A&P Chapter 7
What is the term for the connective tissue sheath around the external surface of a bone? Periosteum Perforating fibers Endosteum Perichondrium
Periosteum
True or false: Compact bone comprises most of the diaphysis of a long bone.
True (Spongy bone for epiphysis)
By weight, the skeleton is mostly ______ bone. spongy compact
compact
Which osseous tissue is found at the surface of all bones? Articular Hematopoietic Spongy Compact
compact
Which osseous tissue is found on the surface of bones and composed of tightly arranged parallel osteons? Spongy Interstitial Woven Compact
compact
The layers of bony matrix arranged around the central canal of an osteon are called ______ lamellae. perforating circumferential concentric interstitial
concentric
The layer of connective tissue lining internal surfaces of bones is called _____________
endosteum
The structure found between the epiphysis and diaphysis in a child and is a site of bone growth is the ________ plate.
epiphyseal
Bones are classified as one of four types based on their shape. The bones of the cranium are examples of ___________ bones.
flat
Bleeding at the site of a bone fracture results in the formation of a fracture ___________, a blood clot.
hematoma
An increase in the length of a long bone occurs by the process of ________________ growth.
interstitial
What shape is the humerus? Long Flat Irregular Short
long
In the human body, what percentage of calcium in the body is found in the bones? 99 10 50
99
Which best describes osseous tissue? A connective tissue composed primarily of cartilage matrix and collagen A connective tissue with a hardened matrix that makes up bone A connective tissue consisting of loosely arranged protein fibers
A connective tissue with a hardened matrix that makes up bone
What often causes the loss of bone mass seen in osteoporosis in older women? A loss of calcitriol A loss of parathyroid hormone A loss of androgen A loss of estrogen
A loss of estrogen
Which tend to attain their full height earlier in life? Adolescent girls Adolescent boys
Adolescent girls
What is the function of red bone marrow? Energy storage Osteoid production Long bone growth Blood cell production
Blood cell production
What are the spaces between trabeculae in spongy bone filled with? Blood Bone marrow Cartilage Air
Bone marrow
Which hormone inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblasts to lower blood calcium levels? Parathyroid hormone Calcitonin Calcitriol
Calcitonin
Which mineral is more closely regulated by the body? Phosphate Calcium
Calcium
During endochondral ossification, where does the primary ossification center form? Epiphysis Endosteum Diaphysis Periosteum
Diaphysis
What is a mass of blood in the tissues called? Hemorrhage Hematoma Soft callus Angioma
Hematoma
Which condition is characterized by excessive excitability of the nervous and muscular systems due to low blood calcium levels? Hypercalcemia Hypocalcemia Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism
Hypocalcemia
What does the hormone calcitonin do? Inhibits osteoclasts and inhibits osteoblasts Inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblasts Stimulates osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblasts Stimulates osteoclasts and inhibits osteoblasts
Inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblasts
Which type of bone growth occurs within cartilage and results in bone elongation? Epiphyseal Interstitial Appositional Perichondrial
Interstitial
Which allows the passage of blood vessels into a bone? Central canal Nutrient foramen Perforating canal
Nutrient foramen
During intramembranous ossification, bone matrix is deposited by which type of cells? Osteoclasts Chondrocytes Osteocytes Osteoblasts
Osteoblasts
Which bone cells produce the organic bone matrix? Osteoclasts Chondrocytes Osteoblasts Osteocytes
Osteoblasts
Where is red bone marrow found in the bones of a child? Almost all bones Only the flat bones of the axial skeleton Only the long bones
Almost all bones
Which layer of tissue lines the internal surfaces of a bone? Endosteum Periosteum Perichondrium
Endosteum
What is the expanded end of a long bone to which tendons and ligaments attach called? Epiphysis Diaphysis Metaphysis Epiphyseal plate
Epiphysis
Which hormone has a greater effect on bone growth? Estrogen Testosterone
Estrogen
Which hormones affect bone growth and development? Estrogen Testosterone Epinephrine Parathyroid hormone Calcitonin Aldosterone
Estrogen Testosterone Parathyroid hormone Calcitonin
In adults, which bone marrow is limited to the axial skeleton, pectoral and pelvic girdles, and proximal heads of the humerus and femur? Compact Spongy Yellow Red
Red
In which of the following does blood cell production occur? Red bone marrow Periosteum Yellow bone marrow Growth plate
Red bone marrow
Thin, often curved, bones are classified as what shape? Short Long Irregular Flat
flat
Bones such as the vertebrae are classified as _____________ bones.
irregular
The process of bone formation is called:
ossification
_____________ bone is always enclosed by more durable compact bone.
spongy
An epiphyseal line is slightly denser ______. cartilage compact bone spongy bone periosteum
spongy bone
A fracture in a healthy bone caused by abnormal trauma, like a fall, is classified as a __________fracture.
