480 Quiz Questions
What was the "devils bargain" Southern democracy's forced northern democrats into?
"Either you design New Deal policies in such a way that Jim Crow remains perched atop hi roost, or we will align with the Republicans and veto them."
How much money did the United States spend in social benefits
$95 billion
Place the racial groups in order from lowest to highest drug usage rates.
- Asian americans, hispanics, whites, african americans, american indians
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the rise of the American prison population.
- Between 1925 and 1975, the American prison population averaged around 150,000 people. By 2000, the prison population had reached 1.4 million people. This represents approximately 686 out of every 100,000 people.
Despite the fact that crime was not considered a major problem, the political focus on crime had many important social impacts. What were some of these effects?
- Voters became more concerned about crime. - Federal spending on drug control increased by a factor of nine. -Poverty was essentially made a crime.
Match each bill to its impacts on immigrants.
- denied noncitizens many basic civil rights, Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options.2001 PATRIOT Act Correct label:2001 PATRIOT Act - extended the list of criminal actions that warranted deportation for noncitizens, Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options.Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act Correct label:Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act - denied legal immigrants numerous public benefits, Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options.1996 Welfare Reform Act Correct label:1996 Welfare Reform Act
There is significant academic evidence showing that media violence (especially in video games) causes violence in real life.
- false
During the prison boom, politicians increasingly sought to frame themselves as strong "law and order" advocates. Match each president to his contribution to this political development.
- first to dramatically expand the "war on drugs", Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options.Ronald Reagan Correct label:Ronald Reagan won the presidency, in part, by painting his opponent as "soft on crime", Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options.George H. W. Bush Correct label:George H. W. Bush launched the "war on crime", Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options.Richard Nixon Correct label:Richard Nixon passed the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options.Bill Clinton Correct label:Bill Clinton
Consider these two scenarios: First, a corporate executive ignores environmental regulations and dumps chemicals near a city's water supply, which results in three deaths. The executive is fired but does not face a criminal trial. Second, a man robs a convenience store and, while trying to escape, he hits a car and kills three people. The man serves 20 years in jail. What do these differences tell us about criminalization processes?
- how we define crime is connected to system of power
Based on the current violence and increasing power of drug cartels in Mexico, what is likely to happen to future immigration into the United States?
- immigrants will continue seeking legitimate jobs in the United States
Three Pathways of Segmented Assimilation
-Acculturation and parallel integration into the white middle class -Descent into poverty and assimilation into the underclass -Economic advantage with deliberate preservation of the immigrant communities values and solidarity
What are the major predictors of how well immigrants will do in the US
-How the economy is structured -class privileges brought along with them -existences of ethnic enclaves with semiautonomous economies -racial privileges brought along with them
It costs about______1____ thousand per year to incarcerate a person. This means the United States spends over _____2______ billion per year on prisons and an additional_______3_____billion on policing, legal processing, court fees, and all other criminal justice expenses. At the individual level, being an ex-convict means that one's chances of getting a job are reduced by at least ________4_______ Ex-convicts also earn approximately -_________5_____ less each year than people with the same job skills and education.
1. $30 thousand 2. $60 billion 3. $50 billion 4. 50% 5. 35%
Members of each racial group have different likelihoods of being a victim of a homicide. In 2008, the victimization ratio for white adults was ____1____ out of every 100,000 people. For African American adults, the ratio was ____2____ per 100,000. When we focus on young people (ages 10-24), the victimization ratio for white boys was____3_____ for every 100,000 people. The comparable rates for Hispanic male youth was _____4_____ and for African American male youth was _____5______
1. 4.5 2. 27.8 3. 3 4. 13.5 5. 52
In the months and years following September 11, non-Arab Americans' interpersonal racism toward Arab Americans _____1____, and today, the average American is _____2____ likely to harbor anti-Arab prejudices than in 2001. According to recent polls, _____3____of Americans harbor "unfavorable" views of Muslim Americans; _____4____ believe that Arab Americans are "more sympathetic to terrorists"; and _____5______ confess to having less trust in Arab Americans after September 11.
1. grew 2. more 3. 25% 4. 33% 5. 44%
Who's receiving cash assistance ?
13 Percent
Approximately ______ percent of first-year students enrolled in America's top universities are white students who failed to satisfy their universities' minimum requirements.
15
Who's on Welfare ?
2/3 of all Americans
Federally mandated affirmative action rules apply only to companies that conduct a fair amount of business with the federal government, which is about what percentage of American firms?
3%
Today about ____of the breadwinners of American Families make less than $10 an hour.
33
Today, about _______ percent of the breadwinners of American families make less than $10 an hour.
33
Applicants with "white sounding names" were ___ percent more likely to receive a callback after submitting a resume than were those with "black sounding names"
50
For every 100,000 black male youth, approximately how many are murdered each year?
52
Who's receiving food stamps?
52 Percent
Who's receiving Medicaid
63 percent of all Americans
How many companies voluntarily have an affirmative action plan
71%
How many blacks feel that AA hasn't played a role in their employment
75%
How many women feel that AA hasn't played a role in their employment
90%
Racial conflict unfolded at a high school in Jena, Louisiana, with protests over the "Jena 6." Place the events in the order from first to last.
