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1. creatinine 2. inulin 3. cystitis C

Estimated GFR(eGFR) There are several substances that meet these criteria(clearance = GFR) 1. small molecule product of muscle metabolism 2. plant polysaccharide 3. small polypeptide, protease inhibitor

1.underestimates 2. 90 mL/min 3. 30-89 mL/min 4. 15-29mL/min 5 <15mL/min

Interesting GFR in disease 1.The ability of healthy nephrons to compensate for failing nephrons means that GFR ___ the extent of nephron loss 2. Normal 3. Mild to moderate CKD managed by observation, control of blood pressure and risk factors 4.Severe CKD heading towards end-stage renal disease 5.Very severe CKD, ESRD heading for renal failure

1. GFR 2. renal function

Renal blood flow 1. Changes in PGC influence __ 2. therefore renal blood flow is critical determinant of ___

1. plasma 2. renal blood flow 3. kidney

Renal blood flow 1. Delivers ___ to the glomeruli 2. Renal function (GFR) is modulated by control of ___ 3. provides nutrients and oxygen for the __ and removed wastes A vital part of urinary concentrating mechanism

1. kidney becomes oxygen starved physical damage can be done to glomeruli 2. Myogenic, Tubuloglomerular

Renal blood flow 1. RBF is fairly constant over a wide range of arterial blood pressure values (90-180 mmHg). - if blood pressure is too low, the kidney becomes ___ if blood pressure is too high, ____ 2.Two regulatory mechanisms govern RBF:

eRPF The outcome is independent of glomerular filtration

1,__ doesn't report anything reliable about GFR or renal function

1. clearance

1. ___ is not rate of blood flow, filtration rate, rate of urine production

1.clearance values

1.'Even at fixed rates of blood/urine flow, different substances have different __

1. clearance 2. mL/min clearance

1.A conceptual measure that is used for the calculation of GFR 2. measured in ___ 3.'The volume of plasma that the kidneys can clear of a substance per minute'

1. GFR Measuring GFR is important so that appropriate interventions can be administered before progression to end-stage renal disease

1.A fall in__may be the first and only clinical sign of kidney disease

1. GFR is required not very sneitivty

1.Alternative estimates of GFR: Plasma creatinine. However, the method lacks sensitivity: a substantial loss of__ to observe a substantial change in Pcreatinine

1.hydrostatic pressure 2.Oncotic pressure

1.Force exerted by plasma fluid on capillary walls 2.Osmotic pull exerted by proteins within plasma

1.90 mL/min 2.200 L/day 3.20 min Entire 19 L of extracellular body is refreshed 10 times/day

1.GFR varies between individuals, but anything over __ is considered healthy 2.Kidneys can filter up to __ 3.Entire 3 L plasma volume is filtered every __

1.glomerular capillaries

1.Kf for __ is 100 times that of other capillaries.

1. Low Kf 2Low PGC 3. Raised piGC 4.Raised PBS

1.Loss of surface area due to glomerular death, lowers GFR 2.Constriction of the afferent arteriole, lowers glomerular blood pressure and GFR 3. Increased blood protein, lowers GFR 4.Obstruction by kidney stone, lowers GFR

1.completely removed from plasma 2.15%,glomerulus 3.peritubular capillaries PAH

1.Maximum clearance is exhibited by substances that are __ 2.Only __ of plasma is filtered at the ___ 3.However, non-filtered substance can still be cleared by secretion from the ___

Renal vein output + ureter output

1.Renal artery input =___

1.[X]a plasma x Renal artery plasma flow 2.[X]v plasma x Renal vein plasma flow 3.[X]urine x Urine flow

1.Renal artery input of X = 2.Renal artery output of X = 3.Ureter output of X = _

1.Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) 2.all nephrons 3.functioning nephrons 4. blood/urine test

1.__ is the best indicator of renal function 2.Sum of the rate of plasma filtration by __in the kidney 3,GFR is proportional to the number of ___ 4.GFR (reporting progression of kidney disease) is monitored by

1.rate of removal from plasma

Mass balance with clearance 1.The rate of appearance of a substance in the urine must be equal to its ___

1.non-zero clearance value Reflects the extent to which it is filtered, reabsorbed, and secreted.

Most clearance values 1.Any plasma component that appears in the urine will have a ___

1.increase RBF and raise PGC 2. compensatory fall in PGC

Myogenic Mechanism 1.A rise in arterial blood pressure could ___ 2.But the rise in ABP causes arterioles to constrict, producing a___

1.RBF and lower PGC 2. PGC Thus normal GFR is maintained

Myogenic Mechanism 1. A drop in arterial blood pressure could reduce ___ 2.However, the drop in ABP causes arterioles to dilate, producing a compensatory rise in___

1. GFR 2.macula densa ,distal tubule fluid 3.ATP and adenosine 4.juxtaglomerular apparatus ' 5.afferent 6.GFR and RBF

Tubuloglomerular Feedback 1.An elevated___causes too much fluid to enter the nephron The reabsorptive mechanisms cannot cope with the increased delivery 2.Cells in the __sense that there is an unusually high concentration of NaCl in the __ 3.Increased NaCl uptake by macula densa cells causes them to release ___ 4.ATP/adenosine bind to cellular receptors in the ___ 5.Ca2+ mediated signals constricts the ___ arteriole and restores GFR to a lower value 6.___ are also under the control of vasoconstricting and vasodilating hormones and sympathetic nerve impulses

1. large proteins 2,e.g., glucose, bicarbonate(0)

minimum clearance value 1.Some substances do not get filtered 2.Some substances are filtered and completely reabsorbed