500 ecl

hood

the part of the car that you lift up to look at the engine.

AUTUMN.

*FALL * seasons of the year FALL = AUTUMN (Sepptember, October, November in the U.S.)

How did she hurt herself? She _____ down when the bus made an abrupt stop.

*FELL* FALL FELL FALLEN (simple past = FALL)

*subjunctive* (Use the simple form of the verb) *FORM* Use the simple form of the verb. The simple form is the infinitive without the "to." The simple form of the verb "to go" is "go." The Subjunctive is only noticeable in certain forms and tenses.

*USE* The Subjunctive is used to emphasize urgency or importance. It is used after certain expressions (see below). Examples: I suggest that he study. Is it essential that we be there? Don recommended that you join the committee.

You are not very happy today,________?

*are you* /aren't you/ do you/ don't you ...........*.tag question* If you have negative in the main clause, put affirmative in the tag. opt1

It is mandatory that Lt. Smith ____ in Col. Jones's office at 0730.

*be* have to be must to be is ....................Certain adjectives of urgency require the *subjunctive* (Use the simple form of the verb) in a direct object* "THAT" *clause. The teacher ordered that Joe do extra homework. opt1

The student next to me tried to copy from my paper. He was trying to _____.

*cheat* /cheer/ chime chore ..................To copy someone else's answer is CHEATING. opt1

When you are finished with your conversation, _____ the phone.

*hang up*/hung up/hanging up/hanged up .......instructions or orders in the *imperative * (You) hang up the phone...........

The Empire State Building is located _____ New York City.

*in* on at to Something is IN a city IN a country IN a town

He stabbed his victim with a _____. .

*knife* / gun/ table / rope ....................You would STAB with a knife, not with the other 3 objects opt2

If you leave ice cream out in the sun, it will _____.

*melt* freeze sneeze pelt When frozen stuff starts to warm up, it MELTS (THAWS).

If I finish my homework early,I _____ to the gym and work out. will going

*might go* are go should to go IF clause FUTURE might = possibility (WILL = future certainty)

What is the SUBJECT of her speech?

*topic* subject = topic = what you are talking about

It was QUITE hot yesterday.

*very* not a little bit not very *quite = very= extremely = really)

extremely = very= awfully = terribly

...

modals HAVE TO = MUST

...

stale

...

tardy

...

Report to the Colonel _____ once!

/at/ on in to ................fixed expression AT once, meaning without delay, without hesitation opt1

If you don't get a high score on the next ECL, you _____ in trouble.

/will be/ will getting will have gotten are getting ......................FUTURE "IF" CLAUSE. The word "next" indicates this. Something WILL happen.... opt1

A lot of dust _____ through the open window! Close it!

Dust is a mass noun. THE DUST IS.... Only the progressive is possible here. The dust is DOING something.

*subjunctive* NOTICE The Subjunctive is only noticeable in certain forms and tenses. In the examples below, the Subjunctive is not noticeable in the you-form of the verb, but it is noticeable in the he-form of the verb.

Examples: You try to study often. you-form of "try" It is important that you try to study often. Subjunctive form of "try" looks the same. He tries to study often. he-form of "try" It is important that he try to study often. Subjunctive form of "try" is noticeable here.

*question tag* When we *use auxiliary* be, do or have, a modal verb or main verb be in the main clause, this verb is used in the tag: She was crying, wasn't she? He does look like his father, doesn't he? They've waited a long time, haven't they? You're Danish, aren't you?

If there is* no auxiliary or modal verb* in the main clause, we use auxiliary do, does, did in the tag: He* plays* hockey, does he? She* dances* beautifully, doesn't she? The girls *wanted* to go home, didn't they? If the main clause verb is* I am*, then the negative tag form is* aren't* I: Sorry,* I'm* late again, *aren't* I? If the main clause verb is used to, the tag verb is did: A: Martin* used to* live in Oxford, *didn't* he? B: Yes, that's right.

Whose book is that?

It's my. It's mine book. It's me book. *It's my book*. possessive adjectives. It's my book. Or It's mine. (possessive pronoun)

Last night, I _____ for nine hours.

Last night = past tense. Irregular verb SLEEP SLEPT SLEPT Last night, I SLEPT....

THE NEWS WAS BAD.

THE NEWS = singular

unusual = strange = not ordinary = not common

That bird looks very UNUSUAL. Yes, it looks *strange*.

prowl

to move around an area quietly and secretly, as when hunting: [ T ] At night, scorpions prowl the desert for insects. [ I ] There have been reports of a man prowling in the neighborhood. prowl

He blamed me _____ the accident.

to of with /for .............You BLAME someone FOR doing something wrong. opt4

wade

to walk, usually with the water not higher than your knees. We waded across the stream. They come to the creek and waded in to drink.

grass

vegetation, usually green

While I ______ for the bus, it started to rain.

waiting wait was wait /was waiting/ ........................First action can be PAST PROGRESSIVE. One thing WAS HAPPENING when another action HAPPENED (simple past) to change or alter things. opt4

If I _____ ECL-qualified, I would not have to do these exercises.

was/ *were* /am/ has been ................IF clause UNREAL present If I WERE....