A black student sat under the "white tree."White students hung three nooses on the tree.A group of black students beat a white student unconscious.Black students were charged with attempted murder.Black students were charged with "aggravated battery" and the tennis shoes they wore were considered dangerous weapons.
glass ceiling
A metaphor alluding to the invisible barriers that prevent minorities and women from being promoted to top corporate positions.
Which of the following is an example of the deterrent effect?
A person considers selling drugs to earn money, but chooses not to because of the possible penalty
New Deal
A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.
Ethnicity
A shared lifestyle informed by cultural, historical, religious, and/or national affiliations.
industrial restructuring 60's-70's
A term used to refer to the alternating phases of growth and decline in industrial activity. It emphasizes changes in employment between regions and links these with changes in the world economy. Manufacturing decreased—
Americans have been grappling with the question of whether immigration makes the country safer or less safe. Do people's perceptions match reality in this case? Fill in the blanks to complete the passage.
According to a recent Gallup poll, 45% of Americans believe that immigrants make "the crime situation" in America worse. The data shows that as immigration increases, homicide rates decrease
The severe spatial and social segregation of the ghetto's residents, marked by their amputation from America's economic prosperity, national security, collective imagination and memory, and state services. (page 189)
Advanced Marginality
Identify the true and false statements about racial profiling during traffic stops.
African Americans have grown so used to being pulled over by the police that many speak of being stopped on account of DWB: "driving while black.", Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options. Black and Hispanic drivers are more likely to be searched, fined, and arrested than are their white counterparts., Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options. Many police officers intentionally target blacks and Latinos.
The claim that racism and inequality in American history, including slavery and colonialism, do not matter today. (page 9)
Ahistorical Fallacy
Men in the United States have different likelihoods of going to prison. Drag the demographic group to their corresponding lifetime likelihood of attending prison.
All men: 1 in 9 White men: 1 in 17 Black men: 1 in 3 Latino men: 1 in 6
What do sociologists study?
All of above Social Structures Group Life and Organizations Those that share a common culture
Consequences of Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
Altered scope and composition of immigration Asian and Latin America immigration especially pronounced Changed the face of American Society
Which of the following is true about America's welfare programs ?
America spends a smaller portion of its wealth on antipoverty programs than almost any other developed country.
Appropriating another group's culture but refusing to use the art to further racial domination is an example of what?
Anti Racist Cultural Appropriation
Race impacts how women experience violence. Drag each demographic group to the appropriate blank.
Approximately 50 percent of Asian women are beaten during their lifetimes. Compared with black women, white women have almost double the chance of being murdered by an intimate partner. The racial group that is abused the most of any group are Native American women. When it comes to sentencing male sex offenders, men receive the lightest penalty when they rape black women.
Identify the true and false statements about violence against women.
Approximately 50 percent of rape victims are assaulted below the age of 18., Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options. Twenty-five percent of all rapes take place on college campuses., Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options. Three women are killed by their husbands or boyfriends every day.
In the film clip from Race: The Power of an Illusion, Sociologist Melvin Oliver argues that "the things that we identify as the racial markers mean nothing unless they are given social meaning and unless there is public policy and private action that act upon those characteristics." Which of the following examples from the text best illustrates his argument?
Arabs and Indian Americans have been classified as "white" at some points in time and "not white" at other points.
According to the figure below, "Electoral Shifts in 2011," which state experienced the most dramatic increase in Republican voting since the 2004 election?
Arkansas
Racial Privilege for Asians
Asian Poverty decreases by the 3rd Generation
Wealth
Assets that make money (stocks, bonds, savings accounts, real estate, businesses, farms)
Legalistic Fallacy
Assumption that abolishing racist laws it automatically leads to the abolition of racism in everyday life.
Tokenistic Fallacy
Assumption that presence of people of color in influential positions (ex. Obama) is evidence of complete eradication of racial obstacles.
Fixed Fallacy
Assumption that racism is fixed, it's immutable, constant across time & space, and doesn't develop in any way.
In order to determine if and how discrimination affects hiring decisions, sociologists conduct studies in which they send paired actors to apply for real jobs. The actors are equal in every way aside from race. What are these studies called?
Audit Studies
Why were many nonwhites denied benefits ?
Because their occupation was not covered by the New Deal
Racial Privileges for Blacks
Black poverty increased by 26% by the 3rd generation Poorer than their Caribbean or African immigrant grandparents
Ahistorical Fallacy
Bold claim that most U.S. history, including legacies of slavery & colonialism, is inconsequential today.
Post War Industrialization
Boom Times for American Manufacturing Many nonwhites benefited from the social programs of the 03's-50's Found jobs in the rising manufacturing sector
Based on evidence presented in this chapter, we should conclude which of the following?
C: - Politicians sometimes manipulate knowledge about crime for personal gain. - Facts often contradict conventional wisdom. - People often respond emotionally about race and crime. F: - There is no relationship between race and crime.
