351 Exam 3
Which factor does not contribute to errors of measurement? a. Reactivity to being observed b. Fatigue c. Constancy of conditions d. Response set biases
c. Constancy of conditions
What is the name of the procedure quantitative researchers can use to estimate how large a sample they need? a. Randomness b. Stratification c. Sampling interval calculation d. Power analysis
d. Power analysis
Dinsmore's grounded theory study involved sampling patients whose experiences helped to better understand the emerging category of lost control. ◦A Convenience or snowball ◦B Purposive CTheoretical
C Theoretical
A participant observer would use which method to record the observational data: a) rating scales b) checklists c) category systems d) field notes
d) field notes
In which research process step would the researcher utilize a codebook? a. Disseminating findings b. Defining and describing the knowledge gap or problem c. Selecting a research design d. Analyzing and interpreting results
d. Analyzing and interpreting results
A researcher used a diagnosis by a psychiatrist to validate a 10-item measure of depression. What type of validity is being assessed? a. Criterion validity b. Face validity c. Construct validity d. Content validity
a. Criterion validity
The names Glaser and Strauss are associated with which research tradition? a) Grounded Theory b) Ethnography c) Phenomenology d) Hermeneutics
a) Grounded Theory
One form of data collection in qualitative research is observation. Recording these observations can be accomplished with field notes. Which of the following are considered categories of field notes? (Select all that apply) a. Descriptive b. Reflective c. Theoretical d. Statistical e. Criterion
a, b, c
What traits do data collection plans in quantitative studies have? (Select all that apply.) a. Quantifiable b. Highly structured c. Objective d. Evolving fluidity
a, b, c
What type of validity is concerned with the adequacy of coverage of a topic area? a. Construct validity b. Face validity c. Criterion validity d. Content validity
d. Content validity
A researcher would be best able to draw inferences about cause-and-effect relationships in which of the following designs? a. Time-series design b. One-group before-after design c. Case-control design d. Crossover design
d. Crossover design
Consider the following research question: is there a relationship between hand washing technique and infection rates on a telemetry unit? Infection rates indicate which type of variable in this research question? a. Continuous b. Directional c. Independent d. Dependent
d. Dependent
Neumann's study focused on reciprocal care-seeking and caregiving behavior among patients within the culture of a mental health facility. -A Ethnography -B Phenomenology -C Grounded Theory
-A Ethnography
Futterer studied the meaning of the respite experience of family caregivers of patients with dementia. -A Ethnography -B Phenomenology -C Grounded Theory
-B Phenomenology
Viator explored how pregnant women managed the process of deciding on and arranging a home birth. -A Ethnography -B Phenomenology -C Grounded Theory
-C Grounded Theory
Petrik studied end-of-life caregiving for elders living on a Hopi Reservation in Arizona. -A Ethnography -B Phenomenology -C Grounded Theory
A Ethnography
Quinn studied the experience of learning about a parent's cancer diagnosis, from the perspective of adolescents aged 15 to 18 years. -A Ethnography -B Phenomenology -C Grounded Theory
B Phenomenology
When is an emergent design for a qualitative study developed? a) As data are collected and analyzed in the field b) After data collection has been completed c) Before the researcher submits the proposed plan to the IRB or human subjects committee d) Once the literature review has been completed
a) As data are collected and analyzed in the field
Which is an ethnographic term relating to insiders' perspectives of the culture to which they belong? a) Emic b) Etic c) Reflexivity d) Essence
a) Emic
Which qualitative tradition stems from the discipline of anthropology? a) Ethnography b) Grounded theory c) Hermeneutics d) Phenomenology
a) Ethnography
Which research question could be used for an ethnography? a) What are the norms that inhibit the use of preventive health care in a Hmong refugee community in Canada? b) What is the lived experience of childbirth to women who postponed childbearing until their 40s? c) What is the process of fertility decision making among women who have had several miscarriages? d) How is a pregnant woman's age related to her requests for pain control during childbirth?
a) What are the norms that inhibit the use of preventive health care in a Hmong refugee community in Canada?
