6.7 Effects of Migration

Scots-Irish

A group of restless people who fled their home in Scotland in the 1600s to escape poverty and religious oppression. Most came as indentured servants. They first relocated to Ireland and then to America in the 1700s. They left their mark on the backcountry of Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. These areas are home to many Presbyterian churches established by the Scots-Irish. In Canada and US, many of them farmed and were able to create decent lives for themselves and their children

Affect on home societies

Since most migrants were males, there was a shift in demographics and gender roles. Women gained some autonomy and authority as they took on responsibilities once filled by their husbands and took a meaningful place in society outside the bounds of family responsibilities. Women gained more equality even if they later followed their husbands to another country. However, women who had been put in the care of other male relatives remained in traditional gender roles.

Argentina

South America; Latin America. Encouraged European immigration but also guaranteed to foreigners the same civil rights enjoyed by the citizens. Italians were most of the immigrants. They had an enormous influence on all aspects of Argentine culture and language.

Guyana

South American Indian word that means "land of waters." So many Indians were sent to work on the sugar plantations here, so they comprise the largest ethnic group here today.

Natal

A colony that is today part of South Africa. Many Indians were sent here by the British as indentured servants on sugar plantations.

Chinese Exclusion Act

(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate. Congress banned further Chinese immigration. Initially limited to a 10 year period, the policy was extended periodically and made permanent in 1902. Finally repealed in 1943. Showed discrimination in the US. The Chinese began to move to Mexico because of this policy, and the Mexican President promoted immigtaion as well as development.

Mohandas Gandhi

A philosopher from India, this man was a spiritual and moral leader favoring India's independence from Great Britain. He practiced passive resistance, civil disobedience and boycotts to generate social and political change. The discrimination Indian immigrants faced were the base of his campaigns. He went to South Africa to practice law, but after suffering repeatedly from racial discrimination, he became an activist. Founded the Natal Indian Congress and became a leader in the Indian nationalist movement against the British rule.

White Australia Policy

A policy that intentionally restricted non-white immigration to Australia. After Australia united under a single centralized government in 1901, the new parliament took action to limit non-British immigration and the new attorney general stated that the government's policy was to preserve a "white Australia."

Slavery

A system of enforced servitude in which some people are owned by other people. The British Empire abolished this in 1833, but replaced it with a system that was a little better - indentured servitude. One of the first indentured servants sent to work in British colonies were Indians.

Nativists

Americans who feared that immigrants would take jobs and impose their Roman Catholic beliefs on society. Powerful in California and targeted Chinese immigrants. Revised a constitution that prohibited Chinese to get a job, prevented individuals from China from becoming citizens on the ground that they were "dangerous to the well-being of the State," and encouraged cities and towns either to remove Chinese residents or segrate them in certian areas.

Italians (in Argentina)

Argentina was underpopulation and had an enormous amount of fertile land which appealed to these people. Encouraged to migrate to Argentina. Most were farmers, artisans, and day laborers. Wages were much higher than in Italy and the cost of living was much lower. These factors allowed most immigrants to raise their standard of living greatly in a very short time.

Canal system

Built largely in the early 1800s, canals linked the Northeast farming areas with cities and had a powerful effect on westward migration; helped establish New York as an important trading location. Irish immigrants helped construct this.

Chinatowns

By 1900, half of America's Chinese population lived in urban areas. they were led by prominent merchants and kept the Chinese traditions alive with festival; Chinese enclaves. Developed in Australia as well. However, anti-Chinese sentiment grew.

Chinese Immigration Regulation and Restriction Act

Chinese miners in New South Wales were attacked frequently and in response, this act was passed. Although it got repealed, it was an attempt to restrict the number of Chinese immigrants from entering the colony.

Popular culture

Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics.

Porfirio Diaz

Dictator in Mexico from 1876 to 1911. Overthrown by the Mexican Revolution of 1910. Promoted [Chinese] immigration as well as development.

