2.1-2.5 Quizlets
describe a hydrogen bond
partly positive hydrogen atoms of one water molecule are attracted to partly negative oxygen atoms of another
a chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine to produce water or another simple molecule
condensation reaction
Monomers
consist of a single component
which type of bond holds the water molecule together
covalent
low solubility, bounds to hemoglobin
oxygen
example of fibrous protein
collagen (structural proteins)
heat energy causes more ____ between active site and substrate
collisions
More substrate ----> more ______ -----> more ________
collisions, reactions
cis fatty acids have poor ______, and therefore a lower melting point
packing
trans fatty acids have strong _____, and therefore a higher melting point
packing
Which molecule is a monosaccharide? a. glycogen b. amylose c. ribose d. glycerol
C. Ribose
glucose, fructose, galactose
C6H12O6
lipid components
CHO (low proportion of O to C)
proteins
CHON(S)
nucleic acids
CHONP
in ___ fatty acids, hydrogens are on the same side of a double bond
cis
collision
coming together of substrate and active site that occurs because of molecular movement
Reasons for using lipids rather than carbohydrates for long-term energy storage
-Amount of energy released is double the amount of carbohydrates. -Lighter •Fats form pure droplets in cells with no water associated. •Each gram of carbohydrate is associated with 2 grams of water. This is important b/c we have to carry our stored energy around with us wherever we go
cellulose linkage
1,4 glyosidic of B glucose
amylose linkage
1,4 of alpha glucose
Dipeptide
2 AA linked by a peptide bond
What is each of the variables in the equation 20 ^ n represent?
20 = # of AA (constant), n = # of AA in polypeptides (varies)
carbohydrates
2:1 Hydrogen to Oxygen ratio
Each aa in the polypeptide is coded for by ___ bases (codon). Ex: A polypeptide with 400 AAs should require a gene with a sequence of 1,200 bases
3
How many molecules of water are required to completely hydrolyse a polypeptide made up of 48 amino acids?
47
Which is the activation energy of a reaction when it is catalyzed by an enzyme?
A
covalent bond
A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons
reduction reaction
A reaction in which a substance gains at least one electron
Capillary action is a combination of which two properties?
Adhesion, cohesion
In a plot of reaction product versus time, why does the line flatten out?
All of the substrate has been used up and the reaction is ending
why does the formation of cellulose allow for increased strength and use as a structural molecule?
Because the linkage of the OH groups on the 1 and 4 carbons results in the glucose being "flipped upside down" alternating the CH2OH groups so it can be more packed together
Receptors
Binding sites
What is not true about starch and glycogen?
Both have a fixed size
catabolism
Breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules by hydrolysis
Why is sweat a good coolant for the body?
Breaking H bonds between water molecules in sweat requires energy from body heat
Which type of reaction is the breakdown of starch into sugars?
Catabolic
Cell Adhesion
Cells stick to each other within tissue
mnemonic device for protein functions
Climbers Must Clean Their Bloody Tips Cause Massive Holes Rip Painfully Illegal
The most abundant structural protein in the human body is found in ligaments and skin. What is the name of this protein?
Collagen
Which is not a primary function of protein molecules? A. Hormone B. Structure Component C. Transport of nutrients D. Energy Storage
D. Energy Storage
What is decreased when lactase is added to milk?
Disaccharides
Membrane Transport
Facilitated diffusion and active transport
tensile strength
Fibrous proteins give tensile strength needed in skin, tendons, ligaments and blood vessel walls.
What feature of cell membranes allows endocytosis to occur?
Fluidity of the phospholipid bilayer
Why use carbohydrates for short term energy (glucose - anaerobic/aerobic)
Glucose can be used either in aerobic or anaerobic whereas fatty acids can only be used in aerobic
What property of water makes makes it suitable as a coolant?
It takes a lot of energy for water to evaporate
proteins
composed of one or more chains of amino acids
Why use carbohydrates for short term energy (glucose - solubility)
Glucose is soluble in and can then be transported easily by the blood to wherever it is needed
what is released during condensation
H20 (OH from carboxyl and H from amine)
Condensation Reaction (dehydration synthesis)
Loss of an -OH from one molecule and an -H from another, anabolic, a glyosidic bond
transport
Moves nutrients and gases around body; in and out cells
A fever in a normally healthy adult during an illness is not usually a problem and can be regarded as a defense mechanism. However, a fever higher than 41°C might be dangerous. What is the cause of the possible damage due to a high fever?
