3165 final

All of the following are examples of evidence electronic databases except: 1. HealthSTAR. 2. AIDSLINE. 3. MD Consult. 4. NursingPlus.

4

Which statement by a research study participant might indicate informed consent has not occurred? 1. "The doctor explained to me what the research study is all about." 2. "I volunteered to participate in the research study." 3. "I already signed the consent form." 4. "If I change my mind I will be billed for the research medicine I've already taken."

4

A researcher designs an experiment to test how variables interact to influence how well children learn. The main purpose of this study is: 1. description. 2. explanation. 3. influence. 4. prediction.

2

A study performed on hospitalized patients with the intention to change nursing practice is considered what type of research? 1. Basic 2. Applied 3. Nonexperimental 4. Descriptive

2

A variable that is relevant to a study but is not under investigation is called a(n): 1. dependent variable. 2. extraneous variable. 3. independent variable. 4. outcome variable.

2

An example of an abstract concept is: 1. pain. 2. grief. 3. temperature. 4. blood pressure.

2

At a minimum, the nurse as research consumer is expected to: 1. gather data through direct observation. 2. read and evaluate research projects. 3. author research papers for publication. 4. participate in the design and production of a study.

2

Hierarchy of evidence from strongest (clinical trials) to weakest (opinion) is also referred to as: 1. evidence-based practice. 2. appraising evidence. 3. research utilization. 4. evidence databases.

2

Limitations associated with the science and practice of evidence-based medicine include all of the following except: 1. lack of skills in appraising research. 2. difficulties in convincing patients to accept the evidence. 3. limited amount of time to master research skills. 4. scarce resources to access evidence.

2

Nursing practice that relies on evidence from research and integrates those findings into clinical thinking and decision making is called: 1. nursing science. 2. evidence-based practice. 3. scientific inquiry. 4. scientific method.

2

Research that is done to examine findings of another researcher using the same variables but different subjects is referred to as: 1. exploration. 2. replication. 3. empiricism. 4. rigor.

2

The statement of purpose in a research study should: 1. identify the design of the study. 2. identify the intent or objective of the study. 3. specify the type of people to be recruited in the study. 4. describe the study.

2

The term _____ is often referred to as a delay in using research findings in practice. 1. systematic review 2. research-practice gap 3. evidence-based practice 4. evidence database

2

What form of reasoning is the process of drawing a specific conclusion from a set of premises? 1. Rationalism 2. Deductive 3. Inductive 4. Probabilistic

2

What is Grey literature? 1. Criteria that has been excluded 2. Unpublished evidence 3. Words used to connect or exclude keywords in a search 4. Large registry of clinical trials

2

What is the preferred mode for communicating the latest results of a research study? 1. Textbooks 2. Journals 3. White papers 4. Fact sheets

2

"On what sources of information do women at risk for cervical cancer rely?" is an example of a: 1. research question. 2. scientific hypothesis. 3. null hypothesis. 4. declarative statement.

1

A null hypothesis is also referred to as a(n): 1. statistical hypothesis. 2. research hypothesis. 3. alternative hypothesis. 4. scientific hypothesis.

1

A type of research method emphasizing the meaning of an experience is termed: 1. qualitative. 2. quantitative. 3. scientific integrity. 4. scientific method.

1

All of the following groups deserve special protection as subjects in research, except: 1. men and women over 65 years of age. 2. children. 3. prisoners. 4. mentally ill.

1

As a patient advocate, what is the nurse's role in carrying out research activities? 1. Determine if the study has been reviewed by the IRB. 2. Report human rights violations to the patient's physician. 3. Assume the subject's rights have been adequately addressed. 4. Presume informed consent has been handled adequately.

1

Explanations of concepts or variables in terms of how they are defined in a particular study are referred to as: 1. operational definitions. 2. primary sources. 3. secondary sources. 4. scientific literature.

1

Hypotheses that do not specify a particular direction in relation to variables under study are called: 1. nondirectional hypotheses. 2. directional hypotheses. 3. extraneous hypotheses. 4. null hypotheses.

1

In critiquing a research report, where would the researcher find information on possible sources of sampling error and sample size? 1. Methods 2. Results 3. Implications 4. Data analysis

1

One of the largest biomedical research literature databases is: 1. MEDLINE. 2. MD Consult. 3. CANCERLIT. 4. InfoPOEMS.

1

Pure or fundamental research is often referred to as: 1. basic. 2. applied. 3. experimental. 4. nonexperimental.

1

Striving for excellence in research with discipline, adherence to detail, and strict accuracy is called: 1. rigor. 2. triangulation. 3. replication. 4. scientific inquiry.

