A&P Chapter 7

What is the term for the connective tissue sheath around the external surface of a bone? Periosteum Perforating fibers Endosteum Perichondrium

Periosteum

True or false: Compact bone comprises most of the diaphysis of a long bone.

True (Spongy bone for epiphysis)

By weight, the skeleton is mostly ______ bone. spongy compact

compact

Which osseous tissue is found at the surface of all bones? Articular Hematopoietic Spongy Compact

compact

Which osseous tissue is found on the surface of bones and composed of tightly arranged parallel osteons? Spongy Interstitial Woven Compact

compact

The layers of bony matrix arranged around the central canal of an osteon are called ______ lamellae. perforating circumferential concentric interstitial

concentric

The layer of connective tissue lining internal surfaces of bones is called _____________

endosteum

The structure found between the epiphysis and diaphysis in a child and is a site of bone growth is the ________ plate.

epiphyseal

Bones are classified as one of four types based on their shape. The bones of the cranium are examples of ___________ bones.

flat

Bleeding at the site of a bone fracture results in the formation of a fracture ___________, a blood clot.

hematoma

An increase in the length of a long bone occurs by the process of ________________ growth.

interstitial

What shape is the humerus? Long Flat Irregular Short

long

In the human body, what percentage of calcium in the body is found in the bones? 99 10 50

99

Which best describes osseous tissue? A connective tissue composed primarily of cartilage matrix and collagen A connective tissue with a hardened matrix that makes up bone A connective tissue consisting of loosely arranged protein fibers

A connective tissue with a hardened matrix that makes up bone

What often causes the loss of bone mass seen in osteoporosis in older women? A loss of calcitriol A loss of parathyroid hormone A loss of androgen A loss of estrogen

A loss of estrogen

Which tend to attain their full height earlier in life? Adolescent girls Adolescent boys

Adolescent girls

What is the function of red bone marrow? Energy storage Osteoid production Long bone growth Blood cell production

Blood cell production

What are the spaces between trabeculae in spongy bone filled with? Blood Bone marrow Cartilage Air

Bone marrow

Which hormone inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblasts to lower blood calcium levels? Parathyroid hormone Calcitonin Calcitriol

Calcitonin

Which mineral is more closely regulated by the body? Phosphate Calcium

Calcium

During endochondral ossification, where does the primary ossification center form? Epiphysis Endosteum Diaphysis Periosteum

Diaphysis

What is a mass of blood in the tissues called? Hemorrhage Hematoma Soft callus Angioma

Hematoma

Which condition is characterized by excessive excitability of the nervous and muscular systems due to low blood calcium levels? Hypercalcemia Hypocalcemia Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism

Hypocalcemia

What does the hormone calcitonin do? Inhibits osteoclasts and inhibits osteoblasts Inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblasts Stimulates osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblasts Stimulates osteoclasts and inhibits osteoblasts

Inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblasts

Which type of bone growth occurs within cartilage and results in bone elongation? Epiphyseal Interstitial Appositional Perichondrial

Interstitial

Which allows the passage of blood vessels into a bone? Central canal Nutrient foramen Perforating canal

Nutrient foramen

During intramembranous ossification, bone matrix is deposited by which type of cells? Osteoclasts Chondrocytes Osteocytes Osteoblasts

Osteoblasts

Which bone cells produce the organic bone matrix? Osteoclasts Chondrocytes Osteoblasts Osteocytes

Osteoblasts

Where is red bone marrow found in the bones of a child? Almost all bones Only the flat bones of the axial skeleton Only the long bones

Almost all bones

Which layer of tissue lines the internal surfaces of a bone? Endosteum Periosteum Perichondrium

Endosteum

What is the expanded end of a long bone to which tendons and ligaments attach called? Epiphysis Diaphysis Metaphysis Epiphyseal plate

Epiphysis

Which hormone has a greater effect on bone growth? Estrogen Testosterone

Estrogen

Which hormones affect bone growth and development? Estrogen Testosterone Epinephrine Parathyroid hormone Calcitonin Aldosterone

Estrogen Testosterone Parathyroid hormone Calcitonin

In adults, which bone marrow is limited to the axial skeleton, pectoral and pelvic girdles, and proximal heads of the humerus and femur? Compact Spongy Yellow Red

Red

In which of the following does blood cell production occur? Red bone marrow Periosteum Yellow bone marrow Growth plate

Red bone marrow

Thin, often curved, bones are classified as what shape? Short Long Irregular Flat

flat

Bones such as the vertebrae are classified as _____________ bones.

irregular

The process of bone formation is called:

ossification

_____________ bone is always enclosed by more durable compact bone.

spongy

An epiphyseal line is slightly denser ______. cartilage compact bone spongy bone periosteum

spongy bone

A fracture in a healthy bone caused by abnormal trauma, like a fall, is classified as a __________fracture.

stress

The outer layer of periosteum is a(n) ______. bone layer fibrous layer osteogenic layer marrow layer

fibrous layer

Which of the following best describes a medullary cavity? An opening through which a blood vessel enters a bone A hollow area within the spongy bone of the epiphysis A hollow cavity within the diaphysis of a long bone

