5x5 Terms
French Revolution to 1791
"When Paris sneezes, Europe catches a cold"; the 3-house French Parliament (Estates General) had 2/3 belonging to representing the top 5% (nobles & Cath clergy), and the last house (estate) was representing everyone else. This led the 3rd Estate holding Tennis Court Oaths in June 1789, where they wouldn't leave until a constitution was written & renamed themselves the National Assembly; this led to the French army being called, direct violence & riots back (such as Bastille) in July & August 1789, & the National Assembly declared an end to feudalism on August 4, & the subsequent text "Declaration of the Rights of Man" helped write their 1791 constitution, which created a constitutional monarchy that the National Assembly forced Louis XIV to approve (or be executed)
Witch Craze
1550-1650 period where people (especially women widows) were accused of witchcraft, reflecting strong rural christian beliefs that magic was heresy; led household power structure to increase men/decrease women power
Putting-Out System
1700s GB system of merchant-capitalists "putting out" raw materials to individual/family cottage workers (hence aka Cottage Industry) for processing & payment in which tasks were distributed to individuals who completed the work in their own homes
Enlightenment
1700s movement that advocated using the scientific method & reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions; advocated a turn to Deism for most Europeans over time (the belief that there is a God, not sure what God is though)
Romanticism
1800s movement, emotions & feelings (religion!), beauty & horror evoked through this; one example being Rousseau
British Reform Bills 1, 2, 3
1832 - gave voting rights to lower class & reorganized/redistributed boroughs 1867 - gave voting rights to working class males, passed by Gladstone & Disraeli 1884 - universal male suffrage almost achieved
Science & Realism
Attempted to describe & reproduce life as they saw it; people came to trust science as an understanding of nature & humanity; rulers started to be more realistic & embraced policies such as nationalism in Italy & Germany; Ex- Painter Courbet, Writer Dickens, Theorist Darwin
Metternich
Austrian foreign minister who controlled Congress of Vienna to promote peace, conservatism, & repressing liberal nationalism in Europe
Habsburg
Austrian, Spanish, & HRE royal family (obviously very influential) (See Charles V, Phillip II)
German Unification
Bismarck led Prussia into 3 wars which increased his power & paved way for German unity, a symbol of nationalism; Germany was many small independent states (incl. Austria) before its' unification, & Bismarck's Prussia took over Austria & unified it as the North German Confederation. The NGC then invaded & forced France to give over Alsace-Lorraine whilst it increased its' territories elsewhere (ex- small & independent German states)
Bourgeoisie/Proletariat
Bourgeoisie were middle class, self-made property owners & employers; Proletariat were lower class renters & employees. This was a class shift from nobles & peasants
Issac Newton
British mathematician who defined the laws of motion & gravity, experimented with optics, invented differential calculus and wrote "Principia"
Industrial Revolution 1 (to 1840s)
Change to factories & cities starting in GB; invention of the steam engine by Watt decades earlier that was used to power factories, the Spinning Jenny for the textile industry, & tunnels and canals via dynamite & then railways w/ steam-powered trains also vastly increased their production thereof; rapid urbanization lead to cramped housing & living conditions as people moved to cities to work; this caused debates & laws regarding child labor, public health & working conditions
Napoleon
Charismatic military genius (won big in Italy, Prussia, Spain & Austria) French general who became France's Emperor 1799-1815; he gave the country stability in turn for lesser free speech & expression, the Napoleonic Code the made the middle & lower classes happier, the 1802 Concordat that had Cath Church & the French government compromise, more education, progress, & religious toleration; Spain guerrillas rebelled as Napoleon failed in Russia, & his subsequent demise has him sent of to Elba. He ended up coming back to France, where he lost fully & finally in the famous Battle of Waterloo, where he was then sent of to the island of St. Helena to rot
Concert of Europe
Countries acting in "concert" to squash rebellions in Spain, Italy, & Poland, led by Metternich
English Civil War
Cromwell defeated English King Charles I's corrupted monarchy in this 7y war that ended in Charles I's execution & thus led to Cromwell's control & starting of the Commonwealth (basically his military dictatorship)
Children