Throughout the nineteenth century, whites and nonwhites lived relatively close together, interacting with one another on a daily basis, but the rise of industrialism brought thousands to live in crowded, dilapidated slums. As the twentieth century marched forward, prosperous European immigrant families were able to move out of the slums and assimilate into the white American mainstream. Meanwhile, those who wore the badge of otherness—the "racial uniform," in the words of American sociologist Robert Park—were forbidden by law and custom to live anywhere else. (page 183)
Causes and Consequences of Segregation
Which of the following factors help explain why blacks and whites are arrested at such different rates?
Cities with larger black populations have more police per resident., Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options. Poor nonwhite neighborhoods have higher rates of violent crime., Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options. "Stop and frisk" policies target blacks.
Indirect allusions to physical appearance, class upbringing, or sexual attractiveness; code words that give voice to dormant racialized dispositions (such as "welfare queen," "urban unrest," "illegal immigrants," "Islamic terrorists" ). (page 124)
Coded Language
_________ occurs when a foreign power invades a territory and establishes enduring systems of exploitation and domination over that territory's indigenous populations. (page 50)
Colonialism
Who do the federal mandates apply to?
Companies that conduct a fair amount of business with the federal government 3% of US Firms which Emely 20% of the countries workforce
From 1980 through the early 2000s, the prison population exploded. Identify the reasons for this dramatic increase.
Correct: - People who used drugs were more likely to get arrested. - Drug offenses were given harsher penalties. False: - Overall crime rates increased. - Drug usage rates among black men and women steadily rose.
In both politics and the media, Arab people and Americans are often portrayed in us-and-them terms. Identify the true and false statements about this dichotomy and its effects.
Correct: -Arabs are portrayed as freedom-hating and Americans as freedom-loving. -It shows how racial identity can often trump national identity. False: -Americans who identify as Republicans and Democrats have equally unfavorable views of Arab Americans. -Fewer than 25 percent of Americans now report having a "favorable" view of Muslim Americans.
While police have unjustly used deadly force against African Americans, the author cautions us from simply blaming "racist" police and demanding their resignation. Which argument(s) do the authors use to support their position?
Correct: -Simply attacking the police as racists ignores our complicity in a system that facilitates racially motivated violence. -Focusing only on the officers obscures the complexity of these circumstances. False: -It ignores the violent crimes that each of the individuals committed.
The American legal system is heavily biased against the poor and people of color. Identify the true and false statements about how this system disadvantages these groups.
Correction: - Young black offenders are more likely to be viewed as "inherently criminal" by their parole officers. - They are more likely to rely on public defenders. False: - They are less likely to receive plea deals. - Nonwhite juvenile offenders are less likely to be tried as adults.
Mass incarceration has many costs to society. Which of the following accurately depict these costs?
Correction: - higher unemployment - fewer marriages False: -higher divorce rates - high taxpayer dollars spent on job retraining programs
Contemporary welfare programs tend to focus on changing individual behavior—teaching clients to be more responsible, productive workers—rather than on addressing systemic inequality. In what tradition do such programs follow?
Daniel Patrick Moynihan's report, The Negro Family
Income inequality between white and nonwhite people is _______, and wealth inequality between white and nonwhite people is ______.
Decreasing;increasing
The argument that prisons discourage would-be criminals from committing crimes. (page 240)
Deterrent Effect
To deprive a group or an individual of certain privileges. Practices, which often mirror, in a softer and shrewder form, techniques deployed by southern whites during the mid-twentieth century to deter voters and revoke voting rights among racial minorities, such as voter ID laws. (page 119)
Disenfranchisement
(1) While affirmative action creates opportunities for the better trained, talented, and educated segments of the minority population, (2) a large proportion of nonwhites lacking qualification - a good education, job training, network connections - are virtually unaffected by affirmative action.
Does affirmative action in employment help those it was intended to help?
Whiteness
Dominant racial category which normalizes racial domination & reproduces many cultural, political, economic, & social advantages. Disadvantages for nonwhite people.
Any environmental policy, practice, or directive that disproportionately disadvantages (intentionally or unintentionally) nonwhite communities. (page 196)
Environmental Racism
A shared lifestyle informed by cultural, historical, religious, and/or national affiliations. (page 26)
Ethnicity
A program set forth in the nineteenth century by Francis Galton to ensure genetic purity by attempting to "solve" the "natural inferiority of the lower races" through such extreme measures as forced sterilization. (page 82)
Eugenics
Interpersonal Racism
Everyday interactions & practices; either overt (old fashioned bigotry). People act out their prejudices & give direct expression to their negative attitudes guided by stereotypes of others.
Nearly all new immigrants to the United States follow the acculturation and parallel integration path into the middle-class.
FALSE
Legal History of Affirmative Action
FDR in 1941 JFK in 1961 Civil Rights Act on 1964 Johnsons Executive Order 11246 & Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs Nixon 1969 & Executive Order 11625 in 1971
In the 1970s, the prison population started to rise. At that time, experts in the field of criminal justice generally agreed that using the threat of incarceration would be an effective deterrent to crime.
False
Studies have shown that people are more likely to favor harsher punishments to black people convicted of white-collar crimes.