Which sampling approach might be used toward the end of data collection in a qualitative study? a) sampling disconfirming cases b) snowball sampling c) systematic sampling d) criterion sampling
a) sampling disconfirming cases
When using observational method data collection, what type of information is potentially gathered? (Select all that apply.) a.. Environmental conditions b. Verbal communication c. Activities d. Laboratory values e. Nonverbal communication
a, b, c, e
Which are biophysiologic measures? (Select all that apply.) a. Visual analog scale b. End tidal CO2 c. Blood pressure d. Psychological traits e. Hematocrit
a, b, c, e
Which statement is true about variables? (Select all that apply.) a. Variables are often inherent human characteristics b. Researchers sometimes create a variable c. Variables are inherently dependent or independent; if a variable is dependent in one study, it will be dependent in all studies d. The dependent variable corresponds to the "O" (outcome) in PICO questions e. Variables are the central building blocks of quantitative studies
a, b, d, e
When reviewing research terminology, the nurse defines major terms. When a variable can be manipulated to cause an effect on the dependent variable, what is it called? (Select all that apply.) a. Treatment b. Control variable c. Independent variable d. Intervention e. Dependent variable
a, c, d
A researcher is planning a quantitative study on the effect of early ambulation in the hip replacement clients. What data collection methods are appropriate for this quantitative study? (Select all that apply.) a. Self-reports b. Open-ended interviews c. Observation d. Focus groups e. Biophysiologic measures
a, c, e
Which of the following data collection methods are commonly used in qualitative studies? (Select all that apply.) a. In-depth interviews b. Surveys c. Self-report d. Photographs e. Participant observation
a, d, e
Identify the dependent variable in this statement: Adult clients between the ages of 18 and 65 who smoke 2 packs of cigarettes daily are at increased risk for lung cancer a. Cancer b. Ages 18-65 c. Daily smoking d. Adult clients
a. Cancer
A researcher studying the effects of length of nursing home residency on residents' emotional well-being compared 100 residents 1 week after admission with 100 residents who had lived in the nursing home for 6 months. This is an example of a: a. Cross-sectional design b. Longitudinal design c. Crossover design d. Time series design
a. Cross-sectional design
Identify the dependent variable in the following research question: In a group of female adolescents, what is the effect of a web-based HPV vaccine educational program in comparison to face-to-face HPV vaccine educational program on HPV immunization rates? a. HPV immunization rates b. Web-based HPV vaccine program c. Female adolescents d. Face-to-face HPV vaccine program
a. HPV immunization rates
What is the difference between a before:after randomized controlled trial design and a before:after nonequivalent control group (quasi-experimental) design? a. In the experimental design, subjects are assigned to groups at random b. There is no intervention in the nonequivalent control group design c. The experimental design would be appropriate in the laboratory settings and the quasi-experimental design would be appropriate in naturalistic settings d. The experimental design involves using subjects as their own controls, but a quasi-experimental design does not
a. In the experimental design, subjects are assigned to groups at random
In a randomized controlled trial using a pretest-posttest design in which posttest data are collected 6 months after the intervention, the internal validity of the study would most likely be compromised by the: a. Mortality threat b. History threat c. Selection threat d. Maturation threat
a. Mortality threat
A nurse researcher plans to study the effect of a nurse residency program on job retention in newly graduated nurses. The study involves a control group of new graduates who did not participate in the residency program. What is the independent variable in this study? a. Nurse residency program b. New-graduate status c. New-graduate nurses d. Job retention
a. Nurse residency program
A researcher studying differences in childbirth outcomes for delivery-table and birth-chair births randomly assigned pregnant women to one of the two groups and then obtained data on 1-minute Apgar scores and blood gases. The design used was a: a. Posttest-only experimental design b. Nonequivalent control group design c. Cohort design d. Crossover design
a. Posttest-only experimental design
What is the most common data collection method used by nurses in quantitative research? a. Self-report b. Biphysiologic measures c. Likert scales d. Focus group interviews
a. Self-report
A researcher is gathering data for a quantitative study. He knows what info he needs to obtain and can develop appropriate questions to gain this information. What type of data collection method is best to use to collect the necessary information? a. Self-reports b. Focus group c. Biophysiologic measures d. Observations
a. Self-reports
An advantage of using biophysiologic measures to assess clinical variables is the accuracy and precision of the data. a. True b. False
a. True
The most common approach to making structured observations in quantitative research is to use a category system for classifying observed phenomena a. True b. False
a. True
A large number of patient satisfaction surveys indicate inadequate pain control on a surgical unit in an acute care hospital. The chief nursing officer needs to address this issue and asks the nurses on the surgical unit to measure their patient's pain once per shift. Which scale is the most appropriate to use to gather this data? a. Visual analog scale b. Rating scale c. Likert scale d. Faces scale
a. Visual analog scale
Which of the following research questions could be addressed using a true experimental design? a. What is the effect of cognitive training on the mental health of the elderly? b. What is the effect of nurses' opportunities for job advancement on their job satisfaction? c. What is effect of maternal heroin use on infants' birth weight? d. What is the effect of type of obstetric provider (nurse-midwife versus obstetrician) on women's decision to breastfeed after delivery?
