2.1 identify the various types of network cables and connector 15
the three main types of cabling used by Ethernet are twisted-pair, coaxial, and fiber optic. Cable System: 10Base2 (thinNet)
Cables and Connectors: Coaxial cable uses a BNC connector. Speed: 10 Mbps Maximum Cable Length: 185 meters or 607 feet
10Base5 (thickNet)
10 Mbps Coaxial uses an AUI 15-pin d-shaped connector. 500 meters or 1640 feet
10Basef, 10Basefl, 100Basefl, 100BasefX, 1000BasefX, or 1000BaseX (fiber optic)
10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, 1 gbps, or 10 gbps Fiber-optic cable uses St or SC connectors (shown to the right) or lC and Mt-rJ connectors (not shown). Up to 2 kilometers (6562 feet)
10Baset, 100Baset (fast ethernet), 1000Baset (gigabit ethernet), and 10gBaset (10-gigabit ethernet)
10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, 1 gbps, or 10 gbps twisted pair (Utp or Stp) uses an rJ-45 connector. 100 meters or 328 feet
Another broadband technology used for Internet access is Fiber Optic. The technology uses a dedicated line from your ISP to your place of business or residence.
This dedicated line is called a point-to-point (PTP) connection because no other business or residence shares the line with you. Television, Internet data, and voice communication all share the broadband Fiber-Optic Cable.
ISdN (Integrated Services digital Network)
an outdated business-use access to an ISp over dial-up phone lines.
Cable Internet is a broadband technology that uses cable TV lines and is always connected (always up).
With cable Internet, the TV signal to your television and the data signals to your computer or LAN share the same coaxial (coax) cable. The cable modem converts a computer's digital signals to analog when sending them and converts incoming analog data to digital.
SdSl is a type of broadband technology.
(BRoadband refers to a networking technology that carries more than one type of signal, such as dSl and telephone or cable Internet and tV.) dSl uses regular phone lines and is an always-up or always-on connection that does not require a dial-up.
Here is a brief description of the transmission speeds and the cabling methods they use: -- 10-Mbps Ethernet. This first Ethernet specification was invented by Xerox Corporation in the 1970s, and later became known as Ethernet. -- 100-Mbps Ethernet or Fast Ethernet. This improved version of Ethernet (sometimes called 100BaseT or Fast Ethernet) operates at 100 Mbps and uses STP or UTP cabling rated CAT-5 or higher. 100BaseT networks can support slower speeds of 10 Mbps so that devices that run at either 10 Mbps or 100 Mbps can coexist on the same LAN. Two variations of 100BaseT are 100BaseTX and 100BaseFX. The most popular variation is 100BaseTX. 100BaseFX uses fiber-optic cable.
-- 1000-Mbps Ethernet or Gigabit Ethernet. This version of Ethernet operates at 1000 Mbps and uses twisted-pair cable and fiber-optic cable. Gigabit Ethernet is becoming the most popular choice for LAN technology. Because it can use the same cabling and connectors as Fast Ethernet, a company can upgrade from Fast Ethernet to Gigabit without rewiring the network. -- 10-Gigabit Ethernet. This version of Ethernet operates at 10 billion bits per second (10 Gbps) and uses fiber-optic cable. It can be used on LANs, MANs, and WANs, and is also a good choice for backbone networks. (A backbone network is a channel whereby local networks can connect to wide area networks or to each other.)
When networks are categorized by size or physical area they cover, these are the categories used: -- PAN. A PAN (personal area network) consists of personal devices communicating at close range such as a cell phone and laptop computer. PANs can use wired connections (such as USB or FireWire) or wireless connections (such as Bluetooth or Infrared). -- LAN. A LAN (local area network) covers a small local area, such as a home, office, other building, or small group of buildings. LANs can use wired (most likely Ethernet) or wireless (most likely Wi-Fi, also called 802.11) technologies. A LAN is used for workstations, servers, printers, and other devices to communicate and share resources.
-- Wireless LAN. A wireless LAN (WLAN) covers a limited geographical area, and is used in businesses, homes, restaurants, public parks, airports, schools, and many other places where network cabling is inconvenient to install or use. -- MAN. A MAN (metropolitan area network) covers a large campus or city. (A small MAN is sometimes called a CAN or campus area network.) Network technologies used can be wireless (most likely LTE) and/or wired (for example, Ethernet with fiber-optic cabling). WAN. A WAN (wide area network) covers a large geographical area and is made up of many smaller networks. The best-known WAN is the Internet. Some technologies used to connect a single computer or LAN to the Internet include DSL, cable Internet, satellite, cellular WAN, and fiber optic
A keystone RJ-45 jack is used in a network wall jack. Here are the instructions to wire one: 1. Using a wire stripper and wire cutter, strip and trim back the jacket from the twisted-pair wire, leaving about two inches of wire exposed. Untwist the wires only so far as necessary so each wire can be inserted in the color-coded slot in the jack. The twists are needed to prevent crosstalk, and the untwisted wire should be no longer than a half inch.
