7 Dusts
What is the rate of new nanotechnology products hitting the market?
1-4 a week
What is nuisance dust a misleading term?
Over exposure to any particulate can overwhelm body defenses
What are monodispersed molecules?
Particles of the same size
What are Polydispersed particles?
Particles of varying sizes
Ultrafine particles can do what concerning things?
Penetrate skin or migrate from lungs to other organs
Silicosis is what?
Pneumoconiosis caused by exposure to crystalline silica
What are more common? Polydispersed or Monodispersed?
Poly
Atmosphere supplied respirators should be used for what?
Higher exposure areas
Physical characteristics of dist particles affect what?
How they settle out from the air How they are depositing in the lung How they adhere to other particles and surfaces
What increases attractive forces?
Humidity creates moisture which increases mass and surface area of particles
How do do larger particles settle?
Readily via gravity
Silicosis and Black Lung may occur together. However what have studies also shown about the two?
Silica exposure can by a causal factor for black lung
What is black lung similar to?
Silicosis
What are some physical characteristics that would affect particulate hazard?
Size Shape Surface Area
What are some particulates that may cause asthma?
Solder Fumes Isocyanates Grain and cereal dusts Wood Dust Western Red Ceder and Hardwoods Detergent Enzymes
What is dust?
Solid particles caused by mechanical action.
For particles from about 1 to 50 microns in diameter the settling velocity is a function of what?
Specific Gravity (P) and Diameter (d) un micrometers
What are mists
Suspended liquid droplets generated by condensation or atomization
What is the effect between asbestos exposure and smoking?
Synergistic Effect
What is another name for Electrostatic attraction?
Van der Waals Forces
Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis is also called?
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
What is occupational asthma?
Immunological response where senitized individuals suffer from constricted airways upon exposure to certain dusts
What does scarring stem from in cases of Pneumonconiosis?
Inflammatory Response
Acute exposures of beryllium can cause what?
Irritation Chest Pain Difficulty Breathing
Bernardino Ramazzini wrote what about Silicosis?
When they hew and cut marble underground or chisel it to make statues and ther objects they often breathe in the rough, sharp, jagged splinters than glance off
When are Metal Fume fever symptoms usually worse?
When workers return after a period away from the job
When do Byssinosis symptoms usually occur?
When workers return on Monday after weekend away from exposure
What action is Polymer Fume fever usually caused by?
Workers cut Teflon-lined drums with cutting torch
Can Polymer Fume Fever be caused by head Teflon fumes?
Yes
Is Pneumoconiosis a chronic disease?
Yes, usually occurs from years of exposure
Metal Fume fever is most commonly caused by exposure to what?
Zine Oxide Fumes
How long do symptoms of black lung take to appear?
10 years
How many die from silicosis?
250
When do symptoms usually start appearing when they have extrinsic allergic alveolitis?
4 - 8 hours after exposure
What size are thoracic particles?
5 - 10 micrometers
Macrophages die after ingesting fibers longer than what in asbestosis?
5 Micrometers
What size are resprable particles?
< 5 micrometers
What size are inhalable particles?
> 10 micrometer
Silica has been recently linked to being what?
A carcinogen for lung cancer
What is asbestosis?
A pneumoconiosis caused by exposure to asbestos fibers
What is a fiber?
A solid particle having at least a 3:1 aspect ratio
Particles Not Otherwise Specified
ACGIH TLV
What are fumes?
Airborne solid particles formed by vapor condensation
Where are thoracic particles deposited in?
Airways of the lung
What is Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis?
Allergic type response that affects the lung parenchyma (gas exchange) instead of the airways (bronchioles)
What are smokes?
An aerosol of fine particles originating from combustion
What is Mesothelioma usually caused by?
Asbestos Exposure
How are small particles usually removed from the air?
Attractive forces
What is caused by chronic exposure to beryllium?
Berylliosis
Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis is also known as what?
Black lung disease
Particulate hazard is affected by what?
Both physical characteristics and dose
Where are respirable particles deposited in?
Bronchioles and alveoli
Byssinosis is what?
Brown Lung
What is Mesothelioma?
Cancer of the lining of the lung
Polymer Fume Fever
Caused by Teflon fumes
Affected individuals suffer from what in Byssinosis?
Chest tightness Cough Shortness of Breath
What are some examples of particulate matter?
Dust, fog, mist, smoke or spray
What is Pneumoconiosis?
Dusty Lung Disease Accumulation of dust in lungs causing tissue reaction
What is a nanoparticle?
Engineering structures that have a length scale of 1-100nm
What is Byssinosis caused by?
Exposure to dust from cotton, flax and hemp
What are some examples of Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis?
Farmer's Lung Musroom Worker's Lung Bird Fancier's Lung Coffee Worker's Lung
Sensitized individuals suffering from Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis suffer from what?
Fevers, chills shortness of breath and cough
Once sensitized what must employees do?
Find another line of work
Particulate Matter
Fine solid or liquid particles
What does smoke usually contain
Liquid and dry particles
What is an aerosol?
Liquid droplets or solid particles dispersed in air
Particle size is usually distributed how?
Logarithmic
What is Bernardino Ramazzini's suggestion for those that are afflicted with Byssinosis?
Look out for another trade
How does loss of lung function happen in cases of silicosis?
Macrophages die and begin to wall off particles
What is a risk with slag products?
May contain other hazardous metals
Filters may be used in what dust environments?
Moderate
What does logarithmic dispersion mean for dusts?
More small particles, fewer large particles
How are particles removed from the airways and upper respiratory tract?
Mucoociliary tract
Do small particles have a high settling velocity?
No, they have a very low settling velocity
Are health risks of nanoparticles understood? Why is this?
No. Rapid growth of technology makes this difficult.
Mesothelioma has high rates in Turkey. How is this rate odd?
Non-asbestos fibers are found there
Particulates not otherwise regulated
OSHA PEL
What is a nuisance dust?
Old term for dust particle having no spefici toxicity or OEL.
Where are inhalable particles trapped?
Upper respiratory tract