If I ______ you, I would be more careful with my answers.

was/ am /have been/ *were* ................IF clause. Unreal present. Subjunctive. If I were you...............

The students WERE REQUIRED TO take another ECL test. They ______ do it.

were = past tense. The only choice in the past is HAD TO. They* HAD TO* DO something.

Neither the animals nor their keeper _____ killed in the fire.

were/ are/ have been/ *was* .................In a* "neither--nor" structure, the verb agrees with the subject part closer to it.* "Keeper was" opt4

Last week, he promised me that he _____ attend yesterday's meeting.

will was going did /would/ .............REPORTED SPEECH. Main verb "promised" is in the past, so the subsequent verb "will" must shift to past "would." opt4

Someone might have to stay in the office until 1800 if _____. need be need needing needs This is a fixed structure. If need be. IF the NEED should BE for something, and we reduce it to IF NEED BE. opt1

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What _____ this word mean?

are is does do correct formation of questions action verb (mean) present tense simple subject. This word means something. WHAT DOES THIS WORD MEAN?

The next book quiz will be _____ Wednesday.

at/*on*/in/of Day by itself takes ON.

The next ECL will _____ easy.

being/ be being/ *be* / to be ...............simple form of a verb* after a MODAL* WILL BE MIGHT BE SHOULD BE opt3

The wind is _____ very hard.

blowing The wind BLOWS.

How did you get from your country to San Antonio?

by plane method of transportation BY plane BY ship BY car BY taxi

rugs

carpets

Nary a drop of rain fell at the airport last night, _____?

didn't it /did it/ is there was there ......................."Nary" is a negative word. Put affirmative in the tag. opt2

What will you _____ tomorrow night?

doing/*do*/done/to do ........modal Put simple form after a modal. You will DO what?..............

tail = rear = aft = back part = (ship) stern

There was a chemical spill in the TAIL of the jet. The spill was in the* rear.*

Today's class was _____ than yesterday's.

funner/as fun/*more fun*/funnest comparison more fun than

The policeman ordered that Joe _____ out of the car with his hands up.

gets/ got /*get(/ have to get ...................After certain VERBS of URGENCY, a* "that"* clause takes a subjunctive (simple) form. The airline agent insisted that Steve CHECK IN at the counter two hours prior to departure.....................

I want _____ to a movie tonight.

go/*to go*/going/for going "want" is followed by an infinitive. The student WANTS TO LOOK AT page 4-19 of Book 34 for a good list of verbs followed by infinitives versus verbs followed by gerunds.

American English is _____ British English. *armya*

gooder than /more better /*better than* /more good than .......................comparative forms GOOD BETTER BEST One thing is better than another. opt3

Joe said that we have to be at Lab 3 before 0800, _____?

hasn't we/ didn't he/ did he /hasn't he ..............tag question Joe said...didn't he? *Affirmative* in the main clause needs negative in the tag. opt2

A person who is broke does not have any _____.

health/ time //needs/ *money* .............. idiom to be BROKE = no money opt4

I was born _____ August.

in A month by itself takes IN.

He is serving as a cabinet member _____ present.

in /at/ on during .....................at present or at the present time opt2

Cats like to sleep all day and prowl the neighborhoods _____ night.

in during at on in the morning in the afternoon in the evening BUT at night opt3

*question tag* *He's* working as a tour guide, .................. Your mother *was* Scottish, ............................................ She* plays* the piano, ............................. The shops *don't* open till 9.30, ....................................... They*'ve* moved, ............................................................................ You *could* sell it on the Internet, ....................................................... *Don't* be late tonight,

isn't he? ......................... wasn't she? ............................ does she? .......................... do they? .............................. have they? .................................... couldn't you? ....................................... will you?

Brazil is _____ Peru.

more bigger than/more biggest than/big than/*bigger than*..... comparison *one-syllable adjective* ONE THING IS -er THAN ANOTHER.

*question tag* If the main clause verb is *ought to*, the tag verb is most commonly should or, far less commonly, ought: We *ought to* leave now, really, *shouldn't* we? Or (far less commonly) We ought to leave now, really, *oughtn't* we?

When tags follow *imperatives*, the tag verb is usually will: A: *Phone me* this evening, will you? B: Yeah, OK. I'll give you a call about 6.30.

