2. Puritans

What is the Mayflower Compact and why was it created?

1. All men required to sign it, they swear to abide by laws agreed upon by male members of the community, leaders would be chosen from all ranks, implying democracy, this compact became the constitution of the Plymouth Colony 2. A mutiny broke out among the "strangers" (indentured servants). Therefore, Puritan created Mayflower compact. (Occurred during the Separatists' arrival)

Why did Puritan leaders hate roger Williams?

1. He regarded the Church of England as apostate. 2. He opposed the "citizen' oath" and forced it to be abandoned by the Puritan leaders. 3. Puritan leaders demanded he be fired as pastor of the Salem church. Williams denounced them, and began holding church services in his home.

Compare the Old-World model of church and state with the Puritan's New World model

1. In the Old-World, the church and state had a close relationship. The church was everyone's church with the king at the top. Church was related to political and social functions in which civil courts took place. Created a disdain for the clergy. 2. In the New World, church courts did not exist and membership was voluntary. The civil magistrate imposed penalties. The power of the clergy was spiritual and there was no relationship with the state. Was less anti-clerical that the Old-World.

Compare Presbyterianism and Congregationalism

1. Presbyterianism consisted of a system of representative clergy that functioned together as a larger church 2. Congregationalism refused to recognize any larger church body and was known as the independent wing.

Describe the 2 types of Puritans

1. Separatists: the radicals Church of England too corrupt to be tolerated (a small group, 1st group to come to the colonies). Arrived on Plymouth Rock. 2. Congregationalists: the Moderates Church of England could be reformed form within (the majority, 2nd group to come to the colonies). Led by John Winthrop.

Who is John Eliot?

A puritan minister or "apostle to the Indians". Came to Boston and established ministry. Learned Algonquin, and translated the Bible for Indians. Established 14 "praying towns" for Indians. The outbreak of King Philip's War in 1675 disrupted his efforts

Describe the Antinomian Crisis.

Belief that Christians are not bound by moral law. Anne was convicted and sentenced to banishment from the community. The Hutchinsons joined Roger Williams in Rhode Island. The Hutchinsons were later massacred in an Indian attack on the way to Connecticut. Anne's last child survived in which was raised by the Indians.

Describe Calvin's "middle way".

Calvin's middle way was a link between catholicism and protestantism.

Describe The Halfway Covenent

Created by Solomon Stoddard. First-Generation beginning to die out. Their children were not as pious. Stoddard's Halfway Covenant provided: partial church membership without the previously required conversion experience. A church baptism for one's children. Access to the sacrament without adhering to all the strict principles of the church (meant to bring more people into the church. Others saw it as a dangerous weakening of the Puritan ideal)

Describe the Salem Witch Trials

Economics (poor people accused the rich people), religion(separatists), family feuds, and imaginations/fear caused the Salem Witch Trials. Girls become exposed after they start accusing the wrong people. Some see these witch trials as the beginning of the end of puritan dominance in the colonies because it made them look petty and superstitious.

Who is Roger Williams?

He believed each person should follow their own conscience and that the church should not be involved in the government. Also believed that Indians had rights to lands that Puritans and the King of England claimed. He bought land from Indians in what becomes Rhode Island, Williams settled there and helped found one of the first Baptists churches in America. He was a Separatist.

Who is John Calvin?

He embraced Protestantism and left France. Finds Geneva and become ruler of the city. He wanted to create the perfect christian city.

"Drawing the Color Line."

It was about how the line was drawn between whites and blacks. Whites were superior of blacks and blacks had no rights

What is King Philip's War?

Metacom (King Philip) Wampanoag chief who organized other tribes against Puritans. John Sassamon reported to Puritans that King Philip was planning to attack. Sassamon found dead. 3 of King Philip's Indians arrested, tied, and hung for the crime. King Philip saw this as an attack on Indian sovereignty and waged war. The war lasted a year. 90% of all Indians killed and half of all Puritan men killed.

Briefly summarize Perry Miller's characterization of Puritans?

Perry Miller describes Puritans as individuals who made living as a serious business. Those who took life gaily would receive karma later.

According to the reading, what is the origin of the name Puritan?

Puritan was a mockery that grew from a controversy within the Christian church. It became a caricature in popular theater and later became associated with piety and commitment to god.

In Zinn's view, racism in American culture is the result of what?

Racism in American culture is the result of black slavery

What is the Pequot War?

Smallpox depopulated the Pequot, forcing them to be aggressive against other tribes. The Puritans (aggressive due to more population) lashed with Pequots. The war raged for a year, when it finally ended at the Mystic River Massacre (Pequots completely destroyed).

Who is Anne Hutchinson?

Started a "woman's club" in her home - discussed Scriptures, prayers, reviewed sermons. It started to become a forum for Anne to voice her options. She even allowed men to attend. Her "bible studies" started to draw interest from the Puritan leaders. Was becoming a religious leader to many. Governor John Winthrop recognized her as a threat to all male Puritan authority. Anne was put on trial for blasphemy for saying that they have no power over her body and she only fears Jehovah who she claims she has communicated with and that he would save her. Her and her family was banished.

Historian Edmund Morgan

Stated there was cooperation between white indentured servants and black slaves. They both understood the cruelty, made love together, ran away together, got drunk together, etc. When indentured servants were freed, they were given land by their owners in which they had come to own their own slaves

Calvin's TULIP

T - total depravity: a man cannot save himself U - unconditional election: god chooses the saved L - limited atonement: Christ died only for the Elect I - irresistible grace: the Elect cannot resist P - perseverance of the saints: the Elect cannot fall away permanently

What did the Separatists believe about baptism?

They believed that it was sacrilegious to baptize infants.

What kinds of things did the Puritans wish to change about the Church?

They wanted a voluntary gathering of believers. Didn't believe in making concessions to the unfortunate souls.

According to Zinn, is racism a natural human trait?

Zinn believes racism is not a natural human trait. He believes that if class exploitation was eliminated, there wouldn't be that much racism