5x5 Terms

French Revolution to 1791

"When Paris sneezes, Europe catches a cold"; the 3-house French Parliament (Estates General) had 2/3 belonging to representing the top 5% (nobles & Cath clergy), and the last house (estate) was representing everyone else. This led the 3rd Estate holding Tennis Court Oaths in June 1789, where they wouldn't leave until a constitution was written & renamed themselves the National Assembly; this led to the French army being called, direct violence & riots back (such as Bastille) in July & August 1789, & the National Assembly declared an end to feudalism on August 4, & the subsequent text "Declaration of the Rights of Man" helped write their 1791 constitution, which created a constitutional monarchy that the National Assembly forced Louis XIV to approve (or be executed)

Witch Craze

1550-1650 period where people (especially women widows) were accused of witchcraft, reflecting strong rural christian beliefs that magic was heresy; led household power structure to increase men/decrease women power

Putting-Out System

1700s GB system of merchant-capitalists "putting out" raw materials to individual/family cottage workers (hence aka Cottage Industry) for processing & payment in which tasks were distributed to individuals who completed the work in their own homes

Enlightenment

1700s movement that advocated using the scientific method & reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions; advocated a turn to Deism for most Europeans over time (the belief that there is a God, not sure what God is though)

Romanticism

1800s movement, emotions & feelings (religion!), beauty & horror evoked through this; one example being Rousseau

British Reform Bills 1, 2, 3

1832 - gave voting rights to lower class & reorganized/redistributed boroughs 1867 - gave voting rights to working class males, passed by Gladstone & Disraeli 1884 - universal male suffrage almost achieved

Science & Realism

Attempted to describe & reproduce life as they saw it; people came to trust science as an understanding of nature & humanity; rulers started to be more realistic & embraced policies such as nationalism in Italy & Germany; Ex- Painter Courbet, Writer Dickens, Theorist Darwin

Metternich

Austrian foreign minister who controlled Congress of Vienna to promote peace, conservatism, & repressing liberal nationalism in Europe

Habsburg

Austrian, Spanish, & HRE royal family (obviously very influential) (See Charles V, Phillip II)

German Unification

Bismarck led Prussia into 3 wars which increased his power & paved way for German unity, a symbol of nationalism; Germany was many small independent states (incl. Austria) before its' unification, & Bismarck's Prussia took over Austria & unified it as the North German Confederation. The NGC then invaded & forced France to give over Alsace-Lorraine whilst it increased its' territories elsewhere (ex- small & independent German states)

Bourgeoisie/Proletariat

Bourgeoisie were middle class, self-made property owners & employers; Proletariat were lower class renters & employees. This was a class shift from nobles & peasants

Issac Newton

British mathematician who defined the laws of motion & gravity, experimented with optics, invented differential calculus and wrote "Principia"

Industrial Revolution 1 (to 1840s)

Change to factories & cities starting in GB; invention of the steam engine by Watt decades earlier that was used to power factories, the Spinning Jenny for the textile industry, & tunnels and canals via dynamite & then railways w/ steam-powered trains also vastly increased their production thereof; rapid urbanization lead to cramped housing & living conditions as people moved to cities to work; this caused debates & laws regarding child labor, public health & working conditions

Napoleon

Charismatic military genius (won big in Italy, Prussia, Spain & Austria) French general who became France's Emperor 1799-1815; he gave the country stability in turn for lesser free speech & expression, the Napoleonic Code the made the middle & lower classes happier, the 1802 Concordat that had Cath Church & the French government compromise, more education, progress, & religious toleration; Spain guerrillas rebelled as Napoleon failed in Russia, & his subsequent demise has him sent of to Elba. He ended up coming back to France, where he lost fully & finally in the famous Battle of Waterloo, where he was then sent of to the island of St. Helena to rot

Concert of Europe

Countries acting in "concert" to squash rebellions in Spain, Italy, & Poland, led by Metternich

English Civil War

Cromwell defeated English King Charles I's corrupted monarchy in this 7y war that ended in Charles I's execution & thus led to Cromwell's control & starting of the Commonwealth (basically his military dictatorship)

