38,40,41

In the United States, nearly ________ people have diabetes mellitus.

25.8 million

Liver transaminase elevations in which aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is markedly greater than alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is characteristic of

alcohol-induced injury.

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (adrenogenital syndrome) results from

blocked cortisol production.

Hepatitis B is usually transmitted by exposure to

blood or semen.

The therapies that would be appropriate for a patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus include

carbohydrate counting. daily exercise. insulin.

An infusion of mannitol would be prescribed to treat

cerebral edema.

Pathophysiologically, esophageal varices can be attributed to

portal hypertension.

A clinical finding consistent with a hypoglycemic reaction is

tremors.

The most common causes of prehepatic jaundice are ________ and ineffective erythropoiesis.

hemolysis

An increased urine bilirubin is associated with

hepatitis.

Surgical removal of a gland may result in

hyposecretion.

Myxedema coma is a severe condition associated with

hypothyroidism.

The underlying pathogenic mechanism for type 2 diabetes is

insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction.

Which are hormones that increase serum glucose level?

Glucagon Growth hormone Catecholamine Corticosteroid

Which insulin types are most commonly used in the rapid-acting category?

Aspart Lispro

What indicator is most helpful in evaluating long-term blood glucose management in patients with diabetes mellitus?

Glycosylated hemoglobin levels (HbA1c)

Which are major classifications of deficiencies in growth hormone secretion? (Select all that apply.)

Decreased GH secretion Defective GH action Defective IGF-1 generation

What laboratory data would support a diagnosis of hemochromatosis?

Elevated ferritin

Confusion, subtle behavioral changes, no liver flap

Grade 1

Drowsy, clear behavioral changes, liver flap present

Grade 2

Stuporous, able to follow commands, marked confusion, slurred speech, liver flap present

Grade 3

Coma, no liver flap

Grade 4

A patient reporting vision changes, photophobia, and lid lag may be exhibiting signs of

Graves disease.

What form of viral hepatitis is likely to be transmitted sexually?

Hepatitis B

Hepatic encephalopathy is associated with

Increased blood ammonia levels

What effect would adrenocortical insufficiency have on an individual's response to surgical stress?

More prone to hypotension

Which response to an injection of ACTH indicates a primary adrenal insufficiency?

No change in serum glucocorticoid level

________ is the most powerful predictor of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Obesity

Which are clinical findings usually associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus? (Select all that apply.)

Polyuria Polydipsia Polyphagia

Which are complications of diabetes mellitus that are microvascular?

Retinopathy Nephropathy

________ disease is a rare autosomal recessive disorder in which excessive amounts of copper accumulate in the liver.

Wilson

A viral hepatitis screen with positive hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) should be interpreted as ________ hepatitis B.

acute

Aldosterone secretion is regulated by the presence of ________ in the circulation.

angiotensin II

It is true that Graves disease is

associated with autoantibodies to TSH receptors

Hepatitis with the presence of autoantibodies and positive antinuclear antibodies (ANA) is

autoimmune hepatitis.

Diabetic neuropathy is thought to result from

decreased myoinositol transport.

An increase in ADH secretion occurs in response to

dehydration.

Steatohepatitis is caused by an accumulation of ________ in the liver cells.

fat

A patient with a history of alcoholism presents with hematemesis and profound anemia. The expected diagnosis is

gastroesophageal varices.

The breakdown of stored glycogen in the liver and muscles is called

glycogenolysis.

A thyroid gland that grows larger than normal is known as

goiter.

The signs and symptoms of adrenocortical hormone excess may occur from either a primary or secondary disorder. A symptom associated with primary Cushing syndrome is

hyperglycemia.

A clinical finding that is consistent with a diagnosis of adrenocortical insufficiency is

hypoglycemia.

A laboratory finding that would help confirm the diagnosis of hyperaldosteronism is

hypokalemia.

A clinical finding consistent with a diagnosis of syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH) is

hyponatremia.

A patient presenting with muscle cramps, fatigue, anxiety, depression and prolonged Q-T intervals on EKG may be showing symptoms of

hypoparathyroidism.

Insulin binding to its receptor on target cells results in

increased facilitated cellular diffusion of glucose.

Propylthiouracil may be used to treat hyperthyroidism, because it

inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis.

The formation of active vitamin D

is impaired in renal failure.

It is true that the synthesis of thyroid hormones

is inhibited by iodine deficiency.

In comparison to triiodothyronine (T3), the hormone thyroxine (T4)

is more abundant in the circulation.

Brain injury secondary to high serum bilirubin is called

kernicterus.

The American Diabetes Association recommends a postprandial blood glucose level of ________ mg/dl for adults with diabetes.

less than 180

Jaundice is a common manifestation of

liver disease

A patient being treated for hepatic encephalopathy could be expected to receive a(n) ________diet.

low-protein and high-fiber

A patient admitted with bleeding related to esophageal varices could be expected to receive a continuous intravenous infusion of

octreotide acetate.

Radioactive iodine treatment is the therapy of choice in patients with Graves disease. The patient should be expected to

need lifelong thyroid replacement therapy.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is often associated with

nonketotic hyperosmolality.

Growth hormone deficient infants would display

normal birth length and weight.

Calcitonin is produced by thyroid parafollicular cells and increases bone formation by

osteoblasts.

The underlying pathogenic mechanism for type 1 diabetes is

pancreatic β-cell destruction.

A tumor which results in excessive production and release of catecholamines is

pheochromocytoma.

A type of insulin that would be most appropriate for acute management of hyperglycemia is

regular.

In type I diabetes, respiratory compensation may occur through a process of

respiratory alkalosis.

Clinical manifestations of hypoparathyroidism

result from decreased serum ionized calcium.

Diabetes insipidus is a condition that

results from inadequate ADH secretion.

It is true that growth hormone excess in adults

results in the condition of acromegaly

Diabetes mellitus is the ________ leading cause of death and a major cause of disability in the United States.

seventh

Clinical manifestations of Graves disease may include

tremor.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases

water reabsorption in the collecting tubule of the kidney.