During the 1800s they had a higher survival rate and thus, generally, European families had less kids than before (from ~6 with 2 surviving thru adulthood to ~3 with 2 surviving thru adulthood)
Catherine the Great
Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of Russia; encouraged science, art, & literature to became a powerful European nation
Charles I (England)
English King (James I's son) during English Civil War & was executed by Cromwell; absolute monarchy, tried to make Church more Cath, but country/Parliament revolted against him in the English Civil War
Congress of Vienna
Following Napoleon's exile, this meeting of European rulers in Austria established a system to maintain the balance of power, repress liberal revolutions, & thus created new European countries
Richelieu
French King Louis XII's advisor bc XII was too young to rule; was a strong mercantalist & was for weakening the power of nobles, Protestants, & Spanish Habsburgs
Montesquieu/Voltaire/Rousseau
Great 1700s enlightened thinkers; Montesquieu supported separation of power; there should be more than one government; all supported democracy & individual rights of the people
British/French Rivalry
Great European power rivalry that resulted in 7 Years' War fought in Europe & the colonies, with GB overtaking France as greatest European power
Charles V
Habsburg, Holy Roman Emperor & King of Spain, ruled during Protestant Reformation & thus forced to issue Peace of Augsburg which gave princes' right to determine their region's religion
Italian Unification
In 1848 Italy, Cavour worked to unify the Northern Italian states & helped Garibaldi unify the South, whom eventually handed over the South to the King of Sardinia, who ruled the now unified Italy
Henry IV
King of France who issued the Edict of Nantes that balanced the freedom of Huguenots (French Calvinists) w/ the 90% Catholic religious majority, the first minority protection law
Phillip II
King of Spain & a Habsburg, he wanted to spread Catholicism & Spain's power (also via defeating the Ottoman Empire), but failed- lost 1/2 of Netherlands due to spreading Catholicism & Spanish Armada lost to England & Ottomans were not defeated
Loyola/Jesuits
Loyola started the Jesuits to spread Catholicism in the Catholic Reformation; they stressed education, discipline, & obedience in their many seminaries in the New World & Africa
Frederick II (the Great)
Prussian King 1740-86 during War of Austrian Succession & 7 Years War; militaristic & worked to expand territory & prestige of Prussia like his father, but softened some of his father's laws including having more religious toleration
Bismarck
Prussian chancellor who engineered the unification of Germany (specifically Germanic speakers is his purpose) under him; product of the uprise of nationalism and racism in late 1800s
Elizabeth I
Queen of England in late 1500s; avoided religious wars but defined Anglicanism as Prot rituals & Cath rituals; played her possible marriage politically w/ vying male rulers like Phillip II & was pro-Anglican religious conformity in England
Italian Renaissance Art
Revived study of Greek & Roman classics, individualism; reflected in art; mostly merchants & bankers; Petrarch, Castiglione's *The Courtier*
1848 Revolutions
Revolutions in France, Germany, Austria, Russia, Poland, Italy that all had liberals & nationalists that wanted change, but all were suppressed; "When France sneezes, Europe catches a cold"
Louis XIV
Sun King of France & strongest European ruler in terms of absolutism/divine right of kings; "one king, one faith, one law"; strengthened French monarchy & Palace of Versailles. Finance minister Colbert increased mercantilist policies, removed Edict of Nantes, & his demise was caused by bad results from wars such as the Spanish Succession, draining France's resources & $ dramatically just to hold onto all their lands (net no positive territorial gain)
Population Growth
The increase in population over time was caused by the Agricultural Revolution that made newfound crops such as potatoes, & clover & nitrogen in soil increase food production, surplus, & lowered death rate thereof, thus making population increase
Men & Women (Roles)
Their roles increased in the stereotypical sense of the independent father-at-work & the dependent domestic housewife
Utopian Socialism
These early 1900s people such as Blanc & Fourier hoped to create humane alternatives to industrial capitalism by building self-sustaining communities whose inhabitants would work cooperatively
Peter the Great (Russia)
This Russia tsar tried to westernize Russia & his "Great" Reforms got rid of serfdom as effectively as US's emancipation of slavery & successive Jim Crow laws; he did this to "catch up" w/ w euro countries by expanding his army, introducing potatoes, & building new capital St. Petersburg to model the Palace of Versailles & exploited the new "peasants" thereof further
