9th History Chapter 8

True

An alliance between Frankish rulers & the Church of Rome lasted for centuries.

Magyars

Asiatic nomads that came for the East, swept into southeastern Europe & ravaged the eastern borders of the Carolingian Empire

True

At the Treaty of Verdun, the Carolingian Empire was split into three separate kingdoms.

True

At the beginning of the Middle Ages, Western Europe faced invasions, social unrest & political disorder.

True

At the heart of feudalism was the relationship between the lord & his vassal.

False

Charlemagne had much regard for the sanctity of marriage.

False

Charlemagne had no concern for a better educated clergy.

Boniface

English monk known as the "Apostle to the Germans"

Patrick

English monk that took the gospel to Ireland

Lombards

Germanic people that Pepin the Short defeated & gave their land to the pope

Saxons

Germanic tribe of Northern Europe that Charlemagne defeated after thirty years of struggle

Vikings

Germanic tribe that came from the north & were the most feared invaders

True

Peasants had few comforts or possessions.

False

Penance brings one into full fellowship with the church.

False

The Carolingian kings were the "do-nothing kings"

False

The Frankish kingdom reached its peak under Pepin the Short's rule.

True

The Roman Church maintained there was no salvation outside the one visible so-called catholic church.

True

The church attempted to place limitations on feudal warfare through decrees.

False

The manorial system arose out of economic & political conditions of the early medieval period.

True

The only world most peasants ever knew was the manor on which they were born.

True

The rotation of crops increased the long-term productivity of the land.

False

The title of "emperor" increased Charlemagne's power & impacted later medieval history.

False

The vassal gave the fief his authority & power.

True

Western Europeans had little opportunity for an education.

"do-nothing" kings

What "kings" were the Merovingian kings known as; they reigned but did not rule?

provide military service for his lord

What was a vassal's primary duty?

serfs

What was the majority of peasants living on the manor known as?

Clovis

Whose outward conversion to Christianity was important to the history of Western Europe & the Frankish kingdom?

because of decline of trade

Why did the manor have to be largely self-sufficient?

tournament

a mock war staged by knights during peaceful conditions

purgatory

a place of temporary punishment where souls bound for heaven must go after death to pay for so-called minor unconfessed sins

sacrament

a religious act that grants grace based on the recipients right intensions

Clovis

became known as "King of the Franks"

monasteries

became the primary centers for studying, copying & preserving ancient manuscripts

regular clergy

branch of clergy lived in monastic communities under strict regulations, renounced the things of the world, & retired to a life of solitude & study

secular clergy

branch of clergy that conducted religious services, administered the sacraments & supervised the business & property of the church

popes

church leader that claimed the power not only to confirm kings but depose them as well

clergy

church leaders

nobility

class of people that had the role, in medieval society, to fight

clergy

class of people that had the role, in medieval society, to pray

peasants

class of people that had the role, in medieval society, to work

melee

contest that consisted of two sides fighting a full-scale battle with blunted weapons

Peace of God

decree, sent forth by the church, that forbade the pillaging of church property & extended protections to all noncombatants in society

Truce of God

decree, sent forth by the church, that sought to limit fighting to specified weekdays by forbidding combat on Wednesday evening to Monday morning

Pepin II

defeated all rival mayors & reunited almost all Frankish territories under one rule

Roman sacramental system

developed from a misinterpretation of Scripture texts about baptism & the Lord's Supper

1. Courageous in battle 2. Skillful with his weapons 3. Honest 4. Generous 5. Loyal to his lord

five (5) characteristics of a true knight

Gregory I

greatly expanded the power & authority of the office of pope by defending its supremacy & was the best representative of early medieval popes

peasants

group of people that worked to provide for the physical & nutritional needs of everyone on the manor

church

institution the clergy represented in medieval Europe

feudal system

institution the nobility represented in medieval Europe

manor

institution the peasants represented in medieval Europe

Muslims

invading group that came from North Africa & devastated the Mediterranean coast of Europe

fiefs

land grants

lords

landholding nobles

Carolingian House

line of kings that ruled the Franks & started with Pepin the Short

Charles Martel

man that is the best remembered of all the mayors of the palace

Pepin the Short

man that possessed all the powers of the king but wished to have title of king as well

