4001 Quiz

A schedule of reinforcement describes

A contingency of reinforcement.

Whenever Jesus puts money into a vending machine, he gets a bag of chips. Jesus never gets chips out of the machine when he does not put money in. This is an example of __________ existing between putting money into the machine and getting chips out.

A contingency.

A variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement typically produces what kind of response rate?

A quick rate of response.

Which of these descriptions is accurate? a. A post-reinforcement pause is typically associated with a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement. b. A variable-interval schedule of reinforcement tends to produce a constant, stable rate of response. c. Ineffective methods for thinning schedules of reinforcement are: gradually increasing the response ratio or the duration of the time interval. d. Ratio strain can result from abrupt decreases in ratio requirements when moving from denser to thinner reinforcement schedules.

A variable-interval schedule of reinforcement tends to produce a constant, stable rate of response.

In reinforcement, you deliver the reinforcer ____ the behavior.

After

Which type of behavior analyst conducts research, works with humans and focuses on socially significant problems?

Applied Behavioral Analysis

With a variable reinforcement schedule, reinforcement occurs after a(n) __________ number of correct responses has been completed.

Average.

Today is your first lab in training Rudolph to press the lever. Every time Rudolph presses the lever, you will give him a drop of water. Since Rudolph has been deprived of water for 23 hours, water becomes quite an effective reinforcer to Rudolph. What is the correct order of a contingency diagram (before, behavior, after) of Rudolph's lever-pressing behavior?

Before: no water. Behavior: press lever. After: water.

Which of the seven dimensions of ABA addresses precise measurement of the actual behavior in need of improvement?

Behavioral

____________ is a phenomenon in which the change in one component of a multiple schedule that increases or decreases the rate of responding on that component is accompanied by a change in the response rate in the opposite direction on the other, unaltered component of the schedule.

Behavioral contingency

_________ schedules of reinforcement consist of two or more elements of continuous reinforcement (CRF), the four intermittent schedules of reinforcement (FR, VR, FI, VI), differential reinforcement of various rates of responding (DRH, DRL), and extinction.

Compound.

Herrnstein and Loveland (1964) trained the pecking pigeon people peepers. These birds reliably pecked pictures containing people and did not peck pictures containing no people. What is this an example of?(Clarification: each of the following four concepts applies to pigeons as well as to people.)

Conceptual stimulus control.

Two or more contingencies of reinforcement operating independently and simultaneously for two or more behaviors describes what kind of reinforcement?

Concurrent schedules of reinforcement.

All ________ motivating operations are motivationally neutral prior to their relation with another MO or to a form of reinforcement or punishment

Conditioned

When Sid, a Coca-Cola junkie, switches from consistently drinking the sugar-laden Classic Coke to the sugar-free Diet Coke, the sweet taste of the Diet Coke continues to elicit the release of insulin. What is the sweet taste of the Diet Coke?

Conditioned stimulus

Meat powder elicits salivation in dogs. Pavlov discovered that when he rang a bell before presenting meat powder to dogs, the bell would eventually come to elicit salivation without being paired with the meat powder. After being paired with the meat powder repeatedly, the bell becomes a/an ___.

Conditioned stimulus.

A function or functions for antecedent stimuli can be best classified as:

Contingency dependent or contingency independent.

If spontaneous recovery occurs, what should you do?

Continue the extinction sessions.

Every time Jabar raises his hand in class, Mrs. Tinsley calls on him. What schedule of reinforcement is Jabar's hand raising on?

Continuous Reinforcement

________ involves collection of observed events that can be quantified, classified, and examined for possible relations with other known facts.

Description

What is the assumption upon which science is predicated?

Determinism

An intraverbal response is a type of verbal operant in which a speaker:

Differentially responds to the verbal behavior of others.

Suppose you are using tokens (poker chips) to reinforce the correct reading of words. Each word serves as a(n) ___ for one response.

Discriminative stimulus (SD)

Continuous reinforcement provides reinforcement for:

Each occurrence of behavior

Radical behaviorism leans toward using _____, overt types of explanations for behavior as opposed to more private event types of explanations

Environmental

Phase 1: The electric shock turns on. The rat presses the bar and the shock goes off immediately. Phase 2: After Phase 1, the electric shock turns on. The rat presses the bar, but the shock stays on. What is Phase 1?

Escape training.

At first, the S D and S-delta differ along at least one irrelevant dimension, as well as the relevant dimensions. Then the difference between the S D and the S-delta is reduced along all but the relevant dimensions, until the S D and S-delta differ along only those relevant dimensions. What are you implementing?

