2.1-2.5 Quizlets

describe a hydrogen bond

partly positive hydrogen atoms of one water molecule are attracted to partly negative oxygen atoms of another

a chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine to produce water or another simple molecule

condensation reaction

Monomers

consist of a single component

which type of bond holds the water molecule together

covalent

low solubility, bounds to hemoglobin

oxygen

example of fibrous protein

collagen (structural proteins)

heat energy causes more ____ between active site and substrate

collisions

More substrate ----> more ______ -----> more ________

collisions, reactions

cis fatty acids have poor ______, and therefore a lower melting point

packing

trans fatty acids have strong _____, and therefore a higher melting point

packing

Which molecule is a monosaccharide? a. glycogen b. amylose c. ribose d. glycerol

C. Ribose

glucose, fructose, galactose

C6H12O6

lipid components

CHO (low proportion of O to C)

proteins

CHON(S)

nucleic acids

CHONP

in ___ fatty acids, hydrogens are on the same side of a double bond

cis

collision

coming together of substrate and active site that occurs because of molecular movement

Reasons for using lipids rather than carbohydrates for long-term energy storage

-Amount of energy released is double the amount of carbohydrates. -Lighter •Fats form pure droplets in cells with no water associated. •Each gram of carbohydrate is associated with 2 grams of water. This is important b/c we have to carry our stored energy around with us wherever we go

cellulose linkage

1,4 glyosidic of B glucose

amylose linkage

1,4 of alpha glucose

Dipeptide

2 AA linked by a peptide bond

What is each of the variables in the equation 20 ^ n represent?

20 = # of AA (constant), n = # of AA in polypeptides (varies)

carbohydrates

2:1 Hydrogen to Oxygen ratio

Each aa in the polypeptide is coded for by ___ bases (codon). Ex: A polypeptide with 400 AAs should require a gene with a sequence of 1,200 bases

3

How many molecules of water are required to completely hydrolyse a polypeptide made up of 48 amino acids?

47

Which is the activation energy of a reaction when it is catalyzed by an enzyme?

A

covalent bond

A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons

reduction reaction

A reaction in which a substance gains at least one electron

Capillary action is a combination of which two properties?

Adhesion, cohesion

In a plot of reaction product versus time, why does the line flatten out?

All of the substrate has been used up and the reaction is ending

why does the formation of cellulose allow for increased strength and use as a structural molecule?

Because the linkage of the OH groups on the 1 and 4 carbons results in the glucose being "flipped upside down" alternating the CH2OH groups so it can be more packed together

Receptors

Binding sites

What is not true about starch and glycogen?

Both have a fixed size

catabolism

Breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules by hydrolysis

Why is sweat a good coolant for the body?

Breaking H bonds between water molecules in sweat requires energy from body heat

Which type of reaction is the breakdown of starch into sugars?

Catabolic

Cell Adhesion

Cells stick to each other within tissue

mnemonic device for protein functions

Climbers Must Clean Their Bloody Tips Cause Massive Holes Rip Painfully Illegal

The most abundant structural protein in the human body is found in ligaments and skin. What is the name of this protein?

Collagen

Which is not a primary function of protein molecules? A. Hormone B. Structure Component C. Transport of nutrients D. Energy Storage

D. Energy Storage

What is decreased when lactase is added to milk?

Disaccharides

Membrane Transport

Facilitated diffusion and active transport

tensile strength

Fibrous proteins give tensile strength needed in skin, tendons, ligaments and blood vessel walls.

What feature of cell membranes allows endocytosis to occur?

Fluidity of the phospholipid bilayer

Why use carbohydrates for short term energy (glucose - anaerobic/aerobic)

Glucose can be used either in aerobic or anaerobic whereas fatty acids can only be used in aerobic

What property of water makes makes it suitable as a coolant?

It takes a lot of energy for water to evaporate

proteins

composed of one or more chains of amino acids

Why use carbohydrates for short term energy (glucose - solubility)

Glucose is soluble in and can then be transported easily by the blood to wherever it is needed

what is released during condensation

H20 (OH from carboxyl and H from amine)

Condensation Reaction (dehydration synthesis)

Loss of an -OH from one molecule and an -H from another, anabolic, a glyosidic bond

transport

Moves nutrients and gases around body; in and out cells

A fever in a normally healthy adult during an illness is not usually a problem and can be regarded as a defense mechanism. However, a fever higher than 41°C might be dangerous. What is the cause of the possible damage due to a high fever?