Children

During the 1800s they had a higher survival rate and thus, generally, European families had less kids than before (from ~6 with 2 surviving thru adulthood to ~3 with 2 surviving thru adulthood)

Catherine the Great

Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of Russia; encouraged science, art, & literature to became a powerful European nation

Charles I (England)

English King (James I's son) during English Civil War & was executed by Cromwell; absolute monarchy, tried to make Church more Cath, but country/Parliament revolted against him in the English Civil War

Congress of Vienna

Following Napoleon's exile, this meeting of European rulers in Austria established a system to maintain the balance of power, repress liberal revolutions, & thus created new European countries

Richelieu

French King Louis XII's advisor bc XII was too young to rule; was a strong mercantalist & was for weakening the power of nobles, Protestants, & Spanish Habsburgs

Montesquieu/Voltaire/Rousseau

Great 1700s enlightened thinkers; Montesquieu supported separation of power; there should be more than one government; all supported democracy & individual rights of the people

British/French Rivalry

Great European power rivalry that resulted in 7 Years' War fought in Europe & the colonies, with GB overtaking France as greatest European power

Charles V

Habsburg, Holy Roman Emperor & King of Spain, ruled during Protestant Reformation & thus forced to issue Peace of Augsburg which gave princes' right to determine their region's religion

Italian Unification

In 1848 Italy, Cavour worked to unify the Northern Italian states & helped Garibaldi unify the South, whom eventually handed over the South to the King of Sardinia, who ruled the now unified Italy

Henry IV

King of France who issued the Edict of Nantes that balanced the freedom of Huguenots (French Calvinists) w/ the 90% Catholic religious majority, the first minority protection law

Phillip II

King of Spain & a Habsburg, he wanted to spread Catholicism & Spain's power (also via defeating the Ottoman Empire), but failed- lost 1/2 of Netherlands due to spreading Catholicism & Spanish Armada lost to England & Ottomans were not defeated

Loyola/Jesuits

Loyola started the Jesuits to spread Catholicism in the Catholic Reformation; they stressed education, discipline, & obedience in their many seminaries in the New World & Africa

Frederick II (the Great)

Prussian King 1740-86 during War of Austrian Succession & 7 Years War; militaristic & worked to expand territory & prestige of Prussia like his father, but softened some of his father's laws including having more religious toleration

Bismarck

Prussian chancellor who engineered the unification of Germany (specifically Germanic speakers is his purpose) under him; product of the uprise of nationalism and racism in late 1800s

Elizabeth I

Queen of England in late 1500s; avoided religious wars but defined Anglicanism as Prot rituals & Cath rituals; played her possible marriage politically w/ vying male rulers like Phillip II & was pro-Anglican religious conformity in England

Italian Renaissance Art

Revived study of Greek & Roman classics, individualism; reflected in art; mostly merchants & bankers; Petrarch, Castiglione's *The Courtier*

1848 Revolutions

Revolutions in France, Germany, Austria, Russia, Poland, Italy that all had liberals & nationalists that wanted change, but all were suppressed; "When France sneezes, Europe catches a cold"

Louis XIV

Sun King of France & strongest European ruler in terms of absolutism/divine right of kings; "one king, one faith, one law"; strengthened French monarchy & Palace of Versailles. Finance minister Colbert increased mercantilist policies, removed Edict of Nantes, & his demise was caused by bad results from wars such as the Spanish Succession, draining France's resources & $ dramatically just to hold onto all their lands (net no positive territorial gain)

Population Growth

The increase in population over time was caused by the Agricultural Revolution that made newfound crops such as potatoes, & clover & nitrogen in soil increase food production, surplus, & lowered death rate thereof, thus making population increase

Men & Women (Roles)

Their roles increased in the stereotypical sense of the independent father-at-work & the dependent domestic housewife

Utopian Socialism

These early 1900s people such as Blanc & Fourier hoped to create humane alternatives to industrial capitalism by building self-sustaining communities whose inhabitants would work cooperatively

Peter the Great (Russia)

This Russia tsar tried to westernize Russia & his "Great" Reforms got rid of serfdom as effectively as US's emancipation of slavery & successive Jim Crow laws; he did this to "catch up" w/ w euro countries by expanding his army, introducing potatoes, & building new capital St. Petersburg to model the Palace of Versailles & exploited the new "peasants" thereof further