False
Anxiety about becoming a victim of a crime as opposed to the actual probability of becoming a victim of a crime. (page 214)
Fear of Crime
industrial restructuring-after the 70's
Fewer jobs for unskilled workers but increasing opportunities for skilled and educated workers
The assumption that racism is fixed, that it is immutable, constant across time and space, and that it does not develop in any way, often defining racism only by its most heinous forms, such as racial violence. (page 9)
Fixed Fallacy
A set of processes by which elected politicians redraw and manipulate the borders of political districts to secure political advantage. (page 113)
Gerrymandering
What is the term for the unspoken obstacles to advancement experienced by white women and people of color?
Glass Ceiling
(1) Most poor whites live in areas where the majority of their neighbors are not poor. (2) In the black ghetto poverty is more concentrated and (3) everyday establishments, such as banks, grocery stores, pharmacies, restaurants, and childcare centers, are scarce.
How has contemporary institutional racism extended significant income gaps between whites and nonwhites?
Banks impede nonwhites' access to homeownership through three mechanisms: by (1) disproportionately denying loans to nonwhite applicants; by (2) charging nonwhites higher interest rates; and by (3) devaluing homes in nonwhite neighborhoods.
How has contemporary institutional racism extended significant wealth gaps between whites and nonwhites?
Some sociologists have connected job status, wages, and race in a single equation, claiming that (1) when a job becomes associated with a dominated racial group— just as domestic service is equated with Latinas or New York City taxi driving is equated with Arab American men—that job loses status. (2) Once a job's status declines, so too do its wages.
How has historical institutional racism extended significant income gaps between whites and nonwhites?
In whites' healthy assets, as compared to the sparse wealth of most people of color, we see (1) the legacies of slavery, colonization, and "the Indian Problem"; we see (2) the hundred years that ran from the Civil War to the Civil Rights Movement, during which people of color were barred from participating completely in business or commerce; we see (3) government policies that uplifted poor whites while leaving poor nonwhites behind; and we see (4) decades of meager wages, bad schools, and sharecropping.
How has historical institutional racism extended significant wealth gaps between whites and nonwhites?
Race Is a Social Reality
Idea by James Baldwin. Race is not a biological reality, rather a political reality, or social construction.
The process of entering and establishing permanent residence in a place other than one's country of origin; during the mid-nineteenth century, immigrants flocked to America by the millions. (page 75)
Immigration
homosocial reproduction
In sociology, this term refers to a process were authorities tend to fill positions of power with people like themselves. This process is practiced by whites and nonwhites alike. However, because they are disproportionately represented in positions of power, only white men can do so with some regularity.
Place the countries in order from lowest to highest incarceration rate.
Incarceration Chart (pg. 192) Norway, China, Russia, and United States
The assumption that racism is only the collection of prejudiced ideas and attitudes that "racist individuals" have about other groups. (page 7)
Individualistic Fallacy
Systemic white domination of people of color, embedded and operating in corporations, universities, legal systems, political bodies, cultural life, and other social collectives. (page 11)
Institutional Racism
Racial domination manifested in everyday interactions and practices. (page 11)
Interpersonal Racism
The split labor market can cause
Interpersonal Racism
The overlapping system of advantages and disadvantages, wherein racism intersects with other forms of domination, such as those based on gender, class, sexuality, religion, nationhood, ability, and so forth. (page 16)
Intersectionality
Not necessarily, because research shows that skills, abilities, and talent are not the only considerations employers or admissions officers consider when selecting candidates.
Is affirmative action an affront to the American ideal of meritocracy?
Why did dominant understandings of affirmative action change after the era of the Civil Rights Movement?
It is nonwhite and nonmale now
Aside from limiting professional options for nonwhite models, what is one consequence of the overrepresentation of white models in the fashion industry?
It reinforces the features of white women as the standards of beauty.
In the film clip from Race: The Power of an Illusion, Historian James Horton states, "You give me the power, I can make you any race I want you to be." In the history of race in the United States, who has played the largest role in dictating racial categories, as we understand them today?
Judges
GI Bill of Rights
Law Passed in 1944 to help returning veterans buy homes and pay for higher education
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
Law that changed the national quota system of limits for Eastern and Western immigrants per year
The assumption that abolishing racist laws automatically leads to the abolition of racism in everyday life. (page 8)
Legalistic Fallacy
The nineteenth century belief that it was God's will that the United States conquer the American continent. (page 69)
Manifest Destiny
What were the limitations of the GI Bill
Many blacks and Latinos were denied access because of those persons that were in charge. They couldn't start new businesses, buy new homes, go to the ame colleges and universities as white. They could only get jobs for menial unskilled worker
Comparatively and historically high rates of imprisonment in the United States, predominantly of African-American men. (page 207)
Mass Incarceration
By the end of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee's (SNCC's) 1964 Freedom Summer, many volunteers had been violently attacked, arrested, and even killed, indicating what?
Mississippi was still a very dangerous place for black Americans in 1964.
What are the three structural causes of poverty that are highlighted in the text?