2. Using the punchdown tool, make sure the blade side of the tool is on the outside of the jack. (The punchdown tool has Cut embedded on the blade side of the tool.) Push down with force to punch each wire into its slot and cut off the wire on the outside edge of the slot. It might take a couple of punches to do the job. See the left side of Figure 15-42. Place the jack cover over the jack, as shown in the right side of Figure 15-42. 3. The jack can now be inserted into the back side of a wall faceplate (see Figure 15-43). Make sure the wires in the jack are at the top of the jack. If you look closely at the faceplate, you can see the arrow pointing up. It's important the wires in the jack be at the top so that over the years dust doesn't settle on these wires. Use screws to secure the faceplate to the wall receptacle. Be sure to use a cable tester to check the network cable from its jack to the other end to make sure the wiring is good. When wiring a building, testing the cable and its two connections is called certifying the cabl
The difference between a straight-through cable and a crossover cable is the way the transmit and receive lines are wired in the connectors at each end of the cables.
A crossover cable has the transmit and receive lines reversed so that one device receives off the line to which the other device transmits.
A straight-through cable (also called a patch cable) is used to connect a computer to a switch or other network device.
A crossover cable is used to connect two like devices such as a hub to a hub or a computer to a computer (to make the simplest network of all
One disadvantage of satellite is that it requires Line-of-Sight Connectivity without obstruction from mountains, trees, and tall buildings.
Another disadvantage is that it experiences delays in transmission (called latency), especially when uploading, and is, therefore, not a good solution for an Internet connection that is to be used for videoconferencing or voice over Internet.
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) is a group of broadband technologies that covers a wide range of speeds.
DSL uses ordinary copper phone lines and a range of frequencies on the copper wire that are not used by voice, making it possible for you to use the same phone line for voice and DSL at the same time. When you make a regular phone call, you dial in as usual. However, the DSL part of the line is always connected (always up) for most DSL services.
In practice, network transmissions experience delays, called Latency, that result in slower network performance.
For example, too many splitters can cause signal strength degradation, resulting in latency. Latency is measured by the round-trip time it takes for a data packet to travel from source to destination and back to source.
Twisted-pair Category: Cat-5e (enhanced) Cable System: 10/100Baset, gigabit ethernet
Frequency: Up to 100 Mhz Shielded or Unshielded: Both Comment: has four twisted pairs and heavy duty sheath to help reduce crosstalk.
Twisted-pair Category: Cat-5 Cable System: 10/100Baset
Frequency: Up to 100 Mhz Shielded or Unshielded: Both Comment: Has two cable pairs and seldom used today.
Twisted-pair Category: Cat-3 Cable System: 10BaseT
Frequency: Up to 16 Mhz Shielded or Unshielded: Unshielded Comment: Currently used for phone lines.
Twisted-pair Category: Cat-6 Cable System: 10/100Baset, gigabit ethernet
Frequency: Up to 250 Mhz Shielded or Unshielded: Both Comment: less crosstalk because it has a plastic core that keeps the twisted pairs separated. Cat-6 and its variations are the most popular category used today.
Twisted-pair Category: Cat-6a Cable System: 10/100Baset, gigabit ethernet, 10gig ethernet
Frequency: Up to 500 Mhz Shielded or Unshielded: Both Comment: doubles the frequency of Cat-6. Cat-6a is sometimes unofficially called Cat-6e.
Twisted-pair Category: Cat-7 Cable System: 10/100Baset, gigabit ethernet, 10gig ethernet
Frequency: Up to 600 Mhz Shielded or Unshielded: Individual pair shield and overall cable shield Comment: Shielding almost completely eliminates crosstalk and improves noise reduction. expected to have a longer life expectancy than previous twisted-pair categories.
Bandwidth (the width of the band) is the theoretical number of bits that can be transmitted over a network at one time, similar to the number of lanes on a highway. In practice,
However, the networking industry refers to bandwidth as a measure of the maximum rate of data transmission in bits per second (bps), thousands of bits per second (Kbps), millions of bits per second (Mbps), or billions of bits per second (Gbps).
A laptop or tablet might have an embedded cellular adapter to connect to a cellular network. If not, you can use a USB broadband modem to make the connection, which is sometimes called an air card. Recall from the chapter, "Connecting To and Setting Up a Network," that you can also Tether (by cable or Bluetooth) your smart phone or other mobile device to your computer so that the computer can connect to the ISP.
Some mobile devices can create a Mobile Hotspot that computers and other mobile devices can connect by Wi-Fi to your device and on to the Interne
The T568A standard has the green pair connected to pins 1 and 2 and the orange pair connected to pins 3 and 6.
The T568B standard has the orange pair using pins 1 and 2 and the green pair using pins 3 and 6, as shown in the diagram and the table.
A cellular network or cellular WAN consists of cells, and each cell is controlled by a base station (see Figure 15-5).
The base station might include more than one transceiver and antenna on the same tower to support multiple technologies (such as LTE and GSM).
Coaxial Cable has a single copper wire down the middle and a braided shield around it.
The cable is stiff and difficult to manage, and is no longer used for networking. RG-6 coaxial cable is used for cable TV, having replaced the older and thinner RG-59 coaxial cable once used for cable TV. RG-6 cables use an F connector.
The two older types are ST (straight tip) connectors and SC (subscriber connector or standard connector) connectors.
Two newer types are LC (local connector) connectors and MT-RJ (mechanical transfer registered jack) connectors.
To connect to the Internet, a network first connects to an Internet Service Provider (ISP), such as Earthlink or Comcast. The most common types of connections are DSL and cable Internet (commonly called cable or cable modem).
When connecting to an ISP, know that upload speeds are generally slower than download speeds. These rates differ because users generally download more data than they upload. Therefore, an ISP devotes more of the available bandwidth to downloading and less of it to uploading.
Bandwidth is the theoretical or potential speed of a network,
whereas Data Throughput is the average of the actual speed.