a. What is the effect of cognitive training on the mental health of the elderly?
Although crossover designs are powerful, one limitation is the potential problem of: a. carryover effects b. study costs c.. self-selection d. systematic bias
a. carryover effects
An important and desirable feature of composite scales is that they: a. permit fine-grained discriminations between people with different amounts of an attribute b. are easy to construct c. are immune from response biases d. allow respondents to express their attitudes in their own words
a. permit fine-grained discriminations between people with different amounts of an attribute
The variables used in research are explicitly defined as variables in the purpose of the study a. True b False
b False
Which step is important in descriptive phenomenology? a) Undertaking constant comparisons b) Bracketing c) Gaining an emic perspective d) Studying relationality
b) Bracketing
Which statement about grounded theory is not true? a) The procedure of constant comparison is used to develop theoretically relevant categories b) Grounded theory researchers often adopt a case study approach to collecting and analyzing data c) Charmaz has introduced another approach to grounded theory d) In two competing views of grounded theory, Glaser is in one camp and Strauss is in the other
b) Grounded theory researchers often adopt a case study approach to collecting and analyzing data
On what domain do phenomenologic researchers generally focus their inquiries? a) Social processes b) Human experiences c) Cultural patterns d) Historical events
b) Human experiences
Which sampling approach is a preferred method in grounded theory studies? a) Snowball sampling b) Theoretical sampling c) Convenience sampling d) Extreme case sampling
b) Theoretical sampling
An important aim of critical theory research is: a) Theory development b) Transformation c) Constant comparison d) Objectivity
b) Transformation
In which qualitative tradition do researchers tend to employ the smallest number of study participants? a) ethnographic, phenomenological, and grounded theory studies all rely a comparable number of participants b) phenomenological studies c) grounded theory studies d) ethnographic studies
b) phenomenological studies
Which steps are part of qualitative study (select all that apply) a. Specifying methods to measure variable and collect data b. Identifying the research problem c. Conceptualizing and planning the study d. Developing intervention protocols e. Doing a literature review
b, c, e
What is random sampling? a. A form of probability sampling b. A form of non probability sampling c. Assignment to a group at random d. A method of determining eligibility for a study
b. A form of non probability sampling
What is the main reason that researchers use samples rather than populations? a. Because data from a sample are more accurate than data from a population b. Because it is more economical and efficient to work with samples c. Because populations cannot be stratified and samples can d. Because it is difficult to develop eligibility criteria for populations
b. Because it is more economical and efficient to work with samples
Assigning each participant to a group by random assignment means: a. Groups being compared will necessarily be equivalent at the outset b. Every participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any group c. Participants are randomly selected from the population d. Researchers have control over which people are assigned to which groups
b. Every participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any group
Researchers conducted a randomized control trial to determine the effectiveness of a new drug for depression. What type of research design was used in this study? a. Correlational b. Experimental c. Descriptive d. Quasi-experimental
b. Experimental
A correlational research design has both a control group and an experimental group. a. True b. False
b. False
In a blind study, only data collectors have information about participants and intervention agents. a. True b. False
b. False
In qualitative research studies, the researcher never participate in any way with the social group being observed. a. True b. False
b. False
Qualitative research involves a fairly linear process with researchers planning the steps and following those steps as closely as possible. a. True b. False
b. False
The dependent variable influences a change in the independent variable a. True b. False
b. False
When planning a qualitative study, a literature review is always done before collecting data from key informants a. True b. False
b. False
Which could be measured on a visual analog scale (VAS)? a. Annual income b. Fatigue c. Drug used d. Episodes of domestic violence
b. Fatigue
What is not a key aspect of a study's validity? a. Statistical conclusion validity b. Implementation validity c. Internal validity d. External validity
b. Implementation validity
A researcher is studying self-efficacy in a sample of new mothers. Data will be collected at 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year after birth to determine the level of self-efficacy. What type of research design is most appropriate for this study? a. Cross-sectional b. Longitudinal c. Experimental d. Quasi-experimental
b. Longitudinal
Identify the independent variable in this statement: Adult clients between the ages of 18 and 35 report reduced pain after music therapy a. Reduced pain b. Music therapy c. Adult client d. Ages 18-35
b. Music therapy
What is a major difference between qualitative and quantitative research processes? a. The final phase in qualitative research dissemination of findings, which is not true of quantitative research b. Quantitative research follows a linear progression while qualitative research follows a non-linear progression c. The final phase in quantitative research dissemination of findings, which is not true of qualitative d. Qualitative research follows linear progression while quantitative research follows a non-linear progression.