Fading procedure

A __________ schedule of reinforcement provides reinforcement for the first correct response following a set duration of time.

Fixed-interval

Four basic schedules of intermittent reinforcement are

Fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, fixed-interval, and variable-interval.

What is conducted to determine the function of a behavior?

Functional analysis

Which of the seven dimensions of ABA addresses producing behavior changes that last over time?

Generality

Intermittent reinforcement is used to

Maintain established behaviors

Which procedure addresses the fact that rates of responding across choices are distributed in proportions that match the rates of reinforcement received from each choice alternative?

Matching Law

An erroneous view of human behavior that the behavior is always a mere symptom of an underlying psychological condition.

Medical myth model

Radical behaviorism leans toward using _____, overt types of explanations for behavior, as opposed to more private event types of explanations.

Mentalistic

In a punishment contingency to reduce Sid's eye rubbing behavior, he was required to clench his fist each time he rubbed his eye. What was the condition before the response?

No clenched fist.

A child engages in a high frequency of bruxism (teeth grinding). You have explored non-aversive, reinforcement-based interventions but the behavior persists. If a punishment-based intervention were to be used by applying an ice cube to her face, what is the correct order of contingencies (before, behavior, after)?

No ice cube on face, she grinds her teeth, ice cube on her face.

The rat in the Skinner box is most frequently associated with what form of conditioning?

Operant conditioning.

Joey is eating his favorite candy when he reaches over and pulls Cindy's pigtails. His teacher, Ms. Battle-Ax, promptly walks over and removes Joey's candy. What kind of contingency is this?

Penalty

Joe Cashier is happily ringing up customers when he makes a mistake and hits key #44. Now Joe has to wait a few minutes for Miss Manager to come up from her eternal coffee break to fix his mistake before he can continue ringing up customers. What kind of contingency is this?

Penalty: time-out.

Lara is playing with her toys, and she has no attention from her mother. Lara engages in crying behavior, and her mother gives her attention. The frequency of Lara's crying behavior increases in the future. What is maintaining Lara's crying behavior?

Positive reinforcement.

Steve is walking to his car in the parking lot, ready to head home from class. As he gets in his car and starts it up, Steve pops his CD into the CD player. Right away his favorite song plays in the speakers. Steve is now happy and engaging in singing and dancing as he jams to the tune the whole way home. Given just this information what seems to be maintaining Steve's behavior of putting in the CD to play music?

Positive reinforcement.

When the professor hops up from the cracked toilet seat, she is pinched on her rear. So now she is much less likely to hop up so quickly because of what contingency?

Punishment by the presentation of an aversive condition.

You try to put on your tight jeans after eating too much

Punishment by the presentation of an aversive condition.

Response cost and time-out are subcategories of this concept.

Punishment by the removal of reinforcers (penalty).

A prompt is a supplemental stimulus that ____ the probability of a correct response.

Raises

A stroke victim rarely talks, and when she does she usually says something senseless. So each time she says something sensible, you smile, say a few kind words, and caress the victim. As a result, she says more and more sensible things. This illustrates which of the following?

Reinforcement by the presentation of a reinforcer (positive reinforcement).

You are watching TV. The volume is too low, so you turn it up and now the volume is perfect for you. This contingency is an example of which of the following:

Reinforcement by the presentation of a reinforcer (reinforcement).

You are watching TV. The volume is too loud, so you turn it down and now the volume is perfect for you. This contingency is an example of which of the following:

Reinforcement by the removal of an aversive condition (escape).

Describe escape?

Reinforcement by the removal of an aversive condition.

The electric shock stays on until the rat presses the lever, and then it goes off. As a result, the rat presses the lever every time the shock comes on. Which procedure is operating on the rat's behavior?

Reinforcement by the removal of an aversive condition.

You lower the zipper on your tight blue jeans after eating too much. This is an example of which of the following?

Reinforcement by the removal of an aversive condition.

When you implement an extinction procedure, you withhold the ____ that was previously maintaining the behavior?

Reinforcement.

Any stimulus, event, or condition, presentation of which immediately follows a response and increases the frequency of that response.

Reinforcer

Negative reinforcement is when a stimulus is being ____ as the result of the behavior, that will lead to an increase in the future likelihood of the behavior

Removed or taken away

You train Rudolph to press the lever with 20 grams of force and not with 10 grams of force. What does this describe?

Response differentiation

Which of the following do extinction, response cost and time-out procedures all have in common in terms of the intended impact on the rate of a response?

Response rate decreases

Which of the following do extinction, response cost, and time-out procedures all have in common in terms of the intended impact on the rate of a response?