Overactive metabolic enzymes

A channel protein is used to transport ions across a membrane. What would you expect to find lining the inside of the channel? Selected:

Polar amino acids

Which properties explain the ability of water to dissolve solutes?

Polarity of water molecules, hydrogen bonding

Which substance in prokaryotes contains sulfur?

Proteins

The amine groups and the carboxyl groups are used up in forming the polypeptide, so it is the _____ groups that give amino acids their individual character

R

Hormones

Regulate cell function, growth

What contributes to the structure of an enzyme?

Sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

What is the main difference between fibrous and globular proteins?

Shape

What can be explained by the solvent properties of water?

Sodium chloride is transported as Na+ and Cl- in blood.

things that denature

Temperature, pH, detergents, pressure, and salinity

The graph shows the effect of increasing the substrate concentration on the rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction. What is occurring during the phase indicated by section Y of the graph?

The active site of the enzyme is saturated

Which phrase best describes enzyme substrate specificity?

The enzyme has an active site that only one specific substrate can bind to

catabolic reactions

The following are examples of ____ 1. Digestion of food 2. Cell respiration 3. Digestion of complex carbon compounds in dead organic matter by decomposers

anabolic reactions

The following are examples of ____ 1. Protein synthesis 2. DNA synthesis 3. Photosynthesis 4. Synthesis of complex carbs

Why is the proteome of each individual unique?

The number and type of proteins produced in each cell is different.

How do you know that the substrate concentration has been increased in a test reaction when compared to a standard reaction

The rate and the final extent of the reaction increases

In a plot of reaction rate verusus substrate concentration, why does the curve flatten out?

The saturation point has been reached and adding more substrate won't make the enzyme run faster

enzyme substrate specificity

The shape and chemical properties of the active site and substrate match each other

What determines the specificity of an enzyme for its substrate?

The structure of the enzyme molecule.

In enzyme experiments, the rate of enzyme activity often gradually decreases. What is most likely to cause this decrease?

The substrate concentration decreasing

When substrate concentration increases, in a reaction catalyzed by an enzyme, why does the rate of reaction change?

The substrate molecules collide more frequently with the active site.

Why does exposure to high temperatures cause an enzyme to lose its biological properties?

The three dimensional structure of the enzyme becomes changed

How does the proteome of a species contain a larger number of proteins than genes that code for these proteins?

There are genes that code for several proteins.

Which of the following is true of both starch and cellulose?

They are both polymers of glucose

Why are carbohydrates used as short-term energy source?

They can be broken down readily and transported easily through the blood stream

Proteins are polymers with a large range of structures and functions because

They can be folded into different three dimensional shapes

blood clotting

Turns blood from liquid to gel to stop bleeding

What is removed to create an ester bond?

Water

lipids

____ are insoluble in water

anabolism

____ is the type of synthesis that requires ATP

lipids

_____ have mostly C, H, and a high C:O ratio

Glycogen

a branched polymer of glucose that is mainly produced in liver and muscle cells, and functions as secondary long-term energy storage in animal cells

Polysaccharide

a complex carbohydrate composed of a chain of monosaccharides joined together by glyosidic bonds

Polymer

a compound made up of several repeating units (monomers).

Sucrose

a disaccharide composed of the monosaccharides glucose and fructose.

Maltose

a disaccharide formed when two glucose monomers join together

Lactose

a disaccharide sugar that is commonly found in milk and consists of galactose and glucose

Unsaturated fatty acid

a form of fatty acid that contains more than one double bond between carbon atoms.

Saturated fatty acids

a form of fatty acid that lacks unsaturated linkages between carbon atoms.

starch is made by linking ______ molecules

a glucose

Insulin

a hormone that lowers blood glucose levels by synthesizing glycogen

Body mass index

a measure for human body shape based on an individual's mass and height (kg/m2)

Glycerol

a metabolic intermediate and structural component of the major classes of biological lipids, triglycerides, and phospholipids

Starch

a polysaccharide carbohydrate (C6H10O5)n found in plants that consists of a large number of glucose monosaccharides.