1

The primary phenomena that are of interest to a particular discipline are termed: 1. metaparadigms. 2. grand theory. 3. concepts. 4. constructs.

1

The process by which knowledge generated from research becomes incorporated into clinical practice is termed: 1. research utilization. 2. evidence-based medicine. 3. evidence-based practice 4. evidence-based nursing.

1

What resource provides the latest information on evidence-based clinical practice guidelines? 1. National Guideline Clearinghouse 2. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) 3. Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness 4. Cochrane Review of Methodology Database

1

Which characteristic is unique to the scientific method and not associated with other ways of learning information? 1. Objectivity 2. Personal bias 3. Subjectivity 4. Logical reasoning

1

Which finding might indicate a literature review is of poor quality? 1. Mostly secondary sources are used 2. The problem is introduced within the first few paragraphs 3. Many of the relevant articles are easily identified. 4. Articles chosen to be included have recent publication dates

1

Which of the following is not an example of a construct? 1. Grief 2. Anxiety 3. Intelligence 4. Achievement

1

Which scientific approach moves from empirical observations to theories? 1. Inductive 2. Deductive 3. Scientific inquiry 4. Empirical model

1

A conscientious, explicit use of best evidence in making decisions about care is often termed: 1. evidence databases. 2. evidence-based medicine. 3. evidence guidelines. 4. best evidence guidelines.

2

A good qualitative problem statement: 1. defines the independent and dependent variables. 2. conveys a sense of emerging design. 3. specifies a research hypothesis to be tested. 4. specifies a relationship between or among variables.

2

A group of individuals who collaborate on a research project from beginning to dissemination of findings are referred to as a: 1. research consumer. 2. research team. 3. principal investigator. 4. consultant.

2

A research design that examines relationships between and among variables is referred to as: 1. longitudinal. 2. correlational. 3. prospective. 4. retrospective.

2

A research hypothesis always: 1. is based on research data. 2. predicts a relationship. 3. asks a question. 4. none of the above.

2

The Theory of Chronic Sorrow is an example of what type of theory? 1. Grand 2. Borrowed 3. Middle-range 4. Practice

3

Theories that are more specific than middle-range theories and identify specific guidelines for practice are called: 1. grand theories. 2. nursing theories. 3. practice theories. 4. borrowed theories.

3

One of the weakest pieces of evidence a researcher can identify when addressing and answering clinical questions is the use of: 1. individual case-control studies. 2. case studies. 3. expert opinion. 4. randomized clinical trials.

3

Providing subjects with an estimate of the potential risks in relation to the potential benefits is called the: 1. right to privacy and dignity. 2. right to anonymity and confidentiality. 3. risk-benefit ratio. 4. right to self-determination.

3

Quantitative research uses the following methods of data collection except: 1. surveys. 2. questionnaires. 3. participant observation. 4. psychosocial instruments.

3

Reasons for a research-practice gap include all of the following except: 1. nurses lack the skill of reading research reports. 2. nurses don't develop an opportunity for acceptance of change. 3. nurses are encouraged by administration to resist change in practice. 4. nurse researchers and clinicians use different language.

3

Research hypotheses are sometimes referred to as: 1. null. 2. extraneous. 3. alternative. 4. directional.

3

When critiquing a research report, avoid all of the following except: 1. nitpicking or finding fault on trivial details associated with the report. 2. providing explanations that justify your comments. 3. forgetting that your purpose is to advise the researcher and improve the clarity of the report. 4. writing the critique in a condescending manner.

2

Which of the following is not a central concept in conceptual models of nursing? 1. Person 2. Social support 3. Health 4. Environment

2

Which of the following statements is not true of an Institutional Review Board (IRB)? 1. An IRB assures that researchers do not engage in unethical behavior. 2. All IRB members must have an affiliation with the institution. 3. An IRB can use an expedited review process where there are minimal risks. 4. Certain types of research are exempt from the IRB process.

2

Which scientific method focuses on testing hypotheses developed from theory? 1. Inductive 2. Deductive 3. Scientific inquiry 4. Empirical model

2

Which statement about critiquing research reports is false? 1. The evaluator makes objective judgments about the study. 2. Grammar and writing style are corrected by the evaluator. 3. A good critique is two or three pages long. 4. Inadequate organization is a common presentation flaw in research reports.