Atlantic Trade

Triangular trading route that crisscrossed the Atlantic carrying British/European manufactured goods to African and American colonies; revolved around slavery; cash crops- spices, sugar, coffee, tea, chocolate; & slave society goods

Russian Great Reforms

Under Alexander II, his loss in the Crimean War showed he needed to modernize Russia & he ended serfdom (but they belonged to the village council - Mir), gave Russia a legal system and introduced regional assemblies (Zemstov); but there was still no Russian constitution

Dutch Republic

United Provinces of the Netherlands shortened to this name; early 1600s was their Golden Age due to religious toleration drawing in a multicultural mix of merchants & bankers as Spain declined in power; organized representative government; 1st to use bulk sales & had big merchant fleet

Locke

Wrote "Two Treatises of Government"; human's nature is to live free & have natural rights of life, liberty, & property; government created to protect these rights & if it failed to do so it was duty of citizens to rebel

Marx/Engels

Wrote Communist manifesto, pro-socioeconomic equal; class conflict will lead to a bourgeoisie capitalist revolution

Printing Press

allowed for printed material to be mass produced & cheaper; it helped spread of Protestantism & Lutherism. priesthood of the individual, Bibles translated to native languages (& increased literacy rates) -> less priest guidance; spread science discoveries & political ideas more

Conservatism

back to the way it was- increased monarchy & birthright privilege; powers that be squashed via Metternich & the Concert of Europe

Imperialism

domination by one country of the social, economic, & cultural life of another country thru diplomacy or military force; increased over the 1800s as European countries battled for land dominance over each other & nationalistic expansion for more food, resources, & people

Napoleon III

elected president & later self-declared emperor, this male industrialized France & rebuilt Paris via urbanization & Haussmann; increased French railroads, had moderate free-trade policies, & legalized trade unions; wanted to undermine Concert of Europe

French Revolution 1791-94

featuring the Jacobin- Robespierre & his Radical Republic which abolished slavery in French colonies, switched the monarchy to a republic, gave universal male suffrage, & was so uptight he started a new Calendar w/ the first day as the day of the Revolution; however he made this Radical Republic safe via his Committee of Public "Safety" & the subsequent Reign of Terror, killing 40k (20k in Paris alone & all by public guillotine, including uber-radical Girondists & political enemies), a nationalistic-esque cutting edge standing army, & via price controls such as Bread of equality. He & other Jacobins were guillotined & overthrown in July 1794

Northern Humanism

focused on early Christian texts; believed the teaching of this could bring inner piety that would reform Church & society; More's *Utopia*; Erasmus's *Praise of Folly*

Spanish Decline

inflation due to New World bullion, wars & crusades, inept rulers (ex- Phillip II), & the Dutch Revolt & subsequent Golden Age were all major causes of this New Monarchy's decline in the upcoming century

Overseas Expansion

influenced by Renaissance & individualism from humanism, this was mostly for $ & spreading Christianity thru Asiatic spices & New World sugar & direct market access to both

30 Years War

last euro religious war fought in 4 phases- Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, & French; the war was Prot Union vs Cath League & it turned into French vs Spain & destruction of German lands by the end as well as the Peace of Westphalia, which recognized Calvinism

New Monarchy

money muscle & organization; France had taille for $ for a standing army; England had Star Chamber for org; Spain had inquisition for org & muscle (it got rid of any non-Caths)

Labour Unions

organization of workers that collectively bargains w/ corporations to protect workers' rights & interests; their power increased over the 1800s

Classic Liberalism

personal freedom, liberties, laissez-faire economic policy beliefs, mostly the bourgeoisie

Henry VIII

political & familial mess; "divorced, beheaded, died, divorced, beheaded, survived"; basis of Anglican Church w/ Cath rituals, Prot beliefs, & bishops answering to the government

Calvin

predestination; only faith gets you into Heaven; encouraged anti-government revolutions (Netherland Calvinists, Scotland Presbyterians); no fun/extravagance (see Geneva experiment)