Modern Day Capitalism DeIndustrialization worsened poverty conditions Small portion ofsocial spending dedicated to welfare programs
income
Money obtained from work, retirement, or government aid
Whites convicted of selling drugs are ___ likely to lan a job than blacks with no criminal history
More
The category by which many Americans identify, claiming heritages from two or more ethnicities or races. (page 85)
Multiethnic Heritage
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about arrest rates.
National statistics show that blacks and whites are arrested at very different rates. According to statistics released by the FBI, 13 blacks in 100 are arrested annually, whereas only 5 whites in 100 are.
Native American Poverty
Native American unemployment is about 50% on reservations Poverty is almost twice the national average Tribal Sovereignty is how to fix poverty growth
end of industrialization
No manufacturing jobs from the northwestern and Midwest in 80's Factories gave way to service economy
Does Affirmative action hurt white men ?
No: 40% of American feel that whites being. Diasadvantaged by AA at work is a bigger problem that blacks being disadvantaged by race based discrimination. Not supported claim, just fears
An umbrella term referring to a collection of policies and practices designed to address past wrongs, institutional racism, and sexism by offering people of color and women both employment and educational opportunities. (page 160)
Nonwhite Affirmative Action
Intersectionality
Overlapping system of advantages and disadvantages, wherein racism intersects with other forms of domination, such as those based on gender, class, sexuality, religion, nationhood, ability, and etc.
Assumptions about American meritocracy
People get ahead only by virtue of talents, skills, and work ethic The wealthy do not benefit unduly Employment practices without affirmative action are more merit based
Many studies have been conducted that evaluate Americans' perceptions of crime and violence. Which of the following illustrate the findings of these studies?
Perceived racial composition of a neighborhood is a better predictor of one's fear of crime than the actual crime rate., Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options. As the percentage of blacks and Hispanics in a neighborhood increases, fear of crime in that neighborhood increases., Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options. Hispanics living in predominately white areas perceive less crime than Hispanics living in more racially mixed neighborhoods.
The film clip from Race: The Power of an Illusion shows that racial classifications are based in part on the way we look (skin color, eye shape and color, hair texture and color, etc.). Which of the following terms from the text refers to these physical differences?
Phenotype
Refers to the heightened surveillance and police repression, such as curfews, found in nonwhite metropolitan areas. (page 231)
Police State
Compared with whites, police are much more likely to use deadly force on an African American. Match each individual to the circumstances of his death at the hands of police.
Police beat, tortured, and sodomized him with a broomstick., Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options.Abner Louima Correct label:Abner Louima Police were investigating a strip club, where he was celebrating his last hours as a bachelor; when he walked out, police shot him, his car, and nearby houses., Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options.Sean Bell Correct label:Sean Bell Police believed him to be holding a gun and shot him several times, but he was merely hanging onto his wallet., Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options.Amadou Diallo Correct label:Amadou Diallo
"Cadillac Driving Welfare Queens"
Policy makers and the media use racially coded language to "blacken" Welfare 59% of white believe that blacks would rather collect welfare than work 46%^^Latinos 18^^ Asians 3%^^Whites
The activity of integrating citizen perspectives and concerns in the public policy making process. Very few nonwhites are elected at the national, state, and local levels, resulting in the underrepresentation of nonwhite perspectives and concerns. (page 112)
Political Representation
1980 Refugee Act
Political asylum for refugees and asylees victimized on the basis of their race, religion, nationality, political affiliation, or group membership
Racial Privilege for Whites and Hispanics
Poverty stays the same by the third generation
The New Deal anti-poverty programs were initiated by ?
President Franklin Roosevelt
Since the Civil Rights Movement, opinion polls have shown that most white Americans consistently have accepted the principle of racial inclusion while rejecting any of policy measures designed to carry this out. (page 118)
Principle-Implementation Gap
The idea, as put forth by James Baldwin, that race is not a biological reality, but rather a political reality, or social construction. (page 32)
Race is a Social Reality
A society's racial categories. (page 79)
Racial Demography
The concept that, due to historical and current circumstances, certain racial groups have more income and wealth than others as a result of their race. On average, a white worker will make more than a black or Hispanic worker, even if all these people work exactly the same hours, possess exactly the same work experience, and hold exactly the same educational credentials. (page 134)
Racial Disparities in Income and Wealth
A relationship between the racial identity of a voter and the way in which the voter votes. For example, the American electorate is racially polarized: the majority of whites tilt toward the Republican Party while the majority of nonwhites support the Democratic Party. (page 108)
Racial Polarization
Aside from the structure of the economy, the class privileges (or lack thereof) of immigrants, and ethnic enclaves, what else does the textbook say impacts how well immigrants fare in America?
Racial Privileges
A form of ethnic violence which continued in the United States even after the end of slavery, often in the form of lynch mobs. (page 177)
Racial Terrorism
The rise of industrialism, which facilitated the rise of cities, attracted thousands of people—immigrants, blacks, Mexicans, whites, Asians—to roiling metropolises. As they poured into cities, some ethnic groups tended to cluster together in neighborhoods, many living in crowded, dilapidated slums. (page 170)
Racialization of Neighborhoods
Individualistic Fallacy
Racism assumed to belong to the realm of ideas and attitudes; racism is only the collection of nasty thoughts as "racist individual" has about another group.