2

Which study may qualify for an expedited IRB review? 1. A study to determine if low dose aspirin prevents thrombophlebitis 2. The effect of a dark room on the quality of sleep in hospitalized patients 3. The effects of niacin on coronary artery disease 4. A study on the link between birth control and depression in women of childbearing age

2

Which type of theory is not grounded in empirical data? 1. Nursing 2. Grand 3. Middle-range 4. Practice

2

A concise, interrogative statement written in the present tense that includes one or more variables is called a: 1. null hypothesis. 2. scientific hypothesis. 3. research question. 4. declarative statement.

3

A research article written by someone other than the person who conducted the study is referred to as: 1. an operational definition. 2. a primary source. 3. a secondary source. 4. a piece of scientific literature.

3

A researcher wants to determine if nurses' levels of empathy for patients change after graduation from nursing school. The following groups are measured: new graduates, nurses who have worked for 2 years, and nurses who have worked for 5 years, on empathy toward patients with a comparison of scores. This study is: 1. prospective. 2. retrospective. 3. cross-sectional. 4. experimental.

3

A rigorous process of collecting and reviewing literature to answer a specific clinical question is called: 1. traditional literature review. 2. evidence-based practice. 3. systematic review. 4. foreground questioning.

3

A statement that clearly describes the problem, makes a case for why it needs to be investigated, and often culminates by having the researcher articulate the problem in question form is found in what section of a research proposal? 1. Theoretical rationale 2. Definition of terms 3. Problem statement 4. Methods

3

A statistical method that synthesizes findings from several studies is often referred to as: 1. descriptive analysis. 2. inferential analysis. 3. meta-analysis. 4. multivariate analysis.

3

A study that follows a cohort of subjects and collects data over time is referred to as: 1. observational. 2. retrospective. 3. longitudinal. 4. experimental.

3

A systematic inquiry designed to develop knowledge about issues important to nursing is called: 1. scientific method. 2. evidence-based practice. 3. nursing research. 4. nursing science.

3

An example of a specialty journal is: 1. Nursing Research. 2. Research in Nursing and Health. 3. Oncology Nursing Forum. 4. Western Journal of Nursing Research.

3

Hypotheses in descriptive studies are usually: 1. very specific and stated prior to beginning the study. 2. often generalized as data are collected, interpreted, and analyzed. 3. never used. 4. always stated after the research has been completed.

3

Identify the dependent variable in the following hypothesis: "Exercisers exhibit higher self-efficacy scores compared to nonexercisers." 1. Exercisers 2. Nonexercisers 3. Self-efficacy 4. None of the above

3

Identify the independent variable in the following hypothesis: "Adults in an overweight group will have lower health responsibility scores compared to those in a normal weight group." 1. Health responsibility 2. Adults 3. Overweight group versus normal weight group 4. None of the above

3

In critiquing a research report, where would recommendations made by the researcher for nursing practice be found? 1. Methods 2. Results 3. Implications 4. Data analysis

3

In critiquing a research report, where would the researcher find a discussion related to findings associated with the conceptual basis of the study? 1. Methods 2. Results 3. Discussion 4. Data analysis

3

In critiquing a research report, where would the researcher make clear why a particular study is important to investigate? 1. Research question 2. Definition of terms 3. Problem statement 4. Purpose of the study

3

In developing a problem statement, a researcher speaks to each of the following except: 1. variables. 2. population. 3. design. 4. focus of study.

3

Journals that determine acceptance of manuscripts based on peer review are referred to as a: 1. scientific journal. 2. theoretical journal. 3. refereed journal. 4. electronic journal.

3

Nonexperimental research is often said to be weaker than experimental research in terms of: 1. establishing whether a problem exists. 2. establishing for whom a problem exists. 3. documenting a causal relationship. 4. all of the above.

3

One of the primary functions of theory is to: 1. summarize existing knowledge. 2. summarize existing hypotheses. 3. suggest new relationships and make new predictions. 4. suggest new theories.

3

What is the advantage of using abstracts when performing a literature search? 1. Finding journal sources of data-based articles on various topics 2. Gaining access to all English-language and many foreign-language nursing journals 3. Determining whether a reference is relevant before performing a full search 4. Identifying primary versus secondary sources.

3

When a researcher uses a qualitative and quantitative approach to collecting data, this is referred to as: 1. scientific integrity. 2. scientific rigor. 3. triangulation. 4. ways of knowing.

3

When critiquing a theoretical framework, which statement might indicate problems with the study? 1. Concepts are clear and operationally defined. 2. A middle-range theory was discussed. 3. The theoretical framework is vague and ambiguous. 4. Findings are discussed in terms of how they contradict the theoretical framework.

