290-Chapter 8 edited

7. A PxE design, common in educational research, that uses some type of student aptitude as the subject variable, is known as a(n) ______ design.

ATI

4. A factorial design using both a manipulated and a subject variable is referred to as a(n) ______ design.

P x E

18. In the above study, suppose that 10 subjects are tested in condition represented by the upper left hand cell of the factorial matrix. How many subjects need to be recruited to complete the study? a. 30 b. 60 c. 20 d. 10

a. 30

21. Suppose you have a 2x2 design in which one of the variables is a between-subjects factor and one of the variables is a within-subjects factor. Further suppose that there will be 30 subjects in the upper left-hand cell of the 2x2 array. How many subjects are needed to complete the study? a. 60 b. 30 c. 120 d. cannot be determined with the available information

a. 60

36. In a memory study using a 2x2 factorial, one of the factors is the presentation rate of the words, the two levels being 2 and 4 seconds per item. The researcher finds that recall is 98% accurate at 2 seconds per item and 99% accurate at 4 seconds per item (not a statistically significant difference). The most reasonable conclusion is that a. a ceiling effect has occurred b. an interaction has occurred c. presentation rate has no significant effect on memory d. there is a main effect for presentation rate

a. a ceiling effect has occurred

1. All factorial designs a. have at least two independent variables b. have the potential for producing at least three main effects c. have the potential for producing at least two interaction effects d. have at least one manipulated independent variable and one nonmanipulated independent variable

a. have at least two independent variables

45. ATI designs look for a. interactions between subject aptitudes and various types of treatment b. Any Type of Interaction c. interactions between two different subject variables d. causal relationships between aptitude and treatment

a. interactions between subject aptitudes and various types of treatment

20. In a study of cognitive mapping, all subjects point as accurately as they can to six different geographical targets. Half the subjects are aided by being told where true North is. The remaining subjects are not given the North orientation. Which of the following is true about this design? a. it's a mixed factorial design b. there are 8 different conditions c. if 24 subjects are needed in the first condition, then 96 subject are needed altogether d. it's a 2x2 P x E factorial design

a. it's a mixed factorial design

14. In a 2x2 design, the following results occur: 20 20 30 30 Which of the following is true? a. there is one main effect and no interaction b. there is an interaction but no main effects c. there are two main effects but no interaction d. there are two main effects and an interaction

a. there is one main effect and no interaction

17. In a single experiment, amount of reward and type of reward are varied. Subjects are randomly assigned to one of three "amount of reward" groups. Each subject is tested once with one type of reward and once again with a second type of reward. What type of design is this? a. 2x2 single factor, multilevel b. 2x3 mixed factorial c. 2x3 independent groups factorial d. 3x3 repeated-measures factorial

b. 2x3 mixed factorial

23. In a stylus maze study, some subjects are shocked for errors and others are not shocked. Also, some are told they'll earn $10 if they learn the maze in 5 trials and others are told they'll earn $100. The results are that whether or not shock was present had no effect on behavior, but those who could earn $100 learned faster than those earning just $10. This result is most clearly an example of a. a main effect of shock b. a main effect of incentive (money) c. an interaction between shock and incentive d. all of the above

b. a main effect of incentive (money)

2. A 2x3 factorial design has six a. independent variables b. different conditions c. levels of the independent variable d. subjects per condition

b. different conditions

34. Which of the chapter's research examples used a P x E mixed design? a. the study on the best environment for studying b. the study on simulated driving with cell phones c. the study on the closing time effect d. the study on stereotype threat

b. the study on simulated driving with cell phones

8. All of the following are true about factorial designs except a. they have at least two independent variables b. the independent variables can be either between-subjects or within-subjects c. they are best analyzed with a 1-factor ANOVA d. if both main effects and interactions occur, interactions should be interpreted first

c. they are best analyzed with a 1-factor ANOVA

8. An experimenter fails to find a difference between two groups of subjects on a problem solving task because both groups solve virtually all the problems; the study has produced a(n) _________ effect

ceiling

A researcher studied the influence of crowding (low, medium, and high crowding) on reading comprehension between two types of third graders. Half the children randomly assigned to each crowding condition were classified as "good" and half "poor" on an assessment of verbal fluency. In the study, each child read a 750-word passage and was tested on it later. 24. This is a _______ design. a. 2x2 b. 3x3 c. 1x4 d. 2x3

d. 2x3

29. In a 3x3 factorial design, how many different F ratios will be calculated in the ANOVA? a. 2 b. 4 c. 9 d. 3

d. 3

3. A 2x4 factorial design has a. eight different conditions b. an independent variable with four levels c. two different independent variables d. all of the above

d. all of the above

6. A 3x3x3 factorial design has a. three independent variables, each with three levels b. 27 different conditions c. the potential for three different main effects d. all of the above

d. all of the above

A researcher simultaneously investigated learning style and teaching style. Students were identified as either visual/concrete learners or verbal/abstract learners, on the basis of a learning style survey. For each type of student, half were taught a statistics lesson using a computer program that included a lot of graphics, while the other half used a computer program with fewer graphics and more verbal material. After working through the program, all students were given a test on statistics. 41. Which of the following is true about the study? a. there are two different dependent variables b. there are four independent variables c. random assignment is not required, but counterbalancing is d. counterbalancing is not required, but random assignment is

d. counterbalancing is not required, but random assignment is

51. Fisher thought that factorial designs were especially useful in agriculture, because the best crop yields might result from combinations of various factors. That is, Fisher saw that the advantage of factorials lies in their ability to uncover a. statistically significant differences b. nonlinear effects c. main effects d. interactive effects

d. interactive effects

A researcher simultaneously investigated learning style and teaching style. Students were identified as either visual/concrete learners or verbal/abstract learners, on the basis of a learning style survey. For each type of student, half were taught a statistics lesson using a computer program that included a lot of graphics, while the other half used a computer program with fewer graphics and more verbal material. After working through the program, all students were given a test on statistics. 40. How would you describe the design of this study? a. it's a 2x2 P x E mixed factorial b. it's a 4x4 mixed factorial c. it's a 2x2 nonequivalent groups factorial d. it's a 2x2 P x E factorial

d. it's a 2x2 P x E factorial

1. Any experimental design that includes more than one independent variable is called a(n) ________ design.

factorial

3. In a factorial study, when the effect of one variable depends on the level of a second variable, then a(n) ________ is said to exist

interaction

2. Examining row and/or column means enables the researcher to determine if any _________ exist in a factorial study.

main effects

5. A factorial design using both a between-subjects factor and a within-subjects factor is known as a(n) _______ design.

mixed

6. Following a statistically significant interaction in a 2x2 factorial, the next step, statistically, is to do an analysis of __________.

sample effects