Atlantic Trade
Triangular trading route that crisscrossed the Atlantic carrying British/European manufactured goods to African and American colonies; revolved around slavery; cash crops- spices, sugar, coffee, tea, chocolate; & slave society goods
Russian Great Reforms
Under Alexander II, his loss in the Crimean War showed he needed to modernize Russia & he ended serfdom (but they belonged to the village council - Mir), gave Russia a legal system and introduced regional assemblies (Zemstov); but there was still no Russian constitution
Dutch Republic
United Provinces of the Netherlands shortened to this name; early 1600s was their Golden Age due to religious toleration drawing in a multicultural mix of merchants & bankers as Spain declined in power; organized representative government; 1st to use bulk sales & had big merchant fleet
Locke
Wrote "Two Treatises of Government"; human's nature is to live free & have natural rights of life, liberty, & property; government created to protect these rights & if it failed to do so it was duty of citizens to rebel
Marx/Engels
Wrote Communist manifesto, pro-socioeconomic equal; class conflict will lead to a bourgeoisie capitalist revolution
Printing Press
allowed for printed material to be mass produced & cheaper; it helped spread of Protestantism & Lutherism. priesthood of the individual, Bibles translated to native languages (& increased literacy rates) -> less priest guidance; spread science discoveries & political ideas more
Conservatism
back to the way it was- increased monarchy & birthright privilege; powers that be squashed via Metternich & the Concert of Europe
Imperialism
domination by one country of the social, economic, & cultural life of another country thru diplomacy or military force; increased over the 1800s as European countries battled for land dominance over each other & nationalistic expansion for more food, resources, & people
Napoleon III
elected president & later self-declared emperor, this male industrialized France & rebuilt Paris via urbanization & Haussmann; increased French railroads, had moderate free-trade policies, & legalized trade unions; wanted to undermine Concert of Europe
French Revolution 1791-94
featuring the Jacobin- Robespierre & his Radical Republic which abolished slavery in French colonies, switched the monarchy to a republic, gave universal male suffrage, & was so uptight he started a new Calendar w/ the first day as the day of the Revolution; however he made this Radical Republic safe via his Committee of Public "Safety" & the subsequent Reign of Terror, killing 40k (20k in Paris alone & all by public guillotine, including uber-radical Girondists & political enemies), a nationalistic-esque cutting edge standing army, & via price controls such as Bread of equality. He & other Jacobins were guillotined & overthrown in July 1794
Northern Humanism
focused on early Christian texts; believed the teaching of this could bring inner piety that would reform Church & society; More's *Utopia*; Erasmus's *Praise of Folly*
Spanish Decline
inflation due to New World bullion, wars & crusades, inept rulers (ex- Phillip II), & the Dutch Revolt & subsequent Golden Age were all major causes of this New Monarchy's decline in the upcoming century
Overseas Expansion
influenced by Renaissance & individualism from humanism, this was mostly for $ & spreading Christianity thru Asiatic spices & New World sugar & direct market access to both
30 Years War
last euro religious war fought in 4 phases- Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, & French; the war was Prot Union vs Cath League & it turned into French vs Spain & destruction of German lands by the end as well as the Peace of Westphalia, which recognized Calvinism
New Monarchy
money muscle & organization; France had taille for $ for a standing army; England had Star Chamber for org; Spain had inquisition for org & muscle (it got rid of any non-Caths)
Labour Unions
organization of workers that collectively bargains w/ corporations to protect workers' rights & interests; their power increased over the 1800s
Classic Liberalism
personal freedom, liberties, laissez-faire economic policy beliefs, mostly the bourgeoisie
Henry VIII
political & familial mess; "divorced, beheaded, died, divorced, beheaded, survived"; basis of Anglican Church w/ Cath rituals, Prot beliefs, & bishops answering to the government
Calvin
predestination; only faith gets you into Heaven; encouraged anti-government revolutions (Netherland Calvinists, Scotland Presbyterians); no fun/extravagance (see Geneva experiment)
Nationalism
pride in one's country, increased alongside increasing racism from 1800 to 1900
Protestant Reformation
