2-2 Hemoglobin

red meat

__________ has more iron than cow's milk.

hemoglobin A

____________ is the normal adult hemoglobin for most ethnic groups.

hemoglobin, CO2

_______________ is the primary component of RBCs and is the oxygen-carrying molecule. It binds to O2 and transports it from the lungs to the tissues. In tissues, O2 is released and hemoglobin binds to _______ and carries it back to the lungs to be discharged from the body. Therefore, the measurement of hemoglobin indirectly evaluates the O2-carrying capacity of the blood. This makes the hemoglobin test an important aid in the detection of blood loss and anemia and in monitoring the treatment of certain red cell disorders.

upper normal, high, oxygen, above

Diet, activeness and altitude affects hemoglobin concentration. People with an active lifestyle are more likely to have hemoglobin values in the ________________ range. In areas located at _______ altitude such as the Rocky Mountains, the thin air (reduced _________ pressure) stimulates increased production of rbcs, resulting in residents often having hemoglobin levels (and rbc counts) __________ the reference values.

iron, potassium, cyanide, and sodium bicarbonate

Drabkin's reagent is a hemoglobin-diluting reagent that contains __________________________________.

iron, synthesis, decrease, decreased

Each heme group in a molecule contains ______; therefore iron is required for hemoglobin ___________. If sufficient iron is not available in the body, hemoglobin production will ___________, causing the rbcs to be deficient in hemoglobin. When this happens, the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is _______________ and the individual will develop symptoms of anemia, such as fatigue and pallor.

protein chain

Each hemoglobin molecule contains 4 heme groups, each heme group associated with a ______________.

heme, globin

Hemoglobin is composed of two parts, ________ and globin. The _______ portion of hemoglobin contain 4 protein chains. The structure of these chains is genetically determined.

98%

Hemoglobin makes up over _______ of rbc protein content.

hemoglobin S

Hemoglobins are named according to the structure of the protein chains present. There are hundreds of variant hemoglobins, caused by slight variations in the structure of one or more of the globin chains. Some of these changes are benign, but others are debilitating or fatal. For example,_______________, present in sickle cell anemia, has a different protein structure than normal adult hemoglobin (Hb A).

anemia

In situations such as a bleeding ulcer, excessive blood loss can cause iron loss to exceed the intake of dietary iron, eventually causing decreased hemoglobin production and leading to __________.

either venous or capillary

The hemoglobin determination can be performed using ___________________________ blood and is requested as an individual test or as part of a CBC (complete blood count). The hemoglobin test is precise, simple, and easily standardized.

cyanmethemoglobin (hemiglobincyanide(HiCN)), Drabkin's reagent, photometrically

Measurement of ___________ is a widely used chemical method of determining blood hemoglobin. In this method, blood is reacted with _____________________; This combines with hemoglobin to form a stable colored end-product of cyanmethemoglobin. This product is measured ____________ using a hematology analyzer or hemoglobinometer.

myoglobin, recycled

More than 2/3rds of the body's iron is contained in hemoglobin and in a similar molecule in muscle called ___________. Iron is highly conserved by the body; as old red blood cells die, the iron in heme is __________ to make new heme molecules.

hemoglobinometers

Most ____________________ are inexpensive, easy to use, accurate, and only require a drop or two of blood obtained by capillary puncture.

azidemethemoglobin, sodium deoxycholate, azide, azide

Some hemoglobin analyzers measure __________________. This reagent contains a lysing chemical such as ___________________, an oxidizing chemical such as ________________, and __________. In this method, oxyhemoglobin (which contains ferrous iron) is oxidized to ferric iron to form methemoglobin. The methemoglobin then combines with _________ to form azidemethemoglobin, a stable compound that can measured photometrically.

CBC

The hemoglobin concentration is part of the _____.

specific gravity, 1.052-1.054, greater, rapidly, slowly

The _________________ technique: A drop of blood is dropped into a copper sulfate (CuSO4) solution with a specific gravity of ____________. This specific gravity is the same as that of blood with a hemoglobin concentration at the low end of the reference range. If the drop falls through the solution rapidly, the specific gravity of the blood is ___________________ the specific gravity of the CuSO4. Blood with the normal amount of hemoglobin falls _________; blood with a low hemoglobin concentration falls ______ or floats (does not drop).

specific gravity, hemoglobinometer, microhematocrit

The __________________ method of measuring hemoglobin is an estimate that was primarily used as a hemoglobin- screening method for potential blood donors. Most blood donation centers now measure hemoglobin by ___________________ or estimate hemoglobin indirectly with a ______________________.