3

Which of the following is the correct order of sections associated with a research report? 1. Discussion, methods, problem statement, results 2. Methods, problem statement, discussion, results 3. Problem statement, methods, results, discussion 4. Results, discussion, problem statement, methods

3

Which of the following statements is in the form of a null hypothesis? 1. The child has a learning disability. 2. There is a correlation between smoking and lung function. 3. There is no difference between males and females on the variable quality of life. 4. There is a positive relationship between grades and time spent studying.

3

Which statement about a hypothesis is false? 1. A hypothesis predicts the relationship between two or more variables. 2. Hypotheses guide scientific inquiry. 3. Data collected must support the hypothesis. 4. Some research studies do not require a hypothesis.

3

Who is the current director of the National Institutes of Nursing Research (NINR)? 1. Dr. Rebecca Patton 2. Dr. Julie Gerberding 3. Dr. Patricia Grady 4. Dr. Elias Zerhouni

3

A situation where the identity of subjects remains unknown to protect subjects participating in a study is referred to as: 1. confidentiality. 2. human rights. 3. risk-benefit ratio. 4. anonymity.

4

As a general rule, researchers tend to use ____ level of significance. 1. 99% 2. 95% 3. 50% 4. none of the above

4

Computer database searches can be done: 1. at the library. 2. online at home. 3. using a CD-ROM. 4. all of the above.

4

Higher-level concepts derived from theories that represent nonobservable behaviors are called: 1. metaparadigms. 2. grand theories. 3. borrowed theories. 4. constructs.

4

Hypotheses can be classified as: 1. simple or complex. 2. nondirectional versus directional. 3. research versus statistical. 4. all of the above.

4

In critiquing a research report, include all of the following except: 1. supportive and encouraging comments. 2. suggestions that are not overly unrealistic. 3. clear, concise statements in communicating with authors. 4. flattery with comments to boost a researcher's self-esteem.

4

In critiquing a research report, where does the researcher state the particular question(s) to be investigated? 1. Introduction 2. Definition of terms 3. Justification of the study 4. Purpose statement

4

Individuals who provide data in a research study are often referred to as the: 1. population. 2. data points. 3. coding plan. 4. sample.

4

Knowledge is information acquired in a variety of different ways. Methods used to acquire this knowledge are referred to as: 1. scientific integrity. 2. scientific rigor. 3. triangulation. 4. ways of knowing.

4

One of the strongest pieces of evidence a researcher can identify when addressing and answering clinical questions is the use of: 1. individual case-control studies. 2. case studies. 3. expert opinion. 4. randomized clinical trials.

4

Sources of researchable problems can include: 1. researcher's own experience. 2. practical issues that require solutions. 3. theory and past research. 4. all of the above.

4

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is an example of what type of literature source? 1. Print database 2. Electronic database 3. Citation index 4. Internet directory

4

The feasibility of a study should be considered in light of: 1. cost and time required to conduct the study. 2. skills required of the researcher. 3. potential ethical concerns. 4. all of the above.

4

The nurse-theorist Sister Callista Roy is associated with what grand theory? 1. Patient-Centered Approach to Nursing 2. Theory of Human Becoming 3. Health as Expanding Consciousness 4. Adaptation Model

4

Using theory-derived, research-based information to make decisions about care delivery to patients in consideration of individual needs and preferences is: 1. evidence database. 2. evidence-based medicine. 3. evidence guideline. 4. evidence-based nursing.

4

Which guideline for authoring a paper for publication is incorrect? 1. Colleagues should be consulted when parties disagree on authorship matters. 2. Avoid duplicate and fragmented publications. 3. Authors should provide additional information as requested by editors. 4. The principle investigator takes sole responsibility for the final manuscript.

4

Which is not a question to ask when evaluating a research report? 1. Were the instruments used valid? 2. Was the sample representative? 3. Were the procedures clearly stated to be reproducible? 4. Were the results published in an important journal?

4

Which nursing degree program has a focus on planning and launching independent programs of research? 1. Baccalaureate degree in nursing 2. Master's degree in nursing 3. Practice-focused doctoral program 4. Research-focused doctoral program

4

Which of the following is characteristic of good theory or explanation? 1. Theoretical framework is clearly identified 2. A sufficient amount of information is provided to demonstrate the problem 3. Concepts are clearly and operationally defined 4. All of the above

4

Which of the following statements best describes the problem statement, "To what extent do health practices influence the health of American citizens?" 1. Acceptable as stated 2. Not a research problem because it addresses a moral issue 3. Not acceptable as stated because it leads an independent variable 4. Not acceptable because of the vagueness of concepts stated

4

A null hypothesis is rejected when a study demonstrates a significant relationship between two variables.

true