If Joe really _____ at the meeting (and two people said they talked to him), I didn't see him there. were has been had been was This is a PAST REAL. It is possible he was at the meeting. This is not an UNREAL situation. opt4

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If I had not eaten so much pizza last night, I ________ so sick right now. would not be will not be am not would not have been being This is a mixed structure "IF" clause. The time words "last night" and "right now" control it, so that I "would not be" a certain way right now if something HAD NOT HAPPENED last night. opt1

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Humans _____ oxygen to survive.

need science or nature present tense HUMANS (THEY) need something.

We might be able to travel quickly to the moon _____ the future.

of in to on a period of time IN the past In the future opt2

I would never run _____ political office.

of to with for fixed expression to run for an office or position opt4

My father died _____ April 17, 1989.

on specific date Use ON.

The train will arrive _____ 0955.

on /in/. to/ *at* specific exact time

We ought not to cheat on a test, _____?

ought we /should we/ do we will we ............... Here "ought not" in the main clause cannot become "ought we" in the tag. You must substitute the closest MODAL equivalent ("should"). However, if we had "ought" in the main clause, we could put "oughtn't" in the tag. We ought to go now, oughtn't we? opt2

I want you to accompany us. Come _____ with us.

over above \\along\\ through ...................phrasal verb come along with opt3

The police _____ here to arrest you for having a low ECL.

police = PLURAL THEY *ARE* here.

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preposition

No matter where you live, you need _____ access to a hospital.

quickly *quick* quickness quickest "Access" is a noun. Modify it with an *adjective*. What kind of access? QUICK access.

ROBBER.

robber = thief= someone who steals = *bandit*

We could hear the* FAINT* sound of a child's voice calling for help.

soft (adjective) faint = very soft (verb) faint = pass out = black out = lose consciousness

Dikes, dams, and levees are all intended to control _____.

speed/ temperature/ prices /water ...........If you check your dictionary, you'll find that these are all engineering structures constructed to hold back large amounts of water..................

The color red on the flag _____ blood.

symbolizing the symbolize is symbolize / /symbolizes/ ..........................Third person singular THE COLOR (IT) symbolizes PRESENT TENSE opt4

mice

A dog usually likes to chase cats, and a cat usually likes to chase mice

spill

a chemical spill (to cause a liquid to flow or fall over the edge of a container or beyond the limits of something, or of a liquid to flow or fall in this way:* [ T ] I just spilled gravy on my shirt *an amount of something that has flowed or fallen out of a container:* The tanker started to leak oil and officials worried about a major oil spill.

avalanche

a large amount of ice, snow, and rock falling quickly down the side of a mountain ​ too many things that arrive or happen at the same time: We were swamped by an avalanche of letters/phone calls/complaints.

cascading

a small waterfall, often one of a group ​ a large amount of something that hangs down: A cascade of golden hair fell down his back.

ستتسائلون لماذا we be لماذا لا تكن we are وستتسائلون لماذا she not لماذا لا تكون she doesn't وستبكون لماذا he hand لماذا لا تكون he hands وستتألمون أكثر لماذا they be told وليست they are told أنا اليوم راح أعطيكم أقوى القواعد حتى ثاني مرة لا تتسائلون أو تقولون "آه، أكيد أخطأ محرر الجريدة في التراكيب" هناك أفعال تسمى SubJunctive Verbs إن إتت هذه الأفعال وبعدها that فإن الفعل الرئيسي لـ That ينقلب إلى أصله وهذه الأفعال هي advise ; ask, demand, insist, propose, recommend, request, suggest, إن كان يلحقها that فالفعل الرئيسي لـ that يكون عائد إلى أصله فجلمة Iلأن البريطانيين لا بد أن يضيفوا should على المقطع المبتديء بـ that في كل حاله advise that he comes early يجب أن تكون I advise that he come early مع حذف الحرف s وهكذا بالبقية حتى إن كانت في المبني للمجهول They are told فإن الفعل الرئيسي are ينقلب إلى be فتصبح I suggest that they be told later وإيضا إن كان هناك نفي not فإن الفعل المساعد التابع مع النفي يحذف ويبقى not لوحده مسكين

مثال I propose that she not come with you وقد تتسائلون وتستعجلون لماذا هناك it is essential وهي ليست من الافعال المذكورة، أزيدكم من الشعر بيت، هناك تعابير إن جاءت تأخذ نفس عمل الأفعال السابقة وهي it is essential, it is imperative, it is important, it is critical, it is necessary, it it vital متبوعة بـ that مثال It is important he not tell you about the matter It is vital that the cat eat its food to live it is critical that the jury be ordered to judge ولكن خذوا معها استشناء قد يكون suggest/recommend التي يأتي بعدها that أن تأخذ بعد الفاعل وقبل الفعل الرئيسي should وقد لا تأتي مثلاً نستطيع أن نقول He recommends that we should be on time He recommends that we be on time وبعد كل هذا الشرح، أريد أن أخبركم أن هذه قاعدة أمريكية انجليزية ، وليست بريطانية