Amylose

a polysaccharide found in plants as one of the two components of starch

Cellulose

a polysaccharide with the formula (C6H10O5)n, consisting of a linear chain of between several hundred to over ten thousand β-linked D-glucose units

Amylopectin

a soluble polysaccharide and highly-branched polymer of glucose found in plants as one of the two components of starch

Denaturation

a structural change in a protein that results in a permanent loss of biological properties.

Disaccharide

a sugar (carbohydrate) composed of two monosaccharides joined by condensation

Polyunsaturated

a type of molecule that contains more than one double or triple bond in the carbon chain.

rhodopsin kinase

a visual pigment consisting of retinal and opsin.

When a solution becomes too ____ , the H+ ions will bind to the (-) charges of the enzyme

acidic

muslce contraction

actin/myosin used in locomotion

enzymes influence the rate of reaction by decreasing the _______of the reaction.

activation energy

ability for water molecules to stick to other surfaces

adhesion

Proteome

all of the proteins produced in a cell

Genome (same within all cells of an organism)

all the genes available to be expressed by a cell/organism

amylopectin linkage

alpha 1,4 and alpha 1,6

glycogen linkage

alpha 1,4 and alpha 1,6

Condensation involves the ____ group of one amino acid and the _____ group of another

amine, carboxyl

have both + and - charge, highly soluble in water

amino acids

Triglycerides

an energy-rich compound made up of a single molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid.

urea

an organic compound with the formula CO(NH₂)₂.

Monounsaturated

an unsaturated molecule that contains only one double or triple bond in the carbon chain

Immunity

antibodies

Fatty acids

any of the group of a long chain of hydrocarbon derived from the breakdown of fats having a single carboxylic group and aliphatic tail.

active site

area that is designed to match the substrate

When a solution becomes too _____ , the OH- ions will bond with the (+) charges of the enzyme

basic

How are triglycerides formed?

by condensation from three fatty acids and one glycerol

an attraction between molecules of the same substance

cohesion

interaction of cohesion and adhesion

capillary action

not hydrophilic enough to dissolve in water and is instead transported with lipoprotein complexes

carbohydrates

4

carbon atoms can form ___ bonds allowing a diversity of compounds to exist

Which carbon compound produced by living organisms is inorganic?

carbon dioxide

During a condensation reaction of a dipeptide, the hydroxide group is removed from the...

carboxyl group

amino acid has__ and ___ groups as well as an extra __ and ___

carboxyl, amine, R, H

catabolic vs anabolic

catabolic breaks down & anabolic builds up

protein functions

catalysis, muscle contraction, cytoskeletons, tensile strengthening, blood clotting, transport, cell adhesion, membrane transport, hormones, receptors, packing of DNA, immunity

Which compounds made by living organisms are organic?

cellulose, DNA, amino acids

Isomers

chemical compounds of the same chemical formula but different structure (cis or trans)

Which of the following best summarizes the relationship between dehydration reactions and hydrolysis? a. Hydrolysis only occurs in the urinary system, and dehydration reactions only occur in the digestive tract. b. Dehydration reactions can occur only after hydrolysis. c. Hydrolysis creates monomers, and dehydration reactions break down polymers. d. Dehydration reactions assemble polymers, and hydrolysis breaks down polymers.

d. Dehydration reactions assemble polymers, and hydrolysis breaks down polymers.

A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule

dehydration synthesis

anabolism

dehydration synthesis is an example of

maltose, sucrose, and lactose are

disaccharides

glycogen is responsible for ____ in animals

energy storage

In practice, gene (and RNA) sequences are longer than needed and contain extra bases at each end called _____. These allow for regulation of transcription and translation and provides a place for the ribosome to bind and start translation.

euks

theory of vitalism

organic compounds could only be synthesized by living organisms as they possessed an 'element' that non- living things did not have

what molecules will water dissolve

other molecules that have polar covalent bonds, ionic compounds

nonpolar, carried in blood, hydrohphillic so faces water in blood

fat molecules

solid, liquid

fats (saturated) are ____ at room temperature while oils (unsaturated) are ____

Fatty acids may or may not be saturated with hydrogen. Double bonds means the fatty acid has ____ hydrogens.

fewer

Oligopeptide

fewer than 20 AA

Elongated (thread-like) proteins with many repeating structures (sequences)

fiborous

cellulose is a ____ chain

flat/straight

Condensation

formation of larger molecules involving the removal of water from smaller component molecules

Trypsin

found in small intestines; breaks down proteins.