stress
The outer layer of periosteum is a(n) ______. bone layer fibrous layer osteogenic layer marrow layer
fibrous layer
Which of the following best describes a medullary cavity? An opening through which a blood vessel enters a bone A hollow area within the spongy bone of the epiphysis A hollow cavity within the diaphysis of a long bone
A hollow cavity within the diaphysis of a long bone
Which is a function of articular cartilage? Makes periosteum Allows easier joint movements Breaks down bone Provides blood supply for bone
Allows easier joint movements
Which is part of the inorganic matter that makes up the matrix of bone? Proteoglycans Collagen Calcium phosphate salt Glycoproteins
Calcium phosphate salt
In adults, what is the remnant of the epiphyseal plate called? Articular cartilage Epiphyseal line Periosteum Lamella
Epiphyseal line
Where does a long bone grow in length? Periosteum Articular cartilage Medullary cavity Epiphyseal plate
Epiphyseal plate
True or false: Osteogenic cells are stem cells in the endosteum, periosteum, and central canals that can become chondrocytes.
False (Osteogenic cells are stem cells in the endosteum, periosteum, and central canals that can become osteoblasts rather than chondrocytes)
How does calcitriol affect blood phosphate levels? It lowers them. It has no effect. It raises them.
It raises them.
Calcitriol acts on which organs to raise blood calcium levels? Brain Kidneys Bones Muscles Small intestines
Kidneys Bones Small intestines
What is the hollow space in which an osteocyte resides called? Canaliculus Lacuna Central canal Perforating canal
Lacuna
What is the hollow space in which an osteocyte resides called? Central canal Canaliculus Lacuna Perforating canal
Lacuna
Lacunae are located between concentric rings of compact bone tissue called what? Osteocytes Interstitial lamella Canaliculi Lamellae Osteons
Lamellae
What are the layers of bony matrix in compact bone tissue called? Diploe Lamellae Trabeculae Canaliculi
Lamellae
What are the layers of bony matrix in compact bone tissue called? Trabeculae Lamellae Canaliculi Diploe
Lamellae
PTH is a hormone released by parathyroid glands in response to which of the following? Low blood calcium levels Sympathetic innervation High blood iron levels High blood potassium levels
Low blood calcium levels
A low blood calcium level stimulates the release of which hormone? Thyroid releasing hormone Parathyroid hormone Antidiuretic hormone Calcitonin
Parathyroid hormone
Which of the following describes the lacunae of osseous tissue? Hollow canals in the center of osteons Spaces between lamellae that contain osteocytes Tiny canals radiating from the osteocytes
Spaces between lamellae that contain osteocytes
Which of the following describes the lacunae of osseous tissue? Tiny canals radiating from the osteocytes Hollow canals in the center of osteons Spaces between lamellae that contain osteocytes
Spaces between lamellae that contain osteocytes
In a growth plate, which of the following describes the zone of bone deposition? Chondrocytes in this zone are no longer dividing, but are enlarging; there is a thinning of cartilage of the lacunae. It consists of resting cartilage that has yet to transform to bone. Walls between lacunae break down and chondrocytes die. Osteoblasts begin secreting bone matrix. Chondrocytes in this zone are multiplying and aligning into longitudinal columns in flattened lacunae. Minerals are deposited in the matrix between the columns of lacunae
Walls between lacunae break down and chondrocytes die. Osteoblasts begin secreting bone matrix.
Which zone of the epiphyseal plate is located the closest to the marrow cavity? Zone of calcification Zone of bone deposition Zone of reserve cartilage Zone of cell hypertrophy Zone of cell proliferation
Zone of bone deposition
In which zone of the epiphyseal plate are chondrocytes multiplying and aligning into longitudinal columns of flattened lacunae? Zone of reserve cartilage Zone of cell hypertrophy Zone of bone deposition Zone of calcification Zone of cell proliferation
Zone of cell proliferation
Which zone of the epiphyseal plate is located the farthest from the marrow space? Zone of cell proliferation Zone of calcification Zone of bone deposition Zone of reserve cartilage Zone of cell hypertrophy
Zone of reserve cartilage
Osseous tissue is a connective tissue with a hardened matrix that makes up organs called ________
bone
Vitamin D, also known as ______, raises the blood calcium level. calcium cholesterol calcitriol cholecalciferol
calcitriol
The calcium-phosphate salt that mineralizes bone tissue is called ______. an osteocyte collagen hydroxyapatite calcitonin
hydroxyapatite
If a patient has abnormally high blood calcium levels, they are said to have a condition called ______. hyperkalemia hypocalcemia hypercalcemia hypokalemia
hypercalcemia
Most long bones are found ______. in the vertebral column the pelvis in the skull in the limbs
in the limbs
What bone shape are vertebrae classified as? Irregular Flat Short Long
irregular
The branch of medicine dealing with bone disorders is:
orthopedics
The medullary cavity is also called the ______. periosteal bud marrow cavity shaft epiphysis
marrow cavity
Osteoblasts secrete the hormone ______. calcitonin osteocalcin insulin erythropoietin
osteocalcin
Mature bone cells found within lacunae of compact bone are called:
osteocyte
Stem cells in developing bone that give rise to osteoblasts are called _____________ cells.
