38,40,41
In the United States, nearly ________ people have diabetes mellitus.
25.8 million
Liver transaminase elevations in which aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is markedly greater than alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is characteristic of
alcohol-induced injury.
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (adrenogenital syndrome) results from
blocked cortisol production.
Hepatitis B is usually transmitted by exposure to
blood or semen.
The therapies that would be appropriate for a patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus include
carbohydrate counting. daily exercise. insulin.
An infusion of mannitol would be prescribed to treat
cerebral edema.
Pathophysiologically, esophageal varices can be attributed to
portal hypertension.
A clinical finding consistent with a hypoglycemic reaction is
tremors.
The most common causes of prehepatic jaundice are ________ and ineffective erythropoiesis.
hemolysis
An increased urine bilirubin is associated with
hepatitis.
Surgical removal of a gland may result in
hyposecretion.
Myxedema coma is a severe condition associated with
hypothyroidism.
The underlying pathogenic mechanism for type 2 diabetes is
insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction.
Which are hormones that increase serum glucose level?
Glucagon Growth hormone Catecholamine Corticosteroid
Which insulin types are most commonly used in the rapid-acting category?
Aspart Lispro
What indicator is most helpful in evaluating long-term blood glucose management in patients with diabetes mellitus?
Glycosylated hemoglobin levels (HbA1c)
Which are major classifications of deficiencies in growth hormone secretion? (Select all that apply.)
Decreased GH secretion Defective GH action Defective IGF-1 generation
What laboratory data would support a diagnosis of hemochromatosis?
Elevated ferritin
Confusion, subtle behavioral changes, no liver flap
Grade 1
Drowsy, clear behavioral changes, liver flap present
Grade 2
Stuporous, able to follow commands, marked confusion, slurred speech, liver flap present
Grade 3
Coma, no liver flap
Grade 4
A patient reporting vision changes, photophobia, and lid lag may be exhibiting signs of
Graves disease.
What form of viral hepatitis is likely to be transmitted sexually?
Hepatitis B
Hepatic encephalopathy is associated with
Increased blood ammonia levels
What effect would adrenocortical insufficiency have on an individual's response to surgical stress?
More prone to hypotension
Which response to an injection of ACTH indicates a primary adrenal insufficiency?
No change in serum glucocorticoid level
________ is the most powerful predictor of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Obesity
Which are clinical findings usually associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus? (Select all that apply.)
Polyuria Polydipsia Polyphagia
Which are complications of diabetes mellitus that are microvascular?
Retinopathy Nephropathy
________ disease is a rare autosomal recessive disorder in which excessive amounts of copper accumulate in the liver.
Wilson
A viral hepatitis screen with positive hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) should be interpreted as ________ hepatitis B.
acute
Aldosterone secretion is regulated by the presence of ________ in the circulation.
angiotensin II
It is true that Graves disease is
associated with autoantibodies to TSH receptors
Hepatitis with the presence of autoantibodies and positive antinuclear antibodies (ANA) is
autoimmune hepatitis.
Diabetic neuropathy is thought to result from
decreased myoinositol transport.
An increase in ADH secretion occurs in response to
dehydration.
Steatohepatitis is caused by an accumulation of ________ in the liver cells.
fat
A patient with a history of alcoholism presents with hematemesis and profound anemia. The expected diagnosis is
gastroesophageal varices.
The breakdown of stored glycogen in the liver and muscles is called
glycogenolysis.
A thyroid gland that grows larger than normal is known as
goiter.
The signs and symptoms of adrenocortical hormone excess may occur from either a primary or secondary disorder. A symptom associated with primary Cushing syndrome is
hyperglycemia.
A clinical finding that is consistent with a diagnosis of adrenocortical insufficiency is
hypoglycemia.
A laboratory finding that would help confirm the diagnosis of hyperaldosteronism is
hypokalemia.
A clinical finding consistent with a diagnosis of syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH) is
hyponatremia.
A patient presenting with muscle cramps, fatigue, anxiety, depression and prolonged Q-T intervals on EKG may be showing symptoms of
hypoparathyroidism.
Insulin binding to its receptor on target cells results in
increased facilitated cellular diffusion of glucose.
Propylthiouracil may be used to treat hyperthyroidism, because it
inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis.
The formation of active vitamin D
is impaired in renal failure.
It is true that the synthesis of thyroid hormones
is inhibited by iodine deficiency.
In comparison to triiodothyronine (T3), the hormone thyroxine (T4)
is more abundant in the circulation.
Brain injury secondary to high serum bilirubin is called
kernicterus.
The American Diabetes Association recommends a postprandial blood glucose level of ________ mg/dl for adults with diabetes.
less than 180
Jaundice is a common manifestation of
liver disease
A patient being treated for hepatic encephalopathy could be expected to receive a(n) ________diet.
low-protein and high-fiber
A patient admitted with bleeding related to esophageal varices could be expected to receive a continuous intravenous infusion of
octreotide acetate.
Radioactive iodine treatment is the therapy of choice in patients with Graves disease. The patient should be expected to
need lifelong thyroid replacement therapy.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is often associated with
nonketotic hyperosmolality.
Growth hormone deficient infants would display
normal birth length and weight.
Calcitonin is produced by thyroid parafollicular cells and increases bone formation by
osteoblasts.
The underlying pathogenic mechanism for type 1 diabetes is
pancreatic β-cell destruction.
A tumor which results in excessive production and release of catecholamines is
pheochromocytoma.
A type of insulin that would be most appropriate for acute management of hyperglycemia is
regular.
In type I diabetes, respiratory compensation may occur through a process of
respiratory alkalosis.
Clinical manifestations of hypoparathyroidism
result from decreased serum ionized calcium.
Diabetes insipidus is a condition that
results from inadequate ADH secretion.
It is true that growth hormone excess in adults
results in the condition of acromegaly
Diabetes mellitus is the ________ leading cause of death and a major cause of disability in the United States.
seventh
Clinical manifestations of Graves disease may include
tremor.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases
water reabsorption in the collecting tubule of the kidney.