41.3
contents of the stomach typically pass into the small intestine within ___ to ____ hours after a meal
2-6
Coordinated series of muscle contractions and relaxations mixes the stomach contents about every ____ seconds
20
The accessory glands of the mammalian digestive system are
3 pairs of salivary glands, the pancreas, the liver, and the gallbladder
Reason of blood flow from liver to heart and then other organs (2)
Allows the liver to regulate the distribution of nutrients to the rest of the body arrangement allows the liver to remove toxic substances before the blood circulates broadly
HCL
Disrupts the extracellular matrix that binds cells together in meat and plant material. The concentration of HCl is so high that the pH of gastric juice is about 2 - low pH denatures proteins in food, increasing exposure of there peptide bonds
Two components of gastric juice that carry out chemical digestion
Hydrochloric acid pepsin
Glycogen
a glucose polymer from animals
starch
a glucose polymer from plants
Hormones released by the stomach and duodenum control the digestive secretions into the ______ ______
alimentary canal
The enzyme ______, found in saliva, hydrolyzes starch and glycogen into smaller polysaccharides and the disaccharide maltose
amylase
additional components of saliva include ________ _______ (such as lysozyme) which protect against bacteria that enter the mouth with food
antimicrobial agents
_______ neutralizes the acidity of chyme and acts as a buffer
bicarbonate
Digestion of fats and other lipids begins in the small intestine and relies on the production of ___
bile
Tongue movements manipulate the food, helping shape it into a ball called a _______
bolus
additional components of saliva include _____, which help prevent tooth decay by neutralizing acid,
buffers
A pouch called the _____ is important for fermenting ingested material, especially in animals that eat large amounts of plant material
cecum
nutrient-rich broth known as _____
chyme
What leads to the rectum and anus?
colon
1- When a person is not swallowing, the esophageal sphincter is _____, the epiglottis is ____, and the glottis is _____, allowing air to flow through the trachea to the lungs
contracted up open
salivary glands
delver saliva through ducts to the oral cavity
In producing bile, the liver incorporates some pigments that are by-products of red blood cell _____. These bile pigments are then eliminated from the body with the ____
disassembly, feces
It is here that chyme from the stomach mixes with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder, as well as from gland cells of the intestinal wall itself
duodenum
Most digestion is completed int he ______
duodenum
the first 10 inches of the small intestine is the _______
duodenum
When you swallow, a flap of cartilage called the ____ covers the ____- the vocal cords and the opening between them
epiglottis, glottis
Cell division adds a new _______ layer every ____ days, replacing cells eroded by digestive juices
epithelial three
4- The ________ sphincter relaxes, allowing the bolus to enter the ______
esophageal esophagus
The _______ connects to the stomach,
esophagus
6- waves of muscular contraction move the bolus through the _____ to the ____
esophagus stomach
5- After the food has entered the ____, the ____ moves downward and opens the breathing passage
esophagus, larynx,
Bile is stored and concentrated in the
gallbladder
Gastric gland
have three types of cells that secrete different components of the gastric juice: mucous cells, chief cells, and parietal cells
From the liver, blood travels to the____ and then to _____ ______ and organs
heart, other organs
Infection by the acid-tolerant bacterium ____ _______ causes ulcers
helicobacter pylori
Capillaries and veins that carry nutrient-rich blood away from the villi all converge into the ____ _____ ____, a blood vessel that leads directly to the liver
hepatic portal vein
parietal cells secrete ______ and ____ ions, which form HCl
hydrogen, chloride
ingredients of gastric juice are kept ____ until they are released into the lumen of the _____
inactive stomach
Two regions of the small intestine other than the duodenum incude the ____ and the ______, which function mainly in the _______ of _______ and ______
jejunum, ileum, absorption, nutriments, water
The alimentary canal ends with the ___ ____, which includes the colon, cecum, and rectum
large intestine
Guided by the movements of the ____ the upper part of the respiratory tract, this swallowing reflex directs each bolus into the endurance of the esophagus
larynx
3- The ____, the upper part of the respiratory tract, moves upward and the epiglottis tips over the ______, preventing food from entering the _______
larynx glottis trachea
Where is bile made?
liver
As by-products of their metabolism, many colon bacteria generate gases, including _____ and _____ ____, which has an offensive odor
methane, hydrogen sulfide
Each epithelial cell of a villus has on its apical surface many micros pic projections, or _______, that are exposed to the intestinal lumen
microvilli
Chyme
mixture of ingested food and digestive juice
Much of the protective effect of saliva is provided by ______
mucus
a viscous mixture of water, salts, cells and slippery glycoprotiens (carbohydrate-protien complexes) called mucins
mucus
stomach lining protects against self-digestion by secreting ______
mucus
There is no mechanism for active transport of water- instead, it is reabsorbed by _____ when Na+ and other pins are pumped out of the ____ of the _____
osmosis, lumen, colon
The _______ aids chemical digestion by producing alkaline solution rich in bicarbonate as well as several enzymes
pancreas
Food is pushed along the alimentary canal by _____, alternating waves of contraction and relaxation in the smooth muscles lining the canal
peristalsis
Smooth muscle functions in _______
peristalsis
2- The swallowing relax is triggered when a bolus of the food reaches the ______
pharynx
During swallowing, the tongue provides further help, pushing the bolus to the back of the oral cavity and into the ______
pharynx
The ______, or throat region opens to two passageways; the esophagi and the trachea (windpipe)
pharynx
Unlike most enzymes, _____ works best in a strongly acidic environment- by breaking peptide bonds, it cleaves into smaller _____
polypeptides polypeptides
Exposed bonds of denatured proteins are attached by ____ or protein digesting enzyme, called ______
protease pepsin
A major function of the colon is to ____ water that has entered the ____ ___ as the solvent of digestive juices
recover, alimentary canal
The terminal portion of the large intestine is the _____, where feces are stored until they can be eliminated
rectum
parietal cells
secrete hydrochloric acid
Mucous cells
secrete mucus, which lubricates and protects the cells lining the stomach
chief cells
secrete pepsinogen, an inactive form of the digestive enzyme pepsin
Most enzymatic hydrolysis of the macromolecules from food occurs in the
small intestine
Ringlike valves called _____ ac like drawstrings to close off the alimentary canal, sphincters regulate the passage of material between compartments
sphincters
Gastric juices
stomach secretes this, then mixes the secretion with the food through a churning action
stomach
stores food and begins digestion of proteins- has accordion like folds and a very elastic wall- can stretch to accommodate about 2 L of food and fluid
oral cavity- mechanical digestion begins at _____ , making the food easier to swallow and increasing the surface area
teeth
The striated muscle is situated at the _____ of the _____ and is active during swallowing
top esophagus
If the swallowing reflex fails, food or liquids can reach the _____ and cause choking
trachea
The _____ leads to the lungs
trachea
Among the pancreatic enzymes are ____ and _______, ______ serrated into the duodenum in inactive forms
trypsin, chymotripsin, duodenum
Finger like projections called _____
villi
If the lining of the colon is irritated- by ____ or ____ infection, less water than normal may be absorbed, resulting in ______
viral, bacterial, diarrhea