response to Cath Church corruption; Luther started w/ his 95 Theses & led to Calvinism & England's Anglicanism; this was characterized by one's own reading of Bible & other texts (see printing press), less mindless rituals & more belief of salvation
Catholic/Counter Reformation
response to Protestant Reformation that replaced gangster pimp popes (thanks to Pope Paul II) w/ moral & law reform; Council of Trent, where Caths banned indulgences & supported salvation & justification by faith (including celibacy)
Dutch Revolt
revolt by North Netherlands against Spanish to create their independent state; led to Spanish decline
Serfdom in Eastern Europe
serfs were lower class people, slaves to the land who got no money for it, merely room & board, stuck there for generations; Russia tzars used them as political trading power in their negotiations for support w/ nobles
Industrial Revolution 2 (1840s-1914)
switch from the ancient nobles/peasants structure to middle class bourgeoisie (self-made property owners & employers) & lower class proletariat (renters & employees); increased patriarchal roles in the male breadwinner & female housewife, w/ kids now at schools instead of working in factories thanks to the creation of IndRev 1 child labor laws; spread more throughout Europe, as France & Prussia financed railroads & Germany copied France's 5 Great Farms (tariff-free zones) w/ their Zollverein
Enlightened Despotism
system of government supported by leading philosophes where an absolute ruler uses their power for good of the people to rationalize their rule instead of divine right/heredity. Enlightened monarchs supported religious tolerance, increased economic productivity, administrative reform, & scientific academies; Joseph II, Frederick the Great, & Catherine the Great were best-known
Anti-Semitism
the hatred of Jews increased over the 1800s coinciding w/ increasing nationalism & religious tolerance
Italian Renaissance Humanism
the study of humans & their nature; Italian literary movement that emphasized critical study of Greek & Latin to understand early human nature for white-collar work
Luther
theologist/priest who wrote 95 theses on the Cath Church & they tried to punish him w/ a letter that he burned so he joined the Augustinian Friars (think monks) & later had German peasants against him bc he wrote books and that led him to be more conservative & be on the side of German princes
Cromwell
this male defeated English King Charles I's corrupted monarchy in the 7 Years War that ended in Charles I's execution & thus led to his control & starting of the Commonwealth (basically his military dictatorship), w/ him as the Protectorate; this "government" crushed an Irish uprising & passed the Navigation Act
Baroque
this new art movement encouraged extravagant & bold ornamentation & was used by Cath Church & absolutist rulers such as Louis XIV; ex- Painter Bach
Scientific Revolution
this revolution challenged long-held beliefs in faith alone (for justification especially) & resulted in decrease in religion/mindless believing; ex- Copernicus & heliocentricity, Galileo & laws of motion, & Bacon and Descartes' Scientific Method
Absolutism
total power of a single ruler, this -ism was on the rise during the 1600s, coinciding w/ diving right of monarchies; ex- France's Louis XIV & Palace of Versailles to demonstrate his dramatic extravagance & power over nobles; Spain, Russia, & Prussia
French Religious Wars
war between upper-class intellectual Huguenots vs. average poor French Catholics that drained France of its wealth; fighting was from St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre until the Edict of Nantes (15 years later) & included the War of the 3 Henrys which ended up w/ Henry IV (of Navarre) becoming King & then made the Edict
Machiavelli
wrote *The Prince*, influenced by humanism - describes rule & manipulation in age of ruthless power politics (tortured by Medicis); to turn on one's helpers when one gain power
Agricultural Revolution
A time when new inventions such as seed drill & steel plow made farming easier & faster, & newfound crops such as potatoes, & clover & nitrogen in soil increased food production, surplus, & lowered death rate thereof
Glorious Revolution
England's bloodless overthrow of King James II of England to William & Mary due to a revolution caused by James II's want to return England to Catholicism; Whigs & Tories of Parliament low-key invited William & Mary to take throne back
Joseph II
Maria Theresa's son, Habsburgs ruler, & Cath Church controller; granted religious toleration & civic rights to Prots & Jews, abolished serfdom in Austria
Urbanization
Movement of people from rural areas to cities; increased during the 1800s & led to increased population in cities and thus more filth, crowded cities, & disease in cities