Kangani system

Entire families were recruited to work on tea, coffee, and rubber plantations in Ceylon, Burma, and Malaya. Replaced Indian indentured servitude. Their lives were less restricted than those of indentured laborers, and they had the advantage of having their families with them.

Irish (after the Great Famine)

Fled to North America. Faced hardships like anti-immigrant nativist and anti-Catholic sentiments in the US. Nonetheless, their migration continued. They spread their culture in the US. They also had a strong influence on the conditions of laborers through their efforts at promoting labor unions, and their great numbers ensured the spread of Catholicism in the US.

Migration

Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location. Undertaken freely to escape poverty or seek opportunity or coerced as part of an imperialist labor system. Led to demographic changes with long-lasting results. The people often formed ethnic enclaves and created cultural groups that maintained elements of their native culture and religion while absorbing the influences of their new locations. Often experienced racial and ethnic prejudice. Also spread of religions like Hinduism to the Caribbean, for example. Many locations where people emigrated from end up having a gender imbalance. This led to changes in women's independence.

Ethnic enclaves

Helped transplant their culture into new environment and facilitated the development of migrant support network; clusters or niehgborhoods of people from the same foreign country, formed in many major cities of the world. Spoke the same anguage of their home country, ate the foods they were familiar with from home, and pursued a way of life similar to that they had known in their home countries. At the same time, they influenced the culture of their new homes which absorbed some of the migrants' cultural traditions. Chinatown. Led to immigration restriction in the US. Chinese Exclusion Act.

Chinese (in the Americas)

Here, many went for the California gold rush. Many worked on the transcontinental railroad. Also went to Cuba and Peru to work on sugar plantations, often replacing enslaved workers. Others worked as servants in factories and in public works projects. In each area they lived, these people left a cultural stamp. However, they faced prejudice and discrimination.

Influx of Chinese Restriction Act

New South Wales attempt to restrict Chinese immigration by means of entrance tax.

Mauritius

Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Many Indians were sent here by the British as indentured servants on sugar plantations.

Chinese Immigration Act

Limited the number of Chinese who could come ashore. Many Chinese got around this law by landing instead in South Australia.

Indians (in Africa)

Many went to Mauritius and Natal as indentured servants to work on sugar plantations. Both Hindus and Muslims emigrated here. The Hindus brought with them their caste system, but soon abandoned it. The Hindu and Muslim _______ population was divided by class, language, and religion. But they both shared injustice of discrimination. Also looked for business opportunities throughout the British Empire, such as the British East Africa.

Trinidad and Tobago

Port of Spain. Indians here practiced Hinduism and contributed to Caribbean musical traditions.

White-collar

a description characterizing lower-level professional and management workers and some highly skilled laborers in technical jobs. Second-generation Irish were often this.

Gold rush

a period from 1848 to 1856 when thousands of people came to California in order to search for gold. Attracted Chinese immigrants.

Natal Indian Congress

an organisation that aimed to fight discrimination against Indians in South Africa; founded by Mohandas Ghandi. Worked to expose to the world the rampant discrimination against Indians in South Africa.

Trinidad and Tobago

caribbean country that has a successful economy. So many Indians were sent to work on the sugar plantations here, so they comprise the largest ethnic group here today.

Chinese (in SE Asia)

huge population - the chinese are relatively wealthy - disliked because they are upper class and control a lot of the wealth. Spread Chinese culture around the world as they searched of work and settled. Here, they thrived under colonial rule. In Indochina, the French encouraged them to engage in commerce, and many Chinese throughout the region became business owners and traders, often founding family businesses. By the 19th century, these people controlled trade throughout SE Asia.

Blue-collar

member of the working class who performs manual labor and earns an hourly wage. Second-generation Irish were often this.

Remittance

transfer of money by workers to people in the country from which they emigrated; funds from a migrant's foreign earnings back home. If it was large enough, women often reduced their hours working outside the home and spent more time with family responsibilities while also exercising considerable decision-making power over how the money was spent. Sometimes, this correlated to girls' longer school attendance.