Response rate decreases.

Parents who drive their children to school at Westside Elementary line up in the designated car line to drop off the children in the morning after reading this expectation in the student handbook. This is an example of what kind of behavior?

Rule-governed behavior

Suppose you are using tokens (poker chips) to reinforce the correct reading of words. Each word serves a(n) ____ for all other responses.

S-Delta

What is a stimulus, in the presence of which reinforcement is withheld if a target response occurs?

S-Delta

Whenever Rod sees his Uncle Ben, he smiles and says, "Candy, please." Uncle Ben always gives him a Lifesaver. However, Uncle Jim, the dentist, will not give Rod candy when he asks for it. So eventually Rod only asks for candy from Ben, and not from Jim. Uncle Jim functions as a(n) __ for asking for candy.

S-delta.

Upon hearing his owner opening a can of dog food, Spot runs into the kitchen. For Spot's running in, the sound is probably functioning as what? (Hint: think about the behavioral history.)

SD

Whenever Rod sees his Uncle Ben, he smiles and says, "Candy, please." Uncle Ben always gives him a Lifesaver. However, Uncle Jim, the dentist, will not give Rod candy when he asks for it. So eventually Rod only asks for candy from Ben, and not from Jim. Uncle Ben functions as a(n) ___ for asking for candy.

SD

With each successive copulation, two rabbits wait longer and longer between successive mating, until they achieve a more "human" pace. This decrease in the rate of copulation demonstrates the effect of:

Satiation.

Eric hits himself in the head with a closed fist when he is denied access to his preferred snack. This is an example of ______?

Self-injurious behavior (SIB).

What is the greatest delay you can have between the response and the reinforcer in order for reinforcement to be effective?

Sixty seconds

Who was the founder of radical behaviorism?

Skinner

What is the place where the rat presses the lever and gets a drop of water called?

Skinner Box

You successfully implemented an extinction procedure to decrease the behavior of yelling. However, the yelling is now occurring again. What does this reappearance of the problem behavior describe?

Spontaneous recovery

You have a set of stimuli with the same common physical properties. What does this describe?

Stimulus class.

Whenever Rod sees his Uncle Ben, he smiles and says, "Candy, please." Uncle Ben always gives him a Lifesaver. However, Uncle Jim, the dentist, will not give Rod candy when he asks for it. So eventually Rod only asks for candy from Ben, and not from Jim. This is an example of ____.

Stimulus discrimination

You train Rudolph to press the lever in the presence of a light and not in its absence. What does this describe?

Stimulus discrimination.

A child frequently throws temper tantrums (operationally defined as throwing objects, stomping feet, and screaming) in school. What might this be a good example of?

The effects of social reinforcers such as attention.

Skinner's experiment called the Skinner box involved a rat pressing a lever and the delivery of a shock. What is the negative reinforcer in this experiment?

The shock

Which of the following best describes a post-reinforcement pause?

The subject does not respond for a period of time following reinforcement.

Sam had free access to the toys in the playroom, except when he started screaming. When he started to scream, Dawn would set him in a chair for two minutes and he could not access the toys in the playroom. What does this best describe?

Time out

Conditioned motivating operations (CMOs) can be classified as reflexive, surrogate, and ______.

Transitive.

Which pair of stimuli will probably produce the most stimulus generalization in the behavior of an observer? a. Regular sisters. b. Twin sisters. c. The mother and father. d. Best friends.

Twin sister

What are the functional properties of language?

What are the functional properties of language?

Thinking like a behavior analyst, what is incorrect about this statement: When Rudolph presses the lever, immediately reinforce him with water.

You reinforce behavior, not organisms.

Positive reinforcement is when a stimulus is being _____ as the result of the behavior, that will lead to an increase in the future likelihood of the behavior

added

Radical behaviorism attempts to explain:

all behavior

Common behavioral characteristics associated with ratio strain include: a. Avoidance. b. Aggression. c. Unpredictable pauses in responding. d. All the above.

all of the above

Lucille is in an inpatient setting. Her problem behavior is walking into the nurse's station where no patients are allowed. When she walks into the nurse's station, the nurses have a conversation with her before redirecting her to another area. Lucille's behavior is most likely maintained by which of the following?

attention

No attention is provided to an infant and she starts to cry. To complete this reinforcement contingency, what should come after the infant's behavior of crying?

attention

Thomas gave Shirley a raisin (Thomas's favorite food) every time Shirley said anything in their training session. But Shirley failed to become more talkative; she did not even eat the raisins. So Thomas concluded that behavior analysis did not work. What did Thomas fail to do?