b. Quantitative research follows a linear progression while qualitative research follows a non-linear progression
Which of the following control mechanisms does not require the researcher to know in advance which participant characteristics need to be controlled? a. Homogeneity b. Randomization c. Statistical control d. Matching
b. Randomization
What do matching, randomizing, and homogeneity have in common? a. They are features of experimental design b. They are methods of research control over participants' characteristics c. They are methods that improve the external validity of a study d. They are methods of achieving constancy of conditions
b. They are methods of research control over participants' characteristics
"All citizens of Canada who have type 2 diabetes" is an example of a. a sample b. a population c. a stratum d. an element
b. a population
Measurement involves: a. assessing the psychometric properties of instruments b. inventing and applying rules for quantifying concepts c. identifying errors of measurement d. calculating the reliability and validity of instruments
b. inventing and applying rules for quantifying concepts
A researcher randomly sampled 1,000 nurses from a state directory of RNs, and 578 nurses returned a mailed questionnaire (a 58% response rate); 81% of the respondents had a bachelor's degree, compared to 63% of the nonrespondents. The researcher should worry about: a. an inappropriate sampling frame b. nonresponse bias c. inadequate sample size d. an inadequate sampling method
b. nonresponse bias
A researcher studying the dietary habits of university students samples every 20th student of an enrollment roster. This is an example of: a. simple random sampling b. systematic sampling c. consecutive sampling d. purposive sampling
b. systematic sampling
A bias called reactivity refers to: a. study participants' reactions to clinical procedures b. the bias that can be introduced when people alter their behavior because of the presence of an observer c. observers' reactions to the phenomena they are observing d. the reactions of ethical review group when observations are covert
b. the bias that can be introduced when people alter their behavior because of the presence of an observer
What is the difference between descriptive phenomenology and hermeneutics? a) Descriptive phenomenology assumes there is an essence of a phenomenon as experienced by people and hermeneutics does not share this assumption b) Unlike hermeneutics research, descriptive phenomenological research often involves gathering quantitative information c) Descriptive phenomenology describes the attributes of lived experience; hermeneutics strives to interpret the meaning of experience d) Phenomenology relies mainly on in-depth interviews, and hermeneutics relies mainly on observations of lived experience
c) Descriptive phenomenology describes the attributes of lived experience; hermeneutics strives to interpret the meaning of experience
Which statement is true? a) All qualitative studies have their roots in disciplinary traditions b) Case study research uses cross-sectional designs c) Narrative analysis is used to make sense of people's lives through analysis of their stories d) Qualitative content analysis is used to analyze data from grounded theory studies
c) Narrative analysis is used to make sense of people's lives through analysis of their stories
What do phenomenologists believe? a) That cultural contexts are central phenomena of interest b) That phenomena can be understood by studying societal rules and shared meanings c) That the essence of a phenomenon is interpreted through personal experience d) That every phenomenon can be reduced to quantitative components
c) That the essence of a phenomenon is interpreted through personal experience
Typically, which decision would not be appropriate to make in advance for a qualitative study? a) Selection of a research tradition b) Equipment needs c) The size of the research sample d) Selection of a study site
c) The size of the research sample
Which is a research question for a grounded theory study? a) What is the meaning of risk to patients dying of cancer? b) What is the prevalence of hunger among community-dwelling elderly c) What is the central process by which parents of teenagers who have committed suicide come to terms with their loss? d) What are the sources of conflict and stress among residents in inner-city Haitian immigrant neighborhoods?
c) What is the central process by which parents of teenagers who have committed suicide come to terms with their loss?