What explains racial income disparities?
Segregated labor force Low wages in majority minority jobs
Achieving commercial success at the expense of a political message or an artist's authenticity is often referred to as what?
Selling Out
Between 1880 and 1930, lynch mobs murdered over 2,300 black men, women, and children whom we know of. What were the justifications given for the lynching of black men?
Sexual assaulting a white woman. Winking at a white woman Being too "uppity"
A system wherein workers are the property of their masters and are not paid for their labor. (page 57)
Slavery
Persistent patterns of behavior and interaction between people
Social Structure
A(n) ____________________ necessitates being able to think ourselves away from the familiar routines of our daily lives.
Sociological Imagination
A national homebuilder developing a new home community needs to hire framers, plumbers, painters, electricians, and other construction workers. There are plenty of qualified, unionized, nonimmigrant job applicants, but the builder chooses to hire mostly Mexican immigrants. According to sociologist Edna Bonacich, this choice reflects the existence of:
Split Labor Market
A stark critic of Booker T. Washington's "compromise," W. E. B. Du Bois argued that Washington perpetuated what by not opposing white supremacy?
Symbolic Violence
Institutional Racism
Systemic white domination of people of color, embedded & operating in corporations, universities, legal systems, political bodies, cultural life, & other social collectives.
That collection of organizations and people who carried out political acts aimed at abolishing racial segregation, nonwhite disenfranchisement, and racial economic exploitation. (page 89)
The Civil Rights Movement
How did the GI Bill, more than other program, create the American middle class?
The GI bill helped people get houses, go to college, finance small businesses and purchase farmland
Which of the following provides a structural explanation for why a young black man might resort to violence in a ghetto community?
The community is a long distance from legitimate jobs and it is necessary to succeed in the underground economy.
For the last 25 years, the United States has experienced a drop in crime, which has coincided with the prison boom. Based on existing evidence, which of the following best explains this relationship?
The effect of mass incarceration on crime is weak
Why were many nonwhite denied access into the new deal ?
The program disqualified certain jobs that nonwhites were more likely to have.
Compared with white youth, black youth who live outside predominantly black neighborhoods, have _________ of crime.
The same rates
A group of students argue with their professor that their assigned history text is inadequate because it ignores the influence of slave revolts in achieving emancipation. According to Prudence Carter, how should we understand their behavior?
The students are resistant to a curriculum that does not adequately represent their heritage.
What is sociology?
The study of social groups and the relationships between human groups.
According to sociologist Georg Simmel, what happens when lower classes begin to copy the fashions of the upper class?
The upper class abandons the style and finds something new.
In the early twentieth century, American nativists and many scientists argued that the new European immigrants were "lower races of Europe." Their poverty and lower social status was understood as inheritable and immutable. Which of the following examples from the text relates most closely to this understanding of race?
There is a common understanding that African American are superior athletes.
Native American Affluence
There is an elite group of tribes who have succeeded through casinos and anti poverty programs
Juliana, whose parents are immigrants from the Dominican Republic, was the first person in her family to go to college. Her parents, who recently retired after years of work as domestic servants, like to tell their friends that the family is wealthy now that their daughter has graduated from medical school. Why is their boast about their family wealth not quite accurate?
They forget that most wealth is passed down through family generations and that having a high income is not the same thing as having wealth.
If most Americans benefit from government welfare at some point in their lives, why do Americans generally have such negative attitudes about it?
They see it as a racialized policy and there is a lazy sterotype attached to people that are on it.
In 2015, thirteen students were arrested at the University of Minnesota when they conducted a sit-in at the president's office in an attempt to protest the lack of diversity in the faculty. These protestors most clearly followed in the tradition of which group?
Third World Liberation Front
Welfare Reform Act of 1996
This act established the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program in place of the Aid to Families with Dependent Children program (AFDC) and tightened Medicaid eligibility requirements. This greatly reduced the width of welfare, and imposed strict employment requirements on the states. Promised to end welfare as we know it Clinton
racial disparities in income
This chart shows that, in the United States, despite working the same hours, white workers make more than their black and Hispanic peers. This shows evidence of what?
racial disparities in wealth
This chart shows that, over the past 20 years in the United States, the white/nonwhite wealth gap has grown. This shows evidence of what?
nonwhite affirmative action
This is an umbrella term referring to a collection of policies and practices designed to address past wrongs, institutional racism, and sexism by offering people of color and women both employment and educational opportunities.
split labor market
This term refers to a labor market that contains at least two groups of workers whose price of labor differs for the same work, or would differ if they did the same work.
white affirmative action
This term refers to a series of exceptions, put forth by the southern arm of the Democratic party, which precluded a large majority of nonwhites from benefiting from Roosevelt's New Deal by disqualifying certain jobs (those dominated by nonwhite workers) from the policy.
welfare
This term refers to government provisions intended to help disadvantaged people, including those who are poor, elderly, war veterans, unemployed, and disabled.