A hollow cavity within the diaphysis of a long bone

Which is a function of articular cartilage? Makes periosteum Allows easier joint movements Breaks down bone Provides blood supply for bone

Allows easier joint movements

Which is part of the inorganic matter that makes up the matrix of bone? Proteoglycans Collagen Calcium phosphate salt Glycoproteins

Calcium phosphate salt

In adults, what is the remnant of the epiphyseal plate called? Articular cartilage Epiphyseal line Periosteum Lamella

Epiphyseal line

Where does a long bone grow in length? Periosteum Articular cartilage Medullary cavity Epiphyseal plate

Epiphyseal plate

True or false: Osteogenic cells are stem cells in the endosteum, periosteum, and central canals that can become chondrocytes.

False (Osteogenic cells are stem cells in the endosteum, periosteum, and central canals that can become osteoblasts rather than chondrocytes)

How does calcitriol affect blood phosphate levels? It lowers them. It has no effect. It raises them.

It raises them.

Calcitriol acts on which organs to raise blood calcium levels? Brain Kidneys Bones Muscles Small intestines

Kidneys Bones Small intestines

What is the hollow space in which an osteocyte resides called? Canaliculus Lacuna Central canal Perforating canal

Lacuna

What is the hollow space in which an osteocyte resides called? Central canal Canaliculus Lacuna Perforating canal

Lacuna

Lacunae are located between concentric rings of compact bone tissue called what? Osteocytes Interstitial lamella Canaliculi Lamellae Osteons

Lamellae

What are the layers of bony matrix in compact bone tissue called? Diploe Lamellae Trabeculae Canaliculi

Lamellae

What are the layers of bony matrix in compact bone tissue called? Trabeculae Lamellae Canaliculi Diploe

Lamellae

PTH is a hormone released by parathyroid glands in response to which of the following? Low blood calcium levels Sympathetic innervation High blood iron levels High blood potassium levels

Low blood calcium levels

A low blood calcium level stimulates the release of which hormone? Thyroid releasing hormone Parathyroid hormone Antidiuretic hormone Calcitonin

Parathyroid hormone

Which of the following describes the lacunae of osseous tissue? Hollow canals in the center of osteons Spaces between lamellae that contain osteocytes Tiny canals radiating from the osteocytes

Spaces between lamellae that contain osteocytes

Which of the following describes the lacunae of osseous tissue? Tiny canals radiating from the osteocytes Hollow canals in the center of osteons Spaces between lamellae that contain osteocytes

Spaces between lamellae that contain osteocytes

In a growth plate, which of the following describes the zone of bone deposition? Chondrocytes in this zone are no longer dividing, but are enlarging; there is a thinning of cartilage of the lacunae. It consists of resting cartilage that has yet to transform to bone. Walls between lacunae break down and chondrocytes die. Osteoblasts begin secreting bone matrix. Chondrocytes in this zone are multiplying and aligning into longitudinal columns in flattened lacunae. Minerals are deposited in the matrix between the columns of lacunae

Walls between lacunae break down and chondrocytes die. Osteoblasts begin secreting bone matrix.

Which zone of the epiphyseal plate is located the closest to the marrow cavity? Zone of calcification Zone of bone deposition Zone of reserve cartilage Zone of cell hypertrophy Zone of cell proliferation

Zone of bone deposition

In which zone of the epiphyseal plate are chondrocytes multiplying and aligning into longitudinal columns of flattened lacunae? Zone of reserve cartilage Zone of cell hypertrophy Zone of bone deposition Zone of calcification Zone of cell proliferation

Zone of cell proliferation

Which zone of the epiphyseal plate is located the farthest from the marrow space? Zone of cell proliferation Zone of calcification Zone of bone deposition Zone of reserve cartilage Zone of cell hypertrophy

Zone of reserve cartilage

Osseous tissue is a connective tissue with a hardened matrix that makes up organs called ________

bone

Vitamin D, also known as ______, raises the blood calcium level. calcium cholesterol calcitriol cholecalciferol

calcitriol

The calcium-phosphate salt that mineralizes bone tissue is called ______. an osteocyte collagen hydroxyapatite calcitonin

hydroxyapatite

If a patient has abnormally high blood calcium levels, they are said to have a condition called ______. hyperkalemia hypocalcemia hypercalcemia hypokalemia

hypercalcemia

Most long bones are found ______. in the vertebral column the pelvis in the skull in the limbs

in the limbs

What bone shape are vertebrae classified as? Irregular Flat Short Long

irregular

The branch of medicine dealing with bone disorders is:

orthopedics

The medullary cavity is also called the ______. periosteal bud marrow cavity shaft epiphysis

marrow cavity

Osteoblasts secrete the hormone ______. calcitonin osteocalcin insulin erythropoietin

osteocalcin

Mature bone cells found within lacunae of compact bone are called:

osteocyte

Stem cells in developing bone that give rise to osteoblasts are called _____________ cells.

