9th History Chapter 8
True
An alliance between Frankish rulers & the Church of Rome lasted for centuries.
Magyars
Asiatic nomads that came for the East, swept into southeastern Europe & ravaged the eastern borders of the Carolingian Empire
True
At the Treaty of Verdun, the Carolingian Empire was split into three separate kingdoms.
True
At the beginning of the Middle Ages, Western Europe faced invasions, social unrest & political disorder.
True
At the heart of feudalism was the relationship between the lord & his vassal.
False
Charlemagne had much regard for the sanctity of marriage.
False
Charlemagne had no concern for a better educated clergy.
Boniface
English monk known as the "Apostle to the Germans"
Patrick
English monk that took the gospel to Ireland
Lombards
Germanic people that Pepin the Short defeated & gave their land to the pope
Saxons
Germanic tribe of Northern Europe that Charlemagne defeated after thirty years of struggle
Vikings
Germanic tribe that came from the north & were the most feared invaders
True
Peasants had few comforts or possessions.
False
Penance brings one into full fellowship with the church.
False
The Carolingian kings were the "do-nothing kings"
False
The Frankish kingdom reached its peak under Pepin the Short's rule.
True
The Roman Church maintained there was no salvation outside the one visible so-called catholic church.
True
The church attempted to place limitations on feudal warfare through decrees.
False
The manorial system arose out of economic & political conditions of the early medieval period.
True
The only world most peasants ever knew was the manor on which they were born.
True
The rotation of crops increased the long-term productivity of the land.
False
The title of "emperor" increased Charlemagne's power & impacted later medieval history.
False
The vassal gave the fief his authority & power.
True
Western Europeans had little opportunity for an education.
"do-nothing" kings
What "kings" were the Merovingian kings known as; they reigned but did not rule?
provide military service for his lord
What was a vassal's primary duty?
serfs
What was the majority of peasants living on the manor known as?
Clovis
Whose outward conversion to Christianity was important to the history of Western Europe & the Frankish kingdom?
because of decline of trade
Why did the manor have to be largely self-sufficient?
tournament
a mock war staged by knights during peaceful conditions
purgatory
a place of temporary punishment where souls bound for heaven must go after death to pay for so-called minor unconfessed sins
sacrament
a religious act that grants grace based on the recipients right intensions
Clovis
became known as "King of the Franks"
monasteries
became the primary centers for studying, copying & preserving ancient manuscripts
regular clergy
branch of clergy lived in monastic communities under strict regulations, renounced the things of the world, & retired to a life of solitude & study
secular clergy
branch of clergy that conducted religious services, administered the sacraments & supervised the business & property of the church
popes
church leader that claimed the power not only to confirm kings but depose them as well
clergy
church leaders
nobility
class of people that had the role, in medieval society, to fight
clergy
class of people that had the role, in medieval society, to pray
peasants
class of people that had the role, in medieval society, to work
melee
contest that consisted of two sides fighting a full-scale battle with blunted weapons
Peace of God
decree, sent forth by the church, that forbade the pillaging of church property & extended protections to all noncombatants in society
Truce of God
decree, sent forth by the church, that sought to limit fighting to specified weekdays by forbidding combat on Wednesday evening to Monday morning
Pepin II
defeated all rival mayors & reunited almost all Frankish territories under one rule
Roman sacramental system
developed from a misinterpretation of Scripture texts about baptism & the Lord's Supper
1. Courageous in battle 2. Skillful with his weapons 3. Honest 4. Generous 5. Loyal to his lord
five (5) characteristics of a true knight
Gregory I
greatly expanded the power & authority of the office of pope by defending its supremacy & was the best representative of early medieval popes
peasants
group of people that worked to provide for the physical & nutritional needs of everyone on the manor
church
institution the clergy represented in medieval Europe
feudal system
institution the nobility represented in medieval Europe
manor
institution the peasants represented in medieval Europe
Muslims
invading group that came from North Africa & devastated the Mediterranean coast of Europe
fiefs
land grants
lords
landholding nobles
Carolingian House
line of kings that ruled the Franks & started with Pepin the Short
Charles Martel
man that is the best remembered of all the mayors of the palace
Pepin the Short
man that possessed all the powers of the king but wished to have title of king as well