Overactive metabolic enzymes
A channel protein is used to transport ions across a membrane. What would you expect to find lining the inside of the channel? Selected:
Polar amino acids
Which properties explain the ability of water to dissolve solutes?
Polarity of water molecules, hydrogen bonding
Which substance in prokaryotes contains sulfur?
Proteins
The amine groups and the carboxyl groups are used up in forming the polypeptide, so it is the _____ groups that give amino acids their individual character
R
Hormones
Regulate cell function, growth
What contributes to the structure of an enzyme?
Sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
What is the main difference between fibrous and globular proteins?
Shape
What can be explained by the solvent properties of water?
Sodium chloride is transported as Na+ and Cl- in blood.
things that denature
Temperature, pH, detergents, pressure, and salinity
The graph shows the effect of increasing the substrate concentration on the rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction. What is occurring during the phase indicated by section Y of the graph?
The active site of the enzyme is saturated
Which phrase best describes enzyme substrate specificity?
The enzyme has an active site that only one specific substrate can bind to
catabolic reactions
The following are examples of ____ 1. Digestion of food 2. Cell respiration 3. Digestion of complex carbon compounds in dead organic matter by decomposers
anabolic reactions
The following are examples of ____ 1. Protein synthesis 2. DNA synthesis 3. Photosynthesis 4. Synthesis of complex carbs
Why is the proteome of each individual unique?
The number and type of proteins produced in each cell is different.
How do you know that the substrate concentration has been increased in a test reaction when compared to a standard reaction
The rate and the final extent of the reaction increases
In a plot of reaction rate verusus substrate concentration, why does the curve flatten out?
The saturation point has been reached and adding more substrate won't make the enzyme run faster
enzyme substrate specificity
The shape and chemical properties of the active site and substrate match each other
What determines the specificity of an enzyme for its substrate?
The structure of the enzyme molecule.
In enzyme experiments, the rate of enzyme activity often gradually decreases. What is most likely to cause this decrease?
The substrate concentration decreasing
When substrate concentration increases, in a reaction catalyzed by an enzyme, why does the rate of reaction change?
The substrate molecules collide more frequently with the active site.
Why does exposure to high temperatures cause an enzyme to lose its biological properties?
The three dimensional structure of the enzyme becomes changed
How does the proteome of a species contain a larger number of proteins than genes that code for these proteins?
There are genes that code for several proteins.
Which of the following is true of both starch and cellulose?
They are both polymers of glucose
Why are carbohydrates used as short-term energy source?
They can be broken down readily and transported easily through the blood stream
Proteins are polymers with a large range of structures and functions because
They can be folded into different three dimensional shapes
blood clotting
Turns blood from liquid to gel to stop bleeding
What is removed to create an ester bond?
Water
lipids
____ are insoluble in water
anabolism
____ is the type of synthesis that requires ATP
lipids
_____ have mostly C, H, and a high C:O ratio
Glycogen
a branched polymer of glucose that is mainly produced in liver and muscle cells, and functions as secondary long-term energy storage in animal cells
Polysaccharide
a complex carbohydrate composed of a chain of monosaccharides joined together by glyosidic bonds
Polymer
a compound made up of several repeating units (monomers).
Sucrose
a disaccharide composed of the monosaccharides glucose and fructose.
Maltose
a disaccharide formed when two glucose monomers join together
Lactose
a disaccharide sugar that is commonly found in milk and consists of galactose and glucose
Unsaturated fatty acid
a form of fatty acid that contains more than one double bond between carbon atoms.
Saturated fatty acids
a form of fatty acid that lacks unsaturated linkages between carbon atoms.
starch is made by linking ______ molecules
a glucose
Insulin
a hormone that lowers blood glucose levels by synthesizing glycogen
Body mass index
a measure for human body shape based on an individual's mass and height (kg/m2)
Glycerol
a metabolic intermediate and structural component of the major classes of biological lipids, triglycerides, and phospholipids
Starch
a polysaccharide carbohydrate (C6H10O5)n found in plants that consists of a large number of glucose monosaccharides.