Employers are _____ more likely to offer whites a job than equally qualified blacks or Hispanics
Three to four times
Fill in the blank to complete the sentence about murder rates and black youth.
To explain why black youth are murdered at such high rates, social scientists point to structural disadvantage.
The assumption that the presence of people of color in influential positions is evidence of the complete eradication of racial obstacles. (page 8)
Tokenistic Fallacy
During and after World War II , the economic gap between whites and nonwhites increased
True
In middle class occupations, blacks are ______ as likely to be laid off as whites
Twice
The combined forms of enterprise classified as criminal under current law, as well as any other economic activity that is unrecorded and untaxed by the government. (page 224)
Underground Economy
Following the September 11 terrorist attacks, immigration officials stopped making "voluntary returns," in which someone caught crossing the border illegally would be bussed back across without going through a formal deportation proceeding. What was the impact of this policy change?
Undocumented immigrants were now officially labeled as criminals.
In the first half of the 1900s, why did the use of convict labor dramatically decrease?
Unions protested it
Government provisions intended to help disadvantaged people, including those who are poor, elderly, war veterans, unemployed, and disabled. (page 157)
Welfare
Affirmative Action policies are designed to redress specific people who have been victimized by discrimination.
What are affirmative action policies designed to do?
Research shows that white Americans (1) consider blacks and Hispanics to be welfare dependent and (2) incorrectly assume that welfare is a policy that benefits only nonwhites.
What are the prevailing racial attitudes regarding welfare in the United States?
(1) Unemployment: A natural side effect of market capitalism is the fact that the number of people willing to work far exceeds the number of job vacancies. (2) Deindustrialization: Midlevel occupations, such as factory work, have sharply declined, resulting in an economy shaped like an hourglass, with opportunities at the very top and at the very bottom but little sustainable work in the middle. (3) Decline of social spending: food stamps, housing subsidies, aid to needy families, Medicaid, and Social Security has been rolled back in recent years.
What are three structural causes of poverty in the United States?
(1) By income, we mean wages and salaries earned from employment, retirement, or government aid. (2) By wealth, we mean owned assets that yield monetary return, such as stocks and bonds, savings accounts, houses and real estate, and business and farm ownership. (3) Income comes from your job, while most wealth comes from intergenerational transfers (that is, passed down from one generation to the next).
What is the difference between income and wealth?
The media is one explanation for why Americans have such a great fear of crime. Fill in the blanks to complete the passage.
When asked why they felt America had a crime problem, more than 75% of survey respondents referred to stories they had seen in the media. Between 1990 and 1998, America's murder rate fell by 20%, but during this time, the number of stories about murder airing on network newscasts increased by 600%.
What caused affirmative action to become controversial?
When president Kennedy issues Executive Order 10925
Consider the figure below, "Effects of Stereotype Threat." What should we understand from this graph?
When students are made to feel that their performance must counter stereotypes, they are less likely to perform to the best of their ability.
A series of exceptions, put forth by the southern arm of the Democratic party, which precluded a large majority of nonwhites from benefiting from Roosevelt's New Deal by disqualifying certain jobs (those dominated by nonwhite workers) from the policy. (page 130)
White Affirmative Action
A migratory process whereby many whites, fearing racial integration, sold their houses in the city and fled to the suburbs. (page 176)
White Flight
Who have been the biggest beneficiaries of Affirmative Action
White Women.
Who was in charge of distributing the benefits of the GI Bill
White state and local authorities
Nonviolent and often financially motivated crimes committed by more privileged members of society, such as computer hacking, fraud, identity theft, environmental law violations, tax evasion, bribery, counterfeiting, money laundering, and embezzling. (page 224)
White-Collar Crime
The dominant racial category which normalizes racial domination and reproduces many cultural, political, economic, and social advantages and privileges for white people and withholds such advantages and privileges from nonwhite people. (page 25)
Whiteness
Sociologist Devah Pager conducted an audit study of hiring practices and found that
Whites convicted of selling drugs were more likely to land a job than were blacks with no criminal history
Why is American Welfare the size it is?
Whites turned away from the Democratic Party Backlash against integration brought resistance to fair housing and public spending Johnsons War on Poverty led to continuous cuts in welfare spending
Two-thirds of all Americans collect means-tested public assistance during some point in their lives, 63 percent of them receiving Medicaid, 52 percent food stamps, and 13 percent cash assistance.
Who benefits the most from the welfare system in the United States?
Who was a social-conflict sociologist who studied the power structure within the United States. In his work The Power Elite, Mills explained how just a few individuals within the government, military and corporate worlds held most of the wealth and power within the country.
Who is C. Wright Mills?
(1) At the very moment when a wide array of public policies was providing most white Americans with valuable tools to advance their social welfare—insure their old age, get good jobs, acquire economic security, build assets, and gain middle-class status—most black Americans were left behind or left out. (2) Affirmative action then was white."
Why did President Franklin D. Roosevelt's antipoverty programs fail to decrease the economic division between whites and nonwhites?