check the presumed reinforcer

An abative effect refers to a _______ in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by some stimulus, object, or event.

decrease

LaShondra has been biking in the park all day, and as a result is thirsty for a glass of water. The increase in the reinforcing value of water due to biking is referred to as:

deprivation

A type of verbal operant that occurs when a speaker repeats the verbal behavior of another speaker.

echoic

What is another term for negative reinforcement?

escape

________ are fictitious variables that contribute nothing to understanding of variables causing or maintaining a behavior

explanatory fictions

Lucille is in an inpatient setting. Her problem behavior is walking into the nurse's station where no patients are allowed. Previously, when she would walk into the nurse's station, the nurses would have a conversation with her before redirecting her to another area. However, now the nurses avoid eye contact, do not say anything to Lucille and withhold the reinforcement that they had been giving her. Lucille's behavior of going into the nurse's station has decreased. What procedure is being used on Lucille's problem behavior?

extinction

You hold the door for a child and the child says, "Thank you." Your behavior of door holding increases as you continue to hold doors and children continue to say, "Thank you." Gradually you notice that even though you are holding the door, no one is saying, "Thank you." After a while, you will not hold the door open for people because no one is saying, "Thank you." What does this demonstrate?

extinction

Which of the following is an expected result of an extinction procedure?

extinction burst

Singing, "Row, row, row, your boat," and leaving out the word boat is a good way to assess for which type of verbal operant?

intraverbal

When someone asks your birth date and you answer, your response is an example of what type of verbal operant?

intraverbal

On Wednesday, Jimmy had just eaten a big breakfast before Eve started reinforcing the new nose-touch response with a quarter-spoonful of cereal and skimmed milk. The following morning, they started the next session before Jimmy had had breakfast, but his performance was poor. The big breakfast on Wednesday illustrates the effects of satiation on ______.

learning

Bob is playing music for Caitlin, when he suddenly stops playing. Caitlin says, "Music," to indicate that she wants more music. This immediately results in Bob playing more music. What type of verbal operant did Caitlin engage in?

mand

The learner is selecting a comparison stimulus corresponding to a sample stimulus. What does this describe?

match to sample

Today is your first lab in training Rudolph to press the lever. Every time Rudolph presses the lever, you will give him a drop of water. Since Rudolph has been deprived of water for 23 hours, water becomes quite an effective reinforcer to Rudolph. The deprivation of water is acting as a(n) _____ in terms of Rudolph's level pressing behavior?

motivating operations

Manding is an essential verbal operant that requires ______ to be considered a mand

motivation

Eric is playing with his cat, Sisco, when Sisco grabs Eric's hand and bites down hard. Eric stops playing with Sisco for five minutes. What is the after condition for this penalty contingency?

no play

Methodological behaviorism is a philosophical position that considers behavioral events that cannot be _______ to be outside the realm of science.

observed

In fixed-interval schedules, you often see a __________ in responding during the early part of the interval.

post reinforcement pause

________ involves the relative probability that when one event occurs, another event will or will not occur.

prediction

When Mae tells Jimmy to sit down, he does not comply. So Mae takes hold of him and sits him down. This is an example of ____.

prompt

Suppose every time you talk loudly in the library, a particular librarian rushes to your table and orders you to be quiet in a nasty, aversive way. Your rate of talking decreases. However, after a few weeks the librarian is let go, and a new librarian never tells you to be quiet. Soon you are talking loudly again. This is an example of what?

recovery from punishment

Each time the rat presses the lever, it gets a drop of water. As a result, it presses the lever again and again. What principle does this illustrate?

reinforcement by the presentation of a reinforcer (positive reinforcement)

Pavlov's dogs are most frequently associated with what form of conditioning?

respondent conditioning

Which one selects between a proper way of responding and an improper way of responding?

response differentiation

You are trying to figure out if the response is the same for both the SD and the S-delta. What might you use to determine this?

response test

A(n)____design will help you determine if the changes in the independent variable are responsible for the changes in the dependent variable.

reversal

A contingency that operates without ______ mediation is referred to as natural contingency.

social

DeShawna and her mom are walking through the playground when they see a stray cat. Upon seeing the cat, DeShawna says, "Cat." This response is most closely related to which verbal operant?

tact

A behavior of reading, without proof that the reader understands what is being read:

textual

A tact is a type of verbal operant in which a speaker:

that names things and actions that the speaker has direct contact with through any of the sense modes.

Writing and spelling words that are spoken describes what kind of verbal operant?

transcription

Repertoire is a thing, not a set of skills.

true