Amylose
a polysaccharide found in plants as one of the two components of starch
Cellulose
a polysaccharide with the formula (C6H10O5)n, consisting of a linear chain of between several hundred to over ten thousand β-linked D-glucose units
Amylopectin
a soluble polysaccharide and highly-branched polymer of glucose found in plants as one of the two components of starch
Denaturation
a structural change in a protein that results in a permanent loss of biological properties.
Disaccharide
a sugar (carbohydrate) composed of two monosaccharides joined by condensation
Polyunsaturated
a type of molecule that contains more than one double or triple bond in the carbon chain.
rhodopsin kinase
a visual pigment consisting of retinal and opsin.
When a solution becomes too ____ , the H+ ions will bind to the (-) charges of the enzyme
acidic
muslce contraction
actin/myosin used in locomotion
enzymes influence the rate of reaction by decreasing the _______of the reaction.
activation energy
ability for water molecules to stick to other surfaces
adhesion
Proteome
all of the proteins produced in a cell
Genome (same within all cells of an organism)
all the genes available to be expressed by a cell/organism
amylopectin linkage
alpha 1,4 and alpha 1,6
glycogen linkage
alpha 1,4 and alpha 1,6
Condensation involves the ____ group of one amino acid and the _____ group of another
amine, carboxyl
have both + and - charge, highly soluble in water
amino acids
Triglycerides
an energy-rich compound made up of a single molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid.
urea
an organic compound with the formula CO(NH₂)₂.
Monounsaturated
an unsaturated molecule that contains only one double or triple bond in the carbon chain
Immunity
antibodies
Fatty acids
any of the group of a long chain of hydrocarbon derived from the breakdown of fats having a single carboxylic group and aliphatic tail.
active site
area that is designed to match the substrate
When a solution becomes too _____ , the OH- ions will bond with the (+) charges of the enzyme
basic
How are triglycerides formed?
by condensation from three fatty acids and one glycerol
an attraction between molecules of the same substance
cohesion
interaction of cohesion and adhesion
capillary action
not hydrophilic enough to dissolve in water and is instead transported with lipoprotein complexes
carbohydrates
4
carbon atoms can form ___ bonds allowing a diversity of compounds to exist
Which carbon compound produced by living organisms is inorganic?
carbon dioxide
During a condensation reaction of a dipeptide, the hydroxide group is removed from the...
carboxyl group
amino acid has__ and ___ groups as well as an extra __ and ___
carboxyl, amine, R, H
catabolic vs anabolic
catabolic breaks down & anabolic builds up
protein functions
catalysis, muscle contraction, cytoskeletons, tensile strengthening, blood clotting, transport, cell adhesion, membrane transport, hormones, receptors, packing of DNA, immunity
Which compounds made by living organisms are organic?
cellulose, DNA, amino acids
Isomers
chemical compounds of the same chemical formula but different structure (cis or trans)
Which of the following best summarizes the relationship between dehydration reactions and hydrolysis? a. Hydrolysis only occurs in the urinary system, and dehydration reactions only occur in the digestive tract. b. Dehydration reactions can occur only after hydrolysis. c. Hydrolysis creates monomers, and dehydration reactions break down polymers. d. Dehydration reactions assemble polymers, and hydrolysis breaks down polymers.
d. Dehydration reactions assemble polymers, and hydrolysis breaks down polymers.
A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule
dehydration synthesis
anabolism
dehydration synthesis is an example of
maltose, sucrose, and lactose are
disaccharides
glycogen is responsible for ____ in animals
energy storage
In practice, gene (and RNA) sequences are longer than needed and contain extra bases at each end called _____. These allow for regulation of transcription and translation and provides a place for the ribosome to bind and start translation.
euks
theory of vitalism
organic compounds could only be synthesized by living organisms as they possessed an 'element' that non- living things did not have
what molecules will water dissolve
other molecules that have polar covalent bonds, ionic compounds
nonpolar, carried in blood, hydrohphillic so faces water in blood
fat molecules
solid, liquid
fats (saturated) are ____ at room temperature while oils (unsaturated) are ____
Fatty acids may or may not be saturated with hydrogen. Double bonds means the fatty acid has ____ hydrogens.
fewer
Oligopeptide
fewer than 20 AA
Elongated (thread-like) proteins with many repeating structures (sequences)
fiborous
cellulose is a ____ chain
flat/straight
Condensation
formation of larger molecules involving the removal of water from smaller component molecules
Trypsin
found in small intestines; breaks down proteins.