Which method is least likely to be used as a data source in an ethnographic study? a) observations b) self-reports c) biophysiologic measures d) records
c) biophysiologic measures
A qualitative researcher asked patients attending a suicide survivor support group in Chicago to discuss the experience of learning about their loved one's death. This is an example of: a) typical case sampling b) snowball sampling c) convenience sampling d) extreme case sampling
c) convenience sampling
In which qualitative tradition are researchers most likely to use participant observation? a) ethnographic, phenomenological, and grounded theory studies are equally likely to use participant observation b) grounded theory studies c) ethnographic studies d) phenomenological studies
c) ethnographic studies
Qualitative studies are typically: a) longitudinal b) theoretical c) non-experimental d) experimental or quasi-experimental
c) non-experimental
Which qualitative self-report method typically begins with a grand tour question? a) photo voice interview b) focus group interviews c) unstructured interviews d) semistructured interviews
c) unstructured interviews
In terms of the PICO scheme, the independent variable corresponds to the: a. "P" and "O" b. "C" and "P" c. "I" and "C" d. "O" and "C"
c. "I" and "C"
If a population were defined as "asian children enrolled in elementary school in California," an element would be: a. Asian children b. Elementary school children in California who are Asian c. A Korean child enrolled in elementary school in California d. An elementary school
c. A Korean child enrolled in elementary school in California
What type of design would be best suited to studying the effect of exposure to cockroach allergens on asthma in children? a. A retrospective case-control design b. A before and after randomized controlled trial design c. A prospective cohort design d. A nonequivalent control group design
c. A prospective cohort design
If a population were defined as "American men who have had lung cancer," one possible stratum would be: a. American men who have had any type of cancer b. American men who have never had cancer c. American men over age 60 years who have had lung cancer d. American women who have had lung cane
c. American men over age 60 years who have had lung cancer
Which is least amenable to observation? a. Skills b. Physiologic conditions c. Attitudes d. Actions
c. Attitudes
Which feature is not an essential of an experimental design? a. Control b. Intervention c. Blinding d. Randomization
c. Blinding
Which of the following is a major step in a qualitative research study? a. Developing intervention protocols b. Specifying measures to measure variables c. Gaining entree into research sites d. Identifying the population
c. Gaining entree into research sites
A researcher who uses homogeneity as a means of controlling confounding variables pays the price of limiting the studies: a. Internal validity b. Rigor c. Generalizability d. Feasibility
c. Generalizability
The problem statement in a study identifies a(n): a. method to measure variables and collect data b. Intervention protocol c. Knowledge gap d. Research methodology
c. Knowledge gap
A qualitative researcher is deciding on a strategy to maintain reflexivity. This requires an awareness that the researcher brings a unique set of values and professional identity that may impact the research process. Which strategy is most effective in maintaining reflexivity? a. Hold a focus group with a research team b. Inform the study participants about the researcher's background c. Maintain a journal or diary d. Ask a coinvestigator to collect the data
c. Maintain a journal or diary
What advantage do mailed questionnaires have over personal interviews? a. Questionnaires can be completed by more diverse types of respondents than interviews b. Mailed questionnaires yield higher response rates c. Questionnaires offer the possibility of anonymity d. Questionnaires allow respondents opportunities to obtain clarification about questions
c. Questionnaires offer the possibility of anonymity
What is the most salient threat to the internal validity of nonequivalent control group designs? a. Maturation b. Mortality c. Selection d. History
c. Selection
A nursing student studies data collection in nursing research. What is the most widely used data collection method by nurse researchers? a. Records b. Biophysologic measures c. Self-reports d. Observation
c. Self-reports
Which type of reliability assessment involves a replication to evaluate the extent to which scores for a stable trait are the same? a. interrater reliability b. internal consistency reliability c. Test-retest, interrater, and internal consistency reliability d. test-retest reliability
c. Test-retest, interrater, and internal consistency reliability
A nurse researcher plans a qualitative study on the experience of miscarriage. Why would interviews be preferable to questionnaires when studying the topic? a. Interviews yield data that are easier to analyze b. Interviews are less expensive c. The quality of the data tends to be higher with interviews d. Interviews require less training on research personnel
c. The quality of the data tends to be higher with interviews