osteogenic

What is the study of bone called? Osteology Osteoporosis Osteopenia Osteopathy

osteology

The basic structural unit of compact bone is the ______. osteon perforating canal lamella osteocyte

osteon

In the human body, where is 99% of the calcium found? The bones The liver The blood The skull

the bones

What are the thin plates forming spongy bone called? trabeculae osteons lamellae canaliculi

trabeculae

The most deadly form of bone cancer is:

Osteosarcoma

What is the most common and deadly form of bone cancer? Rickets Osteomyelitis Osteosarcoma Osteomalacia

Osteosarcoma

If you were having joint problems, which medical specialist would be most likely to help you? Orthopedist Oncologist Otologist Ophthalmologist

Orthopedist

A degenerative bone disease characterized by a loss of bone mass and an increased risk of fracture is called:

osteoporosis

A fracture caused by a tumor would be classified as a _________ fracture.

pathological

Which describes a nutrient foramen? A small fissure-like structure that connects neighboring lacunae An opening into the surface of a bone which allows the passage of blood vessels into bone tissue An opening in a bone that conveys nerves into the bony tissue A small space within cartilage where chondrocytes are found

An opening into the surface of a bone which allows the passage of blood vessels into bone tissue

Which describes a nutrient foramen? An opening into the surface of a bone which allows the passage of blood vessels into bone tissue A small space within cartilage where chondrocytes are found A small fissure-like structure that connects neighboring lacunae An opening in a bone that conveys nerves into the bony tissue

An opening into the surface of a bone which allows the passage of blood vessels into bone tissue

Within compact bone, a central canal is found at the center of which structure? An osteon An epiphysis A bone A Volkmann canal

An osteon

Which type of bone growth involves the deposition of new tissue at the surface? Appositional Interstitial Endochondral Intramembranous

Appositional

Which type of bone growth involves the deposition of new tissue at the surface? Interstitial Endochondral Intramembranous Appositional

Appositional

Which type of bone growth occurs within mature bone and results in the bone becoming thicker? Endochondral growth Interstitial growth Appositional growth

Appositional growth

Which of the following describes the zone of cell hypertrophy in an epiphyseal plate? Minerals are deposited in the matrix between the columns of lacunae. There is a conversion of calcified cartilage into bone matrix. Chondrocytes in this zone are multiplying and aligning into longitudinal columns in flattened lacunae. Chondrocytes in this zone are no longer dividing, but are enlarging; there is a thinning of lacunae walls. It consists of resting cartilage that has yet to transform to bone.

Chondrocytes in this zone are no longer dividing, but are enlarging; there is a thinning of lacunae walls.

What are the two principle forms of ossification that occur in the development of the skeletal system? Endochondral and osteogenic Membranous and intramembranous Membranous and cartilaginous Endochondral and intramembranous

Endochondral and intramembranous

________________ cartilage is the tissue which is replaced with bone during endochondral ossification.

Hyaline

Articular surfaces of long bones are covered with which tissue? Elastic cartilage Areolar tissue Hyaline cartilage Fibrocartilage

Hyaline cartilage

Where does bone formation occur during endochondral ossification? Fibrous membranous sheet Hyaline cartilage model Adipose tissue

Hyaline cartilage model

Mineral deposition into bones begin when? In fetal ossification In the first month of life During puberty In the first year of life

In fetal ossification

Which of the following describes the zone of calcification in an epiphyseal plate? Chondrocytes in this zone are multiplying and aligning into longitudinal columns in flattened lacunae. Chondrocytes in this zone are no longer dividing, but are enlarging; there is a thinning of cartilage of the lacunae. Minerals are deposited between the columns of lacunae. It is located closest to the epiphysis and contains randomly arranged chondrocytes that divide very slowly.

Minerals are deposited between the columns of lacunae.

As a flat bone is produced by intramembranous ossification, which cells are responsible for the resorption of bone tissue that carves out the spongy bone's trabeculae? Osteoblasts Chondrocytes Chondroblasts Osteoclasts

Osteoclasts

The study of bone is called ________

Osteology

Which two ions are deposited by osteoblasts into the bone matrix? Chlorine Phosphate Iron Potassium Calcium

Phosphate Calcium

Which describes a diaphysis? The enlarged end of a long bone The shaft of a long bone A narrow bony extension of an irregular bone

The shaft of a long bone

The shaft of a long bone is called the __________

diaphysis

Where is the primary ossification center during endochondral ossification in a long bone? Mesenchyme Diaphysis Epiphysis Periosteum Perichondrium

diaphysis

One function of the skeleton is to store calcium and phosphate to help maintain ___________ balance.

electrolyte

The connective tissue surrounding the external surface of a bone is called the ________________

periosteum

What is the major producer of blood cells? Carbonate salts Calcium cells Compact bone Red bone marrow

red bone marrow

Bones such as the carpals that have the same length and width are classified as ___________ bones

short

What bone shape are the carpal bones of the wrist? Long Short Irregular Flat

short

Bone marrow fills the spaces between trabeculae in ______ bone tissue. Multiple choice question. spongy compact

spongy

The interior of flat bones is composed of ______ bone. long flat spongy compact

spongy

Trabeculae and spicules are found in ______ bone.

spongy