Nationalism

pride in one's country, increased alongside increasing racism from 1800 to 1900

Protestant Reformation

response to Cath Church corruption; Luther started w/ his 95 Theses & led to Calvinism & England's Anglicanism; this was characterized by one's own reading of Bible & other texts (see printing press), less mindless rituals & more belief of salvation

Catholic/Counter Reformation

response to Protestant Reformation that replaced gangster pimp popes (thanks to Pope Paul II) w/ moral & law reform; Council of Trent, where Caths banned indulgences & supported salvation & justification by faith (including celibacy)

Dutch Revolt

revolt by North Netherlands against Spanish to create their independent state; led to Spanish decline

Serfdom in Eastern Europe

serfs were lower class people, slaves to the land who got no money for it, merely room & board, stuck there for generations; Russia tzars used them as political trading power in their negotiations for support w/ nobles

Industrial Revolution 2 (1840s-1914)

switch from the ancient nobles/peasants structure to middle class bourgeoisie (self-made property owners & employers) & lower class proletariat (renters & employees); increased patriarchal roles in the male breadwinner & female housewife, w/ kids now at schools instead of working in factories thanks to the creation of IndRev 1 child labor laws; spread more throughout Europe, as France & Prussia financed railroads & Germany copied France's 5 Great Farms (tariff-free zones) w/ their Zollverein

Enlightened Despotism

system of government supported by leading philosophes where an absolute ruler uses their power for good of the people to rationalize their rule instead of divine right/heredity. Enlightened monarchs supported religious tolerance, increased economic productivity, administrative reform, & scientific academies; Joseph II, Frederick the Great, & Catherine the Great were best-known

Anti-Semitism

the hatred of Jews increased over the 1800s coinciding w/ increasing nationalism & religious tolerance

Italian Renaissance Humanism

the study of humans & their nature; Italian literary movement that emphasized critical study of Greek & Latin to understand early human nature for white-collar work

Luther

theologist/priest who wrote 95 theses on the Cath Church & they tried to punish him w/ a letter that he burned so he joined the Augustinian Friars (think monks) & later had German peasants against him bc he wrote books and that led him to be more conservative & be on the side of German princes

Cromwell

this male defeated English King Charles I's corrupted monarchy in the 7 Years War that ended in Charles I's execution & thus led to his control & starting of the Commonwealth (basically his military dictatorship), w/ him as the Protectorate; this "government" crushed an Irish uprising & passed the Navigation Act

Baroque

this new art movement encouraged extravagant & bold ornamentation & was used by Cath Church & absolutist rulers such as Louis XIV; ex- Painter Bach

Scientific Revolution

this revolution challenged long-held beliefs in faith alone (for justification especially) & resulted in decrease in religion/mindless believing; ex- Copernicus & heliocentricity, Galileo & laws of motion, & Bacon and Descartes' Scientific Method

Absolutism

total power of a single ruler, this -ism was on the rise during the 1600s, coinciding w/ diving right of monarchies; ex- France's Louis XIV & Palace of Versailles to demonstrate his dramatic extravagance & power over nobles; Spain, Russia, & Prussia

French Religious Wars

war between upper-class intellectual Huguenots vs. average poor French Catholics that drained France of its wealth; fighting was from St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre until the Edict of Nantes (15 years later) & included the War of the 3 Henrys which ended up w/ Henry IV (of Navarre) becoming King & then made the Edict

Machiavelli

wrote *The Prince*, influenced by humanism - describes rule & manipulation in age of ruthless power politics (tortured by Medicis); to turn on one's helpers when one gain power

Agricultural Revolution

A time when new inventions such as seed drill & steel plow made farming easier & faster, & newfound crops such as potatoes, & clover & nitrogen in soil increased food production, surplus, & lowered death rate thereof

Glorious Revolution

England's bloodless overthrow of King James II of England to William & Mary due to a revolution caused by James II's want to return England to Catholicism; Whigs & Tories of Parliament low-key invited William & Mary to take throne back

Joseph II

Maria Theresa's son, Habsburgs ruler, & Cath Church controller; granted religious toleration & civic rights to Prots & Jews, abolished serfdom in Austria

Urbanization

Movement of people from rural areas to cities; increased during the 1800s & led to increased population in cities and thus more filth, crowded cities, & disease in cities