osteogenic
What is the study of bone called? Osteology Osteoporosis Osteopenia Osteopathy
osteology
The basic structural unit of compact bone is the ______. osteon perforating canal lamella osteocyte
osteon
In the human body, where is 99% of the calcium found? The bones The liver The blood The skull
the bones
What are the thin plates forming spongy bone called? trabeculae osteons lamellae canaliculi
trabeculae
The most deadly form of bone cancer is:
Osteosarcoma
What is the most common and deadly form of bone cancer? Rickets Osteomyelitis Osteosarcoma Osteomalacia
Osteosarcoma
If you were having joint problems, which medical specialist would be most likely to help you? Orthopedist Oncologist Otologist Ophthalmologist
Orthopedist
A degenerative bone disease characterized by a loss of bone mass and an increased risk of fracture is called:
osteoporosis
A fracture caused by a tumor would be classified as a _________ fracture.
pathological
Which describes a nutrient foramen? A small fissure-like structure that connects neighboring lacunae An opening into the surface of a bone which allows the passage of blood vessels into bone tissue An opening in a bone that conveys nerves into the bony tissue A small space within cartilage where chondrocytes are found
An opening into the surface of a bone which allows the passage of blood vessels into bone tissue
Which describes a nutrient foramen? An opening into the surface of a bone which allows the passage of blood vessels into bone tissue A small space within cartilage where chondrocytes are found A small fissure-like structure that connects neighboring lacunae An opening in a bone that conveys nerves into the bony tissue
An opening into the surface of a bone which allows the passage of blood vessels into bone tissue
Within compact bone, a central canal is found at the center of which structure? An osteon An epiphysis A bone A Volkmann canal
An osteon
Which type of bone growth involves the deposition of new tissue at the surface? Appositional Interstitial Endochondral Intramembranous
Appositional
Which type of bone growth involves the deposition of new tissue at the surface? Interstitial Endochondral Intramembranous Appositional
Appositional
Which type of bone growth occurs within mature bone and results in the bone becoming thicker? Endochondral growth Interstitial growth Appositional growth
Appositional growth
Which of the following describes the zone of cell hypertrophy in an epiphyseal plate? Minerals are deposited in the matrix between the columns of lacunae. There is a conversion of calcified cartilage into bone matrix. Chondrocytes in this zone are multiplying and aligning into longitudinal columns in flattened lacunae. Chondrocytes in this zone are no longer dividing, but are enlarging; there is a thinning of lacunae walls. It consists of resting cartilage that has yet to transform to bone.
Chondrocytes in this zone are no longer dividing, but are enlarging; there is a thinning of lacunae walls.
What are the two principle forms of ossification that occur in the development of the skeletal system? Endochondral and osteogenic Membranous and intramembranous Membranous and cartilaginous Endochondral and intramembranous
Endochondral and intramembranous
________________ cartilage is the tissue which is replaced with bone during endochondral ossification.
Hyaline
Articular surfaces of long bones are covered with which tissue? Elastic cartilage Areolar tissue Hyaline cartilage Fibrocartilage
Hyaline cartilage
Where does bone formation occur during endochondral ossification? Fibrous membranous sheet Hyaline cartilage model Adipose tissue
Hyaline cartilage model
Mineral deposition into bones begin when? In fetal ossification In the first month of life During puberty In the first year of life
In fetal ossification
Which of the following describes the zone of calcification in an epiphyseal plate? Chondrocytes in this zone are multiplying and aligning into longitudinal columns in flattened lacunae. Chondrocytes in this zone are no longer dividing, but are enlarging; there is a thinning of cartilage of the lacunae. Minerals are deposited between the columns of lacunae. It is located closest to the epiphysis and contains randomly arranged chondrocytes that divide very slowly.
Minerals are deposited between the columns of lacunae.
As a flat bone is produced by intramembranous ossification, which cells are responsible for the resorption of bone tissue that carves out the spongy bone's trabeculae? Osteoblasts Chondrocytes Chondroblasts Osteoclasts
Osteoclasts
The study of bone is called ________
Osteology
Which two ions are deposited by osteoblasts into the bone matrix? Chlorine Phosphate Iron Potassium Calcium
Phosphate Calcium
Which describes a diaphysis? The enlarged end of a long bone The shaft of a long bone A narrow bony extension of an irregular bone
The shaft of a long bone
The shaft of a long bone is called the __________
diaphysis
Where is the primary ossification center during endochondral ossification in a long bone? Mesenchyme Diaphysis Epiphysis Periosteum Perichondrium
diaphysis
One function of the skeleton is to store calcium and phosphate to help maintain ___________ balance.
electrolyte
The connective tissue surrounding the external surface of a bone is called the ________________
periosteum
What is the major producer of blood cells? Carbonate salts Calcium cells Compact bone Red bone marrow
red bone marrow
Bones such as the carpals that have the same length and width are classified as ___________ bones
short
What bone shape are the carpal bones of the wrist? Long Short Irregular Flat
short
Bone marrow fills the spaces between trabeculae in ______ bone tissue. Multiple choice question. spongy compact
spongy
The interior of flat bones is composed of ______ bone. long flat spongy compact
spongy
Trabeculae and spicules are found in ______ bone.
spongy