What is a major advantage of using random sampling? a. It is relatively inexpensive b. It is relatively easy to do c. The resulting sample has a greater likelihood of being representative than when nonrandom sampling is used d. Sampling error can be eliminated
c. The resulting sample has a greater likelihood of being representative than when nonrandom sampling is used
A nurse studying the problem of ventilator-acquired pneumonia plans for data collection in the intensive care unit. What statement is most accurate regarding measuring biophysiologic variables? a. These variables are difficult to measure with accuracy b. These variable historically conflict with other measures c. These measures are reliable when measured correctly d. These measures often prove insignificant
c. These measures are reliable when measured correctly
What is the major advantage of observational methods? a. They are not subject to bias b. They are more economical than self-reports c. They directly capture the behaviors of interest d. Observers do not require much training
c. They directly capture the behaviors of interest
The data collection process in qualitative research includes which of the following steps? a. Selecting appropriate instruments b. Identifying data needs c. Understanding the role of the researcher d. Measuring variables
c. Understanding the role of the researcher
A researcher is planning a study in which pain levels are measured. What is the name of a self-report pain scale that utilizes a straight line measuring 100 mm? a. Faces scale b. 0-10 scale c. Visual analog scale d. Likert scale
c. Visual analog scale
A researcher studying the effect of an intervention to reduce back injuries asks 40 nurses in a hospital to participate in the study and randomly assigns 20 nurses to an experimental and 20 to a control group. This is an example of a: a. quota sample b. stratified random sample c. convenience sample d. simple random sample
c. convenience sample
Which type of qualitative inquiry does not originate with an ideological perspective? a) Critical theory b) Participatory action research c) Feminist research d) Phenomenology
d) Phenomenology
An ethnographer is studying the culture of an inner-city HIV clinic. This is an example of: a) an autoethnography b) a macroethnography c) a critical ethnography d) a focused ethnography
d) a focused ethnography
Which method is not often used to collect qualitative self-report data? a) focus group interviews b) photo elicitation interviews c) diaries d) mailed questionnaires
d) mailed questionnaires
A qualitative researcher made an effort to include men and women of different age and ethnic groups in the sample. This is an example of: a) typical case sampling b) snowball sampling c) convenience sampling d) maximum variation sampling
d) maximum variation sampling
Data saturation, in the context of sampling in qualitative studies, is: a) evidence that the sample has insufficient variation b) not a concept with relevance to sampling c) evidence that the sample size should be increased d) redundancy of information, such that further sampling is unnecessary
d) redundancy of information, such that further sampling is unnecessary
Which type of sampling is not used in qualitative research? a) snowball sampling b) volunteer sampling c) purposive sampling d) stratified random sampling
d) stratified random sampling
What is sampling bias? a. Bias resulting from the inappropriate designation of eligibility criteria b. Bias resulting from the use of an accessible population c. Bias resulting when a non probability sample is drawn d. Bias resulting from overrepresentation or underrepresentation of population segments in a sample
d. Bias resulting from overrepresentation or underrepresentation of population segments in a sample
What would represent a dependent variable in a research study? a. Nursing interventions b. Population demographics c. Population size d. Client satisfaction
d. Client satisfaction
In quantitative study, variables are also known as: a. Theory b. Constructs c. Phenomenon d. Concepts
d. Concepts
During what step of the research process will the researcher establish if the study design should be quantitative or qualitative? a. Identify and define a knowledge gap b. Implement the study c. Analyze and interpret the results d. Develop a detailed plan
d. Develop a detailed plan
A nurse researcher plans to study the effect of an innovative educational intervention on teaching adults with chronic lung disease to take their medications. Clinic clients will be randomly assigned to treatment or control groups. Which design would be selected? a. Cross-sectional b. Quasi-experimental c. Non-experimental d. Experimental
d. Experimental
A staff nurse works with clients receiving chemotherapy as part of a blind study. What design type would always be used in a blind study? a. Non-experimental b. Correlational c. Quasi-experimental d. Experimental
d. Experimental
Why is matching a less desirable research strategy than random assignment? a. Matching requires a greater level of administrative cooperation than randomization b. Matching is not appropriate for most research situations c. Matching is more costly than randomization d. For group comparisons, matching cannot control all confounding subject characteristics, but randomization can
d. For group comparisons, matching cannot control all confounding subject characteristics, but randomization can