Martel

means "the Hammer"

Charlemagne

means Charles the Great

papa or pope

means Father-Protector

catholic

means universal or encompassing all

"Donation of Pepin" or Papal States

name of Lombard lands given to the pope by Pepin after he defeated the Lombards

feudalism

name of the new political system in which local rulers offered the people protection in return for their service

investiture

name of the symbolic act where the lord handed the vassal a small stick, lance or clod of earth

Benedict of Nursia

often called the "Father of Western Monasticism"

knights

people that were important to the protection of life & property during the Middle Ages

subinfeudation

process where each new vassal could partition his fief & become a lord

Leo III

proclaimed Charlemagne Roman emperor on Christmas Day in the year 800

Louis the German

received East Frankland as a result of the Treaty of Verdun

Charles the Bald

received West Frankland as a result of the Treaty of Verdun

Lothair

retained the title of emperor & ruled land between his brother's kingdoms as a result of the Treaty of Verdun

baptism

sacrament that initiates one into the church by washing away original sin

extreme unction

sacrament that is sometimes called last rites; the anointing or blessing given to a seriously ill or dying person

freemen

served as manorial officials or skilled laborers; they were the more privileged peasants

1. Baptism 2. Confirmation 3. Penance 4. Holy Eucharist 5. Matrimony 6. Holy Orders 7. Extreme Unction

seven (7) sacraments recognized by the Roman Church by the end of the 12th century

2-field system

system manors employed during the early Middle Ages that consisted of crops being planted on half of the cultivated land & leaving the other half to lie fallow

3-fieled system

system that was especially common in northern Europe & established a pattern of rotating planting among three fields

laity

term is used to describe the church parishioners

land

the basis of wealth & power during the Feudal Age

castle

the center of life for the nobility

manor

the center of medieval society; it was home for the majority of people living in western Europe during the Middle Ages

village

the center of the typical manor

homage

the ceremony by which a man became a vassal & thus eligible for a fief

1. strenuous labor 2. filthy living conditions 3. poor diet 4. lack of medical care

the four (4) things that combined to give the average peasant a short lifespan

Charlemagne

the greatest Carolingian king

desmesne

the land reserved for the lord

Alcuin

the most distinguished scholar at the court of Aachen; he trained the king's children & also taught the king

Mayor of the Palace

the name of the principal palace official that became the real power behind the throne; his authority extended over financial, military & administrative functions of the government

Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle)

the name of the royal court of Charlemagne that became the leading center of learning in the realm

Merovingian House

the name of the royal family line that reigned over the Franks into the 8th century

Carolingian miniscule

the new & beautiful style of handwriting, developed by monks, which became the model of our lowercase writing today

Avars

the nomadic people of Central Europe that were defeated by Charlemagne

missi dominici

the office created to ensure the enforcement of Charlemagne's policies; they were the king's envoys

Roman Catholic Church

the one stable institution amidst the confusion & change & served as the heart of medieval society

Louis the Pious

the only surviving son of Charlemagne who received the empire after Charlemagne's death in 814

squire

the personal servant of a knight

vassal

the recipient of the land given by king; he was a servant of the king

1. Christmas 2. Easter

the two major holy days of each year

week work

the two or three days in a week that the serf devoted to working for their lord

Petrine theory

theory that holds Christ made Peter the first pope & gave him supreme authority over the church on earth

1. clergy 2. nobility 3. peasants

three (3) classes of people society was divided into during the Middle Ages

1. France 2. Germany 3. Italy

three (3) modern European nations Charlemagne laid the foundation for

1. poverty 2. chastity 3. obedience to the abbot

three (3) vows taken by monks under Benedictine Rule

"King of the Lombards"

title that Charlemagne took for himself after he defeated the Lombards

Franks

tribe gradually became the most powerful of Germanic peoples

1. climate 2. soil

two (2) factors that influenced the quality of life on the manor

1. lord's residence 2. village church

two buildings that dominated the manor

monks

undertook the process of making handwritten copies of earlier works

Clovis

united the Frankish tribes into one kingdom

serfs

was bound to the land on which they were born

village church

was not only a place of worship but a place for village meetings, court sessions & social gatherings