Pepsin

found in stomach; breaks down proteins

cytoskeleton

give animals their shape and aid in mitosis

Enzymes are _______ proteins that work as catalysts. They are polypeptides that have taken on a specific 3D shape.

globular

spherical shaped protein involved in metabolism

globular

6 carbons

glucose

polar molecule that readily dissolves into blood plasma

glucose

immobilized lactose converts lactose into

glucose and galactose

Why use carbohydrates for short term energy (glycogen)

glycogen can rapidly be broken down into glucose

difference between glycogen and amylopectin

glycogen has more branches than amylopectin. amylopectin is insoluble while glycogen is soluble

Immunoglobulins

group of large glycoproteins that function as antibodies in the immune response by binding with specific antigens

starch is in _____ chains

helical

highest temperature it can reach in liquid state

high boiling point

when a molecule evaporates it separates from other molecules in a liquid and becomes a vapor molecule

high latent heat of vaporization

strong hydrogen bonds restrict the movement of water and therefore increases the temp required to break hydrogen bonds

high specific heat capacity

the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water

hydrolysis

Membrane proteins can contain globular domain because their _____ R groups on outside and their ____ lining the channel

hydrophobic, hydrophillic

immobilization

increases enzyme stability

How can the activity of a human amylase enzyme be increased during a laboratory experiment?

increasing the temperature from 20 °C to 37 °C

fibrous proteins are generally hydrophobic, making them

insoluble

what contributes to stability of water

large number of bonds

Starch, glucose, and cellulose are made by

linking together glucose molecules

Polypeptide

many A.A.

enzymes control the

metabolism

glucose, ribose, fructose, and galactose are

monosaccharides

more branching in glycogen makes it ____ and _____

more compact, easier to store

Proteomes have more diversity than a genome since one gene can code for _____.

multiple polypeptide chains

Over time, a single cell's proteome will change depending on changes in cell/organism ____.

needs

how hydrophobic molecules dissolve in blood plasma

non-polar molecules require a lipoprotein complex

trans fatty acids are artifically produced while cis fatty acids

occur naturally

product of condensation

peptide bond

how hydrophilic molecules dissolve in blood

polar molecules dissolve in blood plasma

water molecules are ___ and ____ bonds form between them

polar, hydrogen

starch, cellulose, and glycogen are

polysaccharides

Anabolic

requires ATP

5 carbons

ribose

Where in the cell do condensation reactions involving amino acids occur?

ribosomes

Lipids

s organic compounds, including the fats, oils, waxes, sterols, and triglycerides, that are insoluble in water, but soluble in non-polar organic solvents.

an ionic compound that is freely soluble in water

sodium chloride

cis fatty acids are liquid at room temp (oils) while trans fatty acids are

solid

globular proteins are ____ in water because hydrophilic R groups face the outside and hydrophobic R groups face the inside

soluble

water dissolves many molecules, making it an excellent

solvent

catalysis

speed up reaction

cohesion of water molecules along a surface

surface tension

anabolism

synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules usually by condensation reactions

Rubisco

the enzyme that catalyses the first step of photosynthesis

Albumin

the main protein of human plasma. Its main function is to regulate the osmotic pressure of blood.

Saturation Point

the point at which the enzyme is working as fast as it can and the rate plateaus

Monosaccharide

the simplest form of carbohydrate (for example fructose, glucose, and ribose) that constitutes the building blocks of a more complex form of sugars.

metabolism

the sum of all reactions that happen in an organism

alpha d glucose

this structure is

amine

this structure is

amino acid

this structure is

beta d glucose

this structure is

carboxyl

this structure is

fatty acid

this structure is

hydroxyl

this structure is

methyl

this structure is

ribose

this structure is

in ___ fatty acid, there is no bend in the hydrogen carbon chain

trans

theory of vitalism

urea disproved the ___ when it was artificially synthesized

ester bond

when an acid reacts with the -OH group in an alcohol