What does having a control group in an randomized controlled trial allow the researcher to do? a. Reduce research costs by administering a treatment to only half the subjects b. Guarantee that the study is rigorous and valid c. Generalize the results of the experiment to the entire population d. Have a benchmark for comparing the experimental group against a group not receiving the experimental intervention
d. Have a benchmark for comparing the experimental group against a group not receiving the experimental intervention
A nurse researcher is interested in the pain perception of first-time teenage mothers. The nurse wants to use the most effective data collection method available. What data collection is best suited for the situation? a. Focus group interviews b. Biophysiologic measures c. Questionnaires d. Interviews
d. Interviews
A nurse researcher studies the effect of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) on post-operative adult clients' pain levels. What is the dependent variable in this study? a. Adult clients b. Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) c. Post-operative status d. Pain level
d. Pain level
Which information would not be considered a biophysiological measure? a. Serum potassium level b. Body temperature c. Saliva cotinine level d. Pressure ulcer stage
d. Pressure ulcer stage
In quantitative and qualitative research, which is the major step to both research methods? a. Identification of themes b. Statistical analysis c. Formulating a hypothesis d. Protecting human subjects
d. Protecting human subjects
In a crossover design, what type of control group is used? a. Control group subjects are exposed to a treatment once and experimental group subjects are exposed repeatedly b. There is no control condition in a crossover design c. Subjects are randomly assigned to either a treatment or a no-treatment control group d. Subjects serve as their own controls by being exposed to multiple treatment conditions
d. Subjects serve as their own controls by being exposed to multiple treatment conditions
Which is true when estimating sample size needs in a quantitative study? a. Large sample size can compensate for the use of a relatively week sampling design b. Smaller samples are needed in experimental than in quasi-experimental research c. Samples of under 100 participants are inadequate d. The sample size can be relatively small if differences between groups being compared on key outcomes are expected to be large
d. The sample size can be relatively small if differences between groups being compared on key outcomes are expected to be large
A researcher found in a cross-sectional study that people who had experienced more negative life events (e.g., divorce, job loss) had lower scores on a measure of overall physical health than those with few negative life events. The research can conclude: a. Negative life events led to the deterioration in physical health b. Poor physical health led to a higher number of negative life events c. Characteristics of participants (e.g. their income levels) affect both health and negative life events d. There is a relationship between negative life events and health, but the nature of the relationship is ambiguous
d. There is a relationship between negative life events and health, but the nature of the relationship is ambiguous
What is a major advantage of using biophysiologic measures in a study? a. They do not require data collectors to be blinded b. They do not require informed consent c. They are free from ethical problems d. They tend to be highly accurate
d. They tend to be highly accurate
Which decision is not made during the design of a quantitative study? a. What types of comparisons to make b. How many times data will be collected c. Whether there will be an intervention d. Which hypotheses should be tested
d. Which hypotheses should be tested
The statement, "What are the reasons you have not compiled with your medication regimen?" is an example of: a. a dichotomous question b. a Likert scale item c. a closed-ended question d. an open-ended question
d. an open-ended question
Errors of measurement most directly affect a measure's: a. known groups b. psychometric assessment c. validity d. reliability
d. reliability
Convenience sampling is to quota sampling what simple random sampling is to: a. purposive sampling b. systematic sampling c. multistage sampling d. stratified random sampling
d. stratified random sampling
In her study of injection drug users' use of health care facilities, Meagher recruited participants by posting a notice on a homeless shelter bulletin board. ◦A Convenience or snowball ◦B Purposive CTheoretical
◦A Convenience
Oppenheim, in his study of regret among patients who had had genetic testing, asked early participants to refer friends with similar experiences. ◦A Convenience or snowball ◦B Purposive CTheoretical
◦A snowball
Armer explored nightmares in hospitalized children and recruited both boys and girls from different socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds. ◦A Convenience or snowball ◦B Purposive ◦C Theoretical
◦B Purposive
Skaine's study of eating patterns and self-esteem in adolescents involved interviews with both anorexic and obese teenagers aged 14 to 17 years. ◦A Convenience or snowball ◦B Purposive C Theoretical
◦B Purposive