(1) At the end of the twentieth century, manufacturing jobs, that employed large numbers of semiskilled black workers, were moved in large numbers from the central city to the suburbs. (2) In the past, many blacks who wanted to leave the ghetto and who had the means to do so simply couldn't because of entrenched racial segregation and the virtual absence of fair housing policy enforcement. (3) However, the Civil Rights Movement broke down legally enforced barriers to residential mobility, and many middle-class black families moved out of the central city.
Why did inner-city poverty in ghetto neighborhoods become more severe and more concentrated during the latter decades of the twentieth century?
(1) Racially Biases hiring: Research shows qualified Hispanics and blacks seeking jobs are passed over for white applicants. (2) Homosocial reproduction: authorities tend to fill positions of power with people like themselves.
Why does racial discrimination persist in today's job market?
(1) During the development of New Deal policies, the southern arm of the Democratic Party was a powerful force in the House and Senate. (2) By securing a disproportionate number of committee seats and flexing their political muscle, southern Democrats forced northern Democrats into a bargain: "Either you design New Deal policies in such a way that Jim Crow remains perched atop his roost, or we will align with the Republicans and veto them." (3) Northern Democrats gave in, barring nonwhites access to social spending programs.
Why were most black Americans left behind or left out of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal programs?
Who does Affirmative action increases employment for?
Women and NONwhite men
All women ar less likely to hold positions of power but _______ experience greater disadvantages
Women of color
ethnic enclave
a small area occupied by a distinctive minority culture
Meritocracy
a system in which promotion is based on individual ability or achievement
What is affirmative action?
an action or policy favoring those who tend to suffer from discrimination, especially in relation to employment or education; positive discrimination. Does not allow quotas
Match each bill to its impacts on immigrants.
denied noncitizens many basic civil rights, Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options.2001 PATRIOT Act Correct label:2001 PATRIOT Act denied legal immigrants numerous public benefits, Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options.1996 Welfare Reform Act Correct label:1996 Welfare Reform Act extended the list of criminal actions that warranted deportation for noncitizens, Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options.Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act Correct label:Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act
Gangs are associated with drug trafficking and other criminal activity. Why do people join gangs?
economic opportunity, Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options. social belonging
The #MeToo movement began in October 2017 as a way to draw attention to sexual harassment in Hollywood.
false
Immigrant women are especially vulnerable to abuse. Indicate why legal requirements exacerbate this problem.
immigrant women have difficulty documenting partner abuse
Taft-Hartley Act (1947)
legalized the right-to-work laws and stopped feather bedding and closed shop practices
Annette Laureau, author of Unequal Childhoods, argues that class differences in parenting are:
mostly about language, attitudes, and behaviors
The film clip from Race: The Power of an Illusion explains that when an influx of eastern and southern European immigrants arrived in the United States at the start of the twentieth century, they were generally considered __________. According to the text, the Johnson-Reed Act of 1924 changed their classification to _________
not white; white
The film clip from Race: The Power of an Illusion explains that when an influx of eastern and southern European immigrants arrived in the United States at the start of the twentieth century, they were generally considered __________. According to the text, the Johnson-Reed Act of 1924 changed their classification to _________.
not white; white
The film clip from Race: The Power of an Illusion shows that racial classifications are based in part on the way we look (skin color, eye shape and color, hair texture and color, etc.). Which of the following terms from the text refers to these physical differences?
phenotype
Beginning in the late 1960s and into the 1970s, politicians began focusing on crime as the main problem plaguing America, even though most Americans did not view it as a major problem. Why did they do this?
politicians wanted to take the energy out of the civil rights movements
Interpersonal Racism
racial domination manifest in our dispositions, interactions, and practices
In the mid-1950s, civil rights organizing shifted away from a ______ organization and toward a focus on _________ groups?
religious; secular
Audit Studies
research carried out by social scientists to measure the extent to which hiring practices are discriminatory.
High neighborhood crime facilitates a "cycle" that causes more crime. Drag each step to its corresponding box within this cycle.
residents lack trust in one another, community relationship unravel, informal social breaks down
In addition to America's history of racism, which is the best explanation for Americans' fears about crime in relationship to race?
some media portrayals tap into a collective fear of blackness
Social scientists have advanced three interlocking explanations for why inner-city poverty became more severe and more concentrated during the latter decades of the twentieth century. Which explanation points to the decline of manufacturing jobs?
spatial mismatch thesis
Executive Order 10925
take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed and that employees are treated during employment without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin.
segmented assimilation
the outcome of immigrants and their descendants moving in to different classes of the host society. No monolithic immigrant experience
Which of the following help explain why immigrants commit so few crimes?
the presence of professionals in immigrant neighborhoods, Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options. high marriage rates, Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options. a code of informal social control
As a style of music, the blues evolved from spirituals in response to what?
the racial domination of African Americans by whites
Wealth Inequality
the unequal distribution of assets within a population
Compared to other abused women, black women who are raped are more likely to face pressure to stay silent about their attackers.
true
split labor market
workers split along racial-ethnic, gender, age, or any other lines; this split is exploited by owners to weaken the bargaining power of workers