Pepsin
found in stomach; breaks down proteins
cytoskeleton
give animals their shape and aid in mitosis
Enzymes are _______ proteins that work as catalysts. They are polypeptides that have taken on a specific 3D shape.
globular
spherical shaped protein involved in metabolism
globular
6 carbons
glucose
polar molecule that readily dissolves into blood plasma
glucose
immobilized lactose converts lactose into
glucose and galactose
Why use carbohydrates for short term energy (glycogen)
glycogen can rapidly be broken down into glucose
difference between glycogen and amylopectin
glycogen has more branches than amylopectin. amylopectin is insoluble while glycogen is soluble
Immunoglobulins
group of large glycoproteins that function as antibodies in the immune response by binding with specific antigens
starch is in _____ chains
helical
highest temperature it can reach in liquid state
high boiling point
when a molecule evaporates it separates from other molecules in a liquid and becomes a vapor molecule
high latent heat of vaporization
strong hydrogen bonds restrict the movement of water and therefore increases the temp required to break hydrogen bonds
high specific heat capacity
the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water
hydrolysis
Membrane proteins can contain globular domain because their _____ R groups on outside and their ____ lining the channel
hydrophobic, hydrophillic
immobilization
increases enzyme stability
How can the activity of a human amylase enzyme be increased during a laboratory experiment?
increasing the temperature from 20 °C to 37 °C
fibrous proteins are generally hydrophobic, making them
insoluble
what contributes to stability of water
large number of bonds
Starch, glucose, and cellulose are made by
linking together glucose molecules
Polypeptide
many A.A.
enzymes control the
metabolism
glucose, ribose, fructose, and galactose are
monosaccharides
more branching in glycogen makes it ____ and _____
more compact, easier to store
Proteomes have more diversity than a genome since one gene can code for _____.
multiple polypeptide chains
Over time, a single cell's proteome will change depending on changes in cell/organism ____.
needs
how hydrophobic molecules dissolve in blood plasma
non-polar molecules require a lipoprotein complex
trans fatty acids are artifically produced while cis fatty acids
occur naturally
product of condensation
peptide bond
how hydrophilic molecules dissolve in blood
polar molecules dissolve in blood plasma
water molecules are ___ and ____ bonds form between them
polar, hydrogen
starch, cellulose, and glycogen are
polysaccharides
Anabolic
requires ATP
5 carbons
ribose
Where in the cell do condensation reactions involving amino acids occur?
ribosomes
Lipids
s organic compounds, including the fats, oils, waxes, sterols, and triglycerides, that are insoluble in water, but soluble in non-polar organic solvents.
an ionic compound that is freely soluble in water
sodium chloride
cis fatty acids are liquid at room temp (oils) while trans fatty acids are
solid
globular proteins are ____ in water because hydrophilic R groups face the outside and hydrophobic R groups face the inside
soluble
water dissolves many molecules, making it an excellent
solvent
catalysis
speed up reaction
cohesion of water molecules along a surface
surface tension
anabolism
synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules usually by condensation reactions
Rubisco
the enzyme that catalyses the first step of photosynthesis
Albumin
the main protein of human plasma. Its main function is to regulate the osmotic pressure of blood.
Saturation Point
the point at which the enzyme is working as fast as it can and the rate plateaus
Monosaccharide
the simplest form of carbohydrate (for example fructose, glucose, and ribose) that constitutes the building blocks of a more complex form of sugars.
metabolism
the sum of all reactions that happen in an organism
alpha d glucose
this structure is
amine
this structure is
amino acid
this structure is
beta d glucose
this structure is
carboxyl
this structure is
fatty acid
this structure is
hydroxyl
this structure is
methyl
this structure is
ribose
this structure is
in ___ fatty acid, there is no bend in the hydrogen carbon chain
trans
theory of vitalism
urea disproved the ___ when it was artificially synthesized
ester bond
when an acid reacts with the -OH group in an alcohol
