happens during Internal respiration?
1. Also called tissue respiration. 2. Gas exchange between blood and tissues. 3. O2 diffuses from the blood into the cells, 4. CO2 diffuses from the cells into the blood
What happens during Inspirations?
1. Diaphragm contracts and descends into abdominal cavity to increase size of thoracic cavity. 2. Sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor and external intercostals contract to rais ribs and chest, 3. Air is drawn into lungs
What happens during Expiration?
1. Diaphragm relaxes and ascends toward thoracic cavity to decrease its size 2. This expels air back into the atmosphere
