7 Dusts

What is the rate of new nanotechnology products hitting the market?

1-4 a week

What is nuisance dust a misleading term?

Over exposure to any particulate can overwhelm body defenses

What are monodispersed molecules?

Particles of the same size

What are Polydispersed particles?

Particles of varying sizes

Ultrafine particles can do what concerning things?

Penetrate skin or migrate from lungs to other organs

Silicosis is what?

Pneumoconiosis caused by exposure to crystalline silica

What are more common? Polydispersed or Monodispersed?

Poly

Atmosphere supplied respirators should be used for what?

Higher exposure areas

Physical characteristics of dist particles affect what?

How they settle out from the air How they are depositing in the lung How they adhere to other particles and surfaces

What increases attractive forces?

Humidity creates moisture which increases mass and surface area of particles

How do do larger particles settle?

Readily via gravity

Silicosis and Black Lung may occur together. However what have studies also shown about the two?

Silica exposure can by a causal factor for black lung

What is black lung similar to?

Silicosis

What are some physical characteristics that would affect particulate hazard?

Size Shape Surface Area

What are some particulates that may cause asthma?

Solder Fumes Isocyanates Grain and cereal dusts Wood Dust Western Red Ceder and Hardwoods Detergent Enzymes

What is dust?

Solid particles caused by mechanical action.

For particles from about 1 to 50 microns in diameter the settling velocity is a function of what?

Specific Gravity (P) and Diameter (d) un micrometers

What are mists

Suspended liquid droplets generated by condensation or atomization

What is the effect between asbestos exposure and smoking?

Synergistic Effect

What is another name for Electrostatic attraction?

Van der Waals Forces

Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis is also called?

Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis

What is occupational asthma?

Immunological response where senitized individuals suffer from constricted airways upon exposure to certain dusts

What does scarring stem from in cases of Pneumonconiosis?

Inflammatory Response

Acute exposures of beryllium can cause what?

Irritation Chest Pain Difficulty Breathing

Bernardino Ramazzini wrote what about Silicosis?

When they hew and cut marble underground or chisel it to make statues and ther objects they often breathe in the rough, sharp, jagged splinters than glance off

When are Metal Fume fever symptoms usually worse?

When workers return after a period away from the job

When do Byssinosis symptoms usually occur?

When workers return on Monday after weekend away from exposure

What action is Polymer Fume fever usually caused by?

Workers cut Teflon-lined drums with cutting torch

Can Polymer Fume Fever be caused by head Teflon fumes?

Yes

Is Pneumoconiosis a chronic disease?

Yes, usually occurs from years of exposure

Metal Fume fever is most commonly caused by exposure to what?

Zine Oxide Fumes

How long do symptoms of black lung take to appear?

10 years

How many die from silicosis?

250

When do symptoms usually start appearing when they have extrinsic allergic alveolitis?

4 - 8 hours after exposure

What size are thoracic particles?

5 - 10 micrometers

Macrophages die after ingesting fibers longer than what in asbestosis?

5 Micrometers

What size are resprable particles?

< 5 micrometers

What size are inhalable particles?

> 10 micrometer

Silica has been recently linked to being what?

A carcinogen for lung cancer

What is asbestosis?

A pneumoconiosis caused by exposure to asbestos fibers

What is a fiber?

A solid particle having at least a 3:1 aspect ratio

Particles Not Otherwise Specified

ACGIH TLV

What are fumes?

Airborne solid particles formed by vapor condensation

Where are thoracic particles deposited in?

Airways of the lung

What is Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis?

Allergic type response that affects the lung parenchyma (gas exchange) instead of the airways (bronchioles)

What are smokes?

An aerosol of fine particles originating from combustion

What is Mesothelioma usually caused by?

Asbestos Exposure

How are small particles usually removed from the air?

Attractive forces

What is caused by chronic exposure to beryllium?

Berylliosis

Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis is also known as what?

Black lung disease

Particulate hazard is affected by what?

Both physical characteristics and dose

Where are respirable particles deposited in?

Bronchioles and alveoli

Byssinosis is what?

Brown Lung

What is Mesothelioma?

Cancer of the lining of the lung

Polymer Fume Fever

Caused by Teflon fumes

Affected individuals suffer from what in Byssinosis?

Chest tightness Cough Shortness of Breath

What are some examples of particulate matter?

Dust, fog, mist, smoke or spray

What is Pneumoconiosis?

Dusty Lung Disease Accumulation of dust in lungs causing tissue reaction

What is a nanoparticle?

Engineering structures that have a length scale of 1-100nm

What is Byssinosis caused by?

Exposure to dust from cotton, flax and hemp

What are some examples of Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis?

Farmer's Lung Musroom Worker's Lung Bird Fancier's Lung Coffee Worker's Lung

Sensitized individuals suffering from Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis suffer from what?

Fevers, chills shortness of breath and cough

Once sensitized what must employees do?

Find another line of work

Particulate Matter

Fine solid or liquid particles

What does smoke usually contain

Liquid and dry particles

What is an aerosol?

Liquid droplets or solid particles dispersed in air

Particle size is usually distributed how?

Logarithmic

What is Bernardino Ramazzini's suggestion for those that are afflicted with Byssinosis?

Look out for another trade

How does loss of lung function happen in cases of silicosis?

Macrophages die and begin to wall off particles

What is a risk with slag products?

May contain other hazardous metals

Filters may be used in what dust environments?

Moderate

What does logarithmic dispersion mean for dusts?

More small particles, fewer large particles

How are particles removed from the airways and upper respiratory tract?

Mucoociliary tract

Do small particles have a high settling velocity?

No, they have a very low settling velocity

Are health risks of nanoparticles understood? Why is this?

No. Rapid growth of technology makes this difficult.

Mesothelioma has high rates in Turkey. How is this rate odd?

Non-asbestos fibers are found there

Particulates not otherwise regulated

OSHA PEL

What is a nuisance dust?

Old term for dust particle having no spefici toxicity or OEL.

Where are inhalable particles trapped?

Upper respiratory tract