Martel
means "the Hammer"
Charlemagne
means Charles the Great
papa or pope
means Father-Protector
catholic
means universal or encompassing all
"Donation of Pepin" or Papal States
name of Lombard lands given to the pope by Pepin after he defeated the Lombards
feudalism
name of the new political system in which local rulers offered the people protection in return for their service
investiture
name of the symbolic act where the lord handed the vassal a small stick, lance or clod of earth
Benedict of Nursia
often called the "Father of Western Monasticism"
knights
people that were important to the protection of life & property during the Middle Ages
subinfeudation
process where each new vassal could partition his fief & become a lord
Leo III
proclaimed Charlemagne Roman emperor on Christmas Day in the year 800
Louis the German
received East Frankland as a result of the Treaty of Verdun
Charles the Bald
received West Frankland as a result of the Treaty of Verdun
Lothair
retained the title of emperor & ruled land between his brother's kingdoms as a result of the Treaty of Verdun
baptism
sacrament that initiates one into the church by washing away original sin
extreme unction
sacrament that is sometimes called last rites; the anointing or blessing given to a seriously ill or dying person
freemen
served as manorial officials or skilled laborers; they were the more privileged peasants
1. Baptism 2. Confirmation 3. Penance 4. Holy Eucharist 5. Matrimony 6. Holy Orders 7. Extreme Unction
seven (7) sacraments recognized by the Roman Church by the end of the 12th century
2-field system
system manors employed during the early Middle Ages that consisted of crops being planted on half of the cultivated land & leaving the other half to lie fallow
3-fieled system
system that was especially common in northern Europe & established a pattern of rotating planting among three fields
laity
term is used to describe the church parishioners
land
the basis of wealth & power during the Feudal Age
castle
the center of life for the nobility
manor
the center of medieval society; it was home for the majority of people living in western Europe during the Middle Ages
village
the center of the typical manor
homage
the ceremony by which a man became a vassal & thus eligible for a fief
1. strenuous labor 2. filthy living conditions 3. poor diet 4. lack of medical care
the four (4) things that combined to give the average peasant a short lifespan
Charlemagne
the greatest Carolingian king
desmesne
the land reserved for the lord
Alcuin
the most distinguished scholar at the court of Aachen; he trained the king's children & also taught the king
Mayor of the Palace
the name of the principal palace official that became the real power behind the throne; his authority extended over financial, military & administrative functions of the government
Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle)
the name of the royal court of Charlemagne that became the leading center of learning in the realm
Merovingian House
the name of the royal family line that reigned over the Franks into the 8th century
Carolingian miniscule
the new & beautiful style of handwriting, developed by monks, which became the model of our lowercase writing today
Avars
the nomadic people of Central Europe that were defeated by Charlemagne
missi dominici
the office created to ensure the enforcement of Charlemagne's policies; they were the king's envoys
Roman Catholic Church
the one stable institution amidst the confusion & change & served as the heart of medieval society
Louis the Pious
the only surviving son of Charlemagne who received the empire after Charlemagne's death in 814
squire
the personal servant of a knight
vassal
the recipient of the land given by king; he was a servant of the king
1. Christmas 2. Easter
the two major holy days of each year
week work
the two or three days in a week that the serf devoted to working for their lord
Petrine theory
theory that holds Christ made Peter the first pope & gave him supreme authority over the church on earth
1. clergy 2. nobility 3. peasants
three (3) classes of people society was divided into during the Middle Ages
1. France 2. Germany 3. Italy
three (3) modern European nations Charlemagne laid the foundation for
1. poverty 2. chastity 3. obedience to the abbot
three (3) vows taken by monks under Benedictine Rule
"King of the Lombards"
title that Charlemagne took for himself after he defeated the Lombards
Franks
tribe gradually became the most powerful of Germanic peoples
1. climate 2. soil
two (2) factors that influenced the quality of life on the manor
1. lord's residence 2. village church
two buildings that dominated the manor
monks
undertook the process of making handwritten copies of earlier works
Clovis
united the Frankish tribes into one kingdom
serfs
was bound to the land on which they were born
village church
was not only a place of worship but a